Re-Evaluating Literature and Folklore in Icelandic Archaeology

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Re-Evaluating Literature and Folklore in Icelandic Archaeology City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects CUNY Graduate Center 2-2021 Handbook for the Deceased: Re-Evaluating Literature and Folklore in Icelandic Archaeology Brenda Nicole Prehal The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4134 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] HANDBOOK FOR THE DECEASED: RE-EVALUATING LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE IN ICELANDIC ARCHAEOLOGY by BRENDA PREHAL A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2021 © 2020 BRENDA PREHAL All rights reserved. ii Handbook for the Deceased: Re-evaluating Literature and Folklore in Icelandic Archaeology by Brenda Prehal This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Thomas McGovern Chair of Examining Committee Date Jeff Maskovsky Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Timothy Pugh Astrid Ogilvie Adolf Frðriksson THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Handbook for the Deceased: Re-Evaluating Literature and Folklore in Icelandic Archaeology by Brenda Prehal Advisor: Thomas McGovern The rich medieval Icelandic literary record, comprised of mythology, sagas, poetry, law codes and post-medieval folklore, has provided invaluable source material for previous generations of scholars attempting to reconstruct a pagan Scandinavian Viking Age worldview. In modern Icelandic archaeology, however, the Icelandic literary record, apart from official documents such as censuses, has not been considered a viable source for interpretation since the early 20th century. Although the Icelandic corpus is problematic in several ways, it is a source that should be used in Icelandic archaeological interpretation, if used properly with source criticism. This dissertation aims to advance Icelandic archaeological theory by reintegrating the medieval and post-medieval Icelandic literary corpus back into archaeological interpretation. The literature can help archaeologists working in Iceland to find pagan religious themes that span time and place. Utilizing source criticism as well as interdisciplinary methods, such as animal aDNA, this work presents two case studies of often ignored grave goods. These grave goods are found in both Icelandic pagan graves as well as in the graves of the pagan Scandinavian homelands, spanning from the Stone Age up until the Middle Ages. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by thanking my close family and friends for supporting me emotionally for all these years, especially my parents. Dearest friends, you know who you are. My committee is made up of incredibly talented and insightful scholars, whom I am very grateful for. Thank you to Tom McGovern for allowing me to attend the field school in the Westfjords of Iceland many, many years ago: I am still in Iceland. Thank you to Adolf Friðriksson who inspires and encourages my love of the strange. I would also like to thank Tim Pugh for also encouraging this as well as helping me with putting together my first ever course I taught, “Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion.” Astrid Ogilvie has been a huge inspiration for how to properly criticize source material and apply it to archaeology. Many colleagues along the way have also been a tremendous asset, especially those at CUNY and at Fornleifastofnun Íslands. CUNY colleagues, Sant Mukh Khalsa, Ceecee Cesario, Megan Hicks, Cameron Turley, Frank Feeley, and Ramona Harrison, thank you for either letting me dig holes in your sites and/or also for crying in class with me. Thank you to Sólveig Beck for helping me with my weird little stones. Thank you also to Lilja Björk Pálsdóttir for the great fun and for showing me your amazing archaeology skills. Thank you to Guðrun Alda Gísladóttir for providing unlimited data, artifacts, and beer access. Hildur Gestsdóttir deserves a huge thanks for teaching me how to excavate my first graves. Howell Roberts also deserves a thanks for making me walk through a horrible bog for weeks to excavate a really fun pagan cemetery in the middle of nowhere. Thanks to Lisabet Guðmundarsdóttir and Dawn Elise Mooney for suffering in those walks with me. v Other colleagues I would like to thank are: Terry Gunnell, for being an inspiration in interdisciplinary collaboration; Ármann Guðmundsson for helping me navigate the National Museum of Iceland’s storage; Liv Aurdal for sharing similar ideas; Kolbrún Kolbeinsdóttir and Kristine Mærsk Werner for helping me translate Icelandic and Danish; Vicki Szabo for attempting to do cool stuff with cats with me; Eva-Marie Geigl for doing the cool stuff with cats with me; Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen and Kristian Murphey Gregersen of The Danish Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen for combing through their databases for me; and Susanne Bjerknæs Petersen from the Agency for Culture and Palaces of Denmark for combing through her database as well. Lastly, I would like to thank the Leifur Eiríksson Foundation for financially supporting my research in Iceland. vi CONTENTS Page DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………......ix LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………… ix LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………….....................….x GLOSSARY………………………………………………….......................................................xi LANGUAGE CONVENTIONS………………………………………………………...............xiv CHAPTER 1 Introduction…..……….…………………………………………………...…….…1 CHAPTER 2 Norse and Icelandic History…..……..…………………………………………...35 CHAPTER 3 Theory and Methodology.....…………..………………………………………….64 CHAPTER 4 Source Criticism.......………………………………………………………..…...106 CHAPTER 5 Case Study No. 1: Cats……………………………………………..……..……...149 CHAPTER 6 Case Study No. 2: White Pebbles/Quartz……………………………..………….184 CHAPTER 7 Discussion and Conclusion………………...……………………………………226 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................236 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………............379 vii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to: My daughter, Eydís Líf, who inspires me every day. And to my husband, Ingvi, whose unconditional support has been a lifeline. viii TABLES Page Table 1 Description of the Family Sagas Used in the Case Studies………………….....