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Hólmgöngur Í Íslendingasögunum Og Öðrum Forníslenskum Bókmenntum -Hólmganga Sem Íþrótt

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Hólmgöngur Í Íslendingasögunum Og Öðrum Forníslenskum Bókmenntum -Hólmganga Sem Íþrótt Lokaverkefni til B.Sc. prófs Hólmgöngur í Íslendingasögunum og öðrum forníslenskum bókmenntum -Hólmganga sem íþrótt Einar Hróbjartur Jónsson Soffía Björg Sveinsdóttir Kennaraháskóli Íslands Íþróttabraut Maí 2007 Lokaverkefni til B.Sc. -prófs Hólmgöngur í Íslendingasögunum og öðrum forníslenskum bókmenntum -Hólmganga sem íþrótt Einar Hróbjartur Jónsson 160880-3849 og Soffía Björg Sveinsdóttir 190679-4119 Kennaraháskóli Íslands Íþróttabraut Maí 2007 Ágrip Í þessu lokaverkefni verða hólmgöngur í íslenskum fornbókmenntum rannsakaðar og skoðaðar með tilliti til íþrótta. Sérstök áhersla verður lögð á frásagnir af hólmgöngum Íslendingasagnanna enda lýsingarnar nokkuð nákvæmar og sögurnar mörgum Íslendingum vel kunnar. Farið verður yfir það hvernig hólmgöngur fóru fram og hvaða reglum þær lutu. Ástæður hólmgangna verða skoðaðar, þróun þeirra og hvernig þær birtast í bókmenntum. Lokaverkefnið er byggt á rannsókninni íþróttir í fornbókmenntum sem báðir höfundar verkefnisins tóku þátt í hjá Guðmundi Sæmundssyni aðjúnkt hjá Kennaraháskóla Íslands. Þetta verkefni var tilvalið fyrir höfundana því annar hefur lokið BA prófi í íslensku en hinn BA prófi í þjóðfræði, báðir frá Háskóla Íslands, og hafa mikinn áhuga á fornbókmenntum. Í verkefninu voru öll atvik íþrótta skráð niður í öllum helstu íslensku fornbókmenntunum. Öll atvik hólmgöngu í Íslendingasögunum voru síðan skráð á sérstakan lista þar sem helstu upplýsingar hverrar hólmgöngu voru greindar og er sá listi í viðauka. Heimilda var einkum aflað í Gegni á Þjóðarbókhlöðunni og á bókasafni Kennaraháskóla Íslands auk þess sem leitað var að frekari upplýsingum og myndum á veraldarvefnum. Markverðustu niðurstöðurnar voru þær að hólmgöngur falla að mestu leyti undir skilgreiningar íþrótta bæði nútíma- og fornmanna. Hingað til hafa þær ef til vill frekar verið skilgreinar sem blóðugur bardagi en þar sem farið var eftir ströngum reglum, eins konar dómgæsla var á staðnum, ekki var barist til að drepa og fólk horfði á hólmgönguna sér til skemmtunar má álykta að hólmgangan hafi haft fleiri einkenni íþrótta en blóðugs bardaga. 1 Efnisyfirlit Inngangur ............................................................................................................................ 4 1. Skilgreining íþrótta og íþróttir fornmanna ......................................................................6 1.1 Skilgreining íþrótta.................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Íþróttir fornmanna í Róm og Grikklandi................................................................... 8 1.3 Íþróttir fornmanna á Íslandi og Norðurlöndunum................................................... 12 2. Íslendingasögur og hólmganga...................................................................................... 19 2.1 Um Íslendingasögur ................................................................................................ 19 2.2 Sæmd og samfélag .................................................................................................. 20 2.3 Umgjörð og þróun hólmgöngu................................................................................23 2.4 Hólmgöngulögin...................................................................................................... 27 3. Ástæður hólmgöngu ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Kvennamál .............................................................................................................. 31 3.1.1 Maður vill fá konu í óþökk fjölskyldu hennar.................................................. 32 3.1.2 Tveir menn keppast um sömu konu ................................................................. 33 3.2 Féskuldir, jarðir og ríkidæmi................................................................................... 33 3.2.1 Landssvæði og ríkidæmi ..................................................................................34 3.2.2 Féskuldir........................................................................................................... 34 3.3 Sæmd og heiður....................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Hólmganga til að hlífa öðrum mönnum .................................................................. 37 4. Hólmganga sem íþrótt ................................................................................................... 38 4.1. Samanburður á fornum íþróttum og íþróttum nútímans......................................... 38 4.2. Hólmgöngur og einvígi .......................................................................................... 40 4.3. Vopn fornmanna..................................................................................................... 41 4.4 Atvinnumennska...................................................................................................... 44 5. Hólmganga í tölum og myndum....................................................................................46 5.1 Ástæður hólmgangna í sögunum............................................................................. 46 5.2 Úrslit hólmgangna................................................................................................... 49 5.3 Fyrir hvern var barist?............................................................................................. 53 6. Bókmenntagreining ....................................................................................................... 56 6.1 Hlutverk hólmgangna í bókmenntunum.................................................................. 56 6.2 Hvernig persónur gengu til hólms? .........................................................................58 6.3 Orðatiltæki komin frá hólmgöngu...........................................................................61 7. Niðurstöður.................................................................................................................... 64 8. Heimildaskrá ................................................................................................................. 66 9. Viðaukar...........................................................................................................................i 9.1 Hólmgöngulistinn.......................................................................................................i 9.2 Listi yfir Íslendingasögur ..........................................................................................x 9.3 Listi yfir Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda ....................................................................xii 2 Mynda- og töfluskrá Mynd 1. Vagn Rómverja................................................................................................... 10 Mynd 2. Riddaraleikar....................................................................................................... 11 Mynd 3. Burtreiðar............................................................................................................ 12 Mynd 4. Hólmgöngumenn ................................................................................................ 24 Mynd 5. Hólmgönguvöllurinn........................................................................................... 29 Mynd 6. Norræn vopn frá víkingaöld................................................................................43 Mynd 7. Ástæður hólmgangna í Íslendingasögunum........................................................ 47 Mynd 8. Ástæður hólmgangna í Fornaldarsögum Norðurlanda ....................................... 49 Mynd 9. Úrslit hólmgangna í Íslendingasögunum............................................................ 50 Mynd 10. Örlög illra manna í hólmgöngum Íslendingasagnanna..................................... 51 Mynd 11. Úrslit hólmgangna í Fornaldarsögum Norðurlanda.......................................... 53 Mynd 12. Fyrir hvern var barist í Íslendingasögunum...................................................... 54 Mynd 13. Fyrir hvern var barist í Fornaldarsögum Norðurlanda...................................... 55 Tafla 1. Tíðnitafla yfir ástæður hólmgöngu í Íslendingasögunum.................................... 47 Tafla 2. Tíðnitafla yfir ástæður hólmgangna í Fornaldarsögunum ................................... 48 Tafla 3. Tíðnitafla úrslita hólmgangna í Íslendingasögunum ........................................... 50 Tafla 4. Tíðnitafla yfir örlög illra manna í Íslendingasögunum........................................ 51 Tafla 5. Tíðnitafla úrslita hólmgangna í Fornaldarsögunum............................................. 52 Tafla 6. Tíðnitafla fyrir hvern var barist í Íslendingasögunum ......................................... 54 Tafla 7. Tíðnitafla fyrir hvern var barist í Fornaldarsögunum .......................................... 55 3 Inngangur Allt frá barnæsku var fornmönnum kennt að stunda ýmsar íþróttir og voru menn metnir að verðleikum eftir líkamlegu atgervi. Í nær öllum persónulýsingum í fornsögunum er þessara eiginleika getið hvort sem eiginleikarnir voru óvenju miklir eða óvenju litlir. Hetjurnar voru gjarnan fremstir allra manna um öll Norðurlönd í líkamlegum íþróttum en þeir sem voru svikulir og illir voru margir hverjir litlir íþróttamenn. Þegar lýsingar af íþróttaafrekum forfeðra okkar Íslendinga eru skoðaðar er ekki laust við að lesandinn fái minnimáttarkennd. Annar hver maður virðist hafa verið fær um að hoppa hæð sína í fullum herklæðum, rennt sér fótskriðu niður hæstu fjöll eða farið á handahlaupum svo hratt
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