….….…138 Table 2 Description of the Heroic Sagas Used in the Case Studies ……………………………142 Table 3 Icelandic Literary References to Cats.……………………………………………….....153 Table 4 Icelandic Literary References to Special Stones..............................................................190 FIGURES Page Figure 1 Excavated Graves in Sweden by Time Period ………………………………………160 Figure 2 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions by Time Period……………………161 Figure 3 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions within the Iron Age.………………...162 Figure 4 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions by Grave Type ………………………163 Figure 5 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions by Cremation vs. Inhumation ………164 Figure 6 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions by Animal Inclusions …………….....164 Figure 7 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions by Cat Bone Type .............................165 Figure 8 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions by Artifact Type ...............................166 Figure 9 Excavated Swedish Graves with Cat Inclusions by Artifact Material ..........................167 Figure 10 Map of Icelandic geology and the placement of graves with stones ..........................188 Figure 11 Quartz stones from the Icelandic pagan grave at Ytra-Garðshorn, Grave 9 ...............195 Figure 12 Excavated Norwegian Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Time Period ......................201 Figure 13 Excavated Norwegian Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Artifact Type ....................202 Figure 14 Excavated Norwegian Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Artifact Material ...............203 Figure 15 Excavated Swedish Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Time Period ..........................204 Figure 16 Excavated Swedish Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Time Range ..........................205 Figure 17 Excavated Swedish Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Burial Type ...........................206 Figure 18 Excavated Swedish Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Cremation vs. Inhumation .....206 Figure 19 Excavated Swedish Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Animal Inclusions ................207 Figure 20 Excavated Swedish Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Artifact Type ........................208 Figure 21 Excavated Swedish Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Artifact Material ...................208 Figure 22 Excavated Icelandic Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Artifact Type ........................212 Figure 23 Excavated Icelandic Graves with Quartz Inclusions by Artifact Material ...................212 Figure 24 Hofstaðir skull 104X with stones ................................................................................214 Figure 25 Opal that resembles bone found in Icelandic grave, Kornhóll Grave 2 .......................223 Figure 26 Zeolite that looks like bone found in Icelandic grave, Sílastaðir Grave 3 ..................224 ix
Recommended publications
  • 4634 72Dpi.Pdf (6.278Mb)
    Norsk institutt for vannforskning RAPPORT Hovedkontor Sørlandsavdelingen Østlandsavdelingen Vestlandsavdelingen Akvaplan-niva Postboks 173, Kjelsås Televeien 3 Sandvikaveien 41 Nordnesboder 5 0411 Oslo 4879 Grimstad 2312 Ottestad 5005 Bergen 9296 Tromsø Telefon (47) 22 18 51 00 Telefon (47) 37 29 50 55 Telefon (47) 62 57 64 00 Telefon (47) 55 30 22 50 Telefon (47) 77 75 03 00 Telefax (47) 22 18 52 00 Telefax (47) 37 04 45 13 Telefax (47) 62 57 66 53 Telefax (47) 55 30 22 51 Telefax (47) 77 75 03 01 Internet: www.niva.no Tittel Løpenr. (for bestilling) Dato Foreløpig forslag til system for typifisering av norske 4634-2003 10.02.03 ferskvannsforekomster og for beskrivelse av referansetilstand, samt forslag til referansenettverk Prosjektnr. Undernr. Sider Pris 21250 93 Forfatter(e) Fagområde Distribusjon Anne Lyche Solheim, Tom Andersen, Pål Brettum, Lars Erikstad (NINA), Arne Fjellheim (LFI, Stavanger museum), Gunnar Halvorsen (NINA), Trygve Hesthagen (NINA), Eli-Anne Lindstrøm, Geografisk område Trykket Marit Mjelde, Gunnar Raddum (LFI, Univ. i Bergen), Tuomo Norge NIVA Saloranta, Ann-Kristin Schartau (NINA), Torulv Tjomsland og Bjørn Walseng (NINA) Oppdragsgiver(e) Oppdragsreferanse SFT, DN, NVE Sammendrag Innføringen av Rammedirektivet for vann (”Vanndirektivet”) medfører at Norges vannforekomster innen utgangen av 2004 skal inndeles og beskrives etter gitte kriterier. Et av kriteriene er en typeinndeling etter fysiske og kjemiske faktorer. Denne typeinndelingen danner grunnlaget for overvåkning og bestemmelse av økologisk referansetilstand for påvirkede vannforekomster. Vanndirektivet gir valg mellom å bruke en predefinert all-europeisk typologi (”System A”), eller å etablere en nasjonal typologi som forutsettes å gi bedre og mer relevant beskrivelse enn den all-europeiske, og som må inneholde visse obligatoriske elementer (”System B”).
    [Show full text]
  • Old Norse Mythology — Comparative Perspectives Old Norse Mythology— Comparative Perspectives
    Publications of the Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature No. 3 OLd NOrse MythOLOgy — COMParative PersPeCtives OLd NOrse MythOLOgy— COMParative PersPeCtives edited by Pernille hermann, stephen a. Mitchell, and Jens Peter schjødt with amber J. rose Published by THE MILMAN PARRY COLLECTION OF ORAL LITERATURE Harvard University Distributed by HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England 2017 Old Norse Mythology—Comparative Perspectives Published by The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature, Harvard University Distributed by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England Copyright © 2017 The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature All rights reserved The Ilex Foundation (ilexfoundation.org) and the Center for Hellenic Studies (chs.harvard.edu) provided generous fnancial and production support for the publication of this book. Editorial Team of the Milman Parry Collection Managing Editors: Stephen Mitchell and Gregory Nagy Executive Editors: Casey Dué and David Elmer Production Team of the Center for Hellenic Studies Production Manager for Publications: Jill Curry Robbins Web Producer: Noel Spencer Cover Design: Joni Godlove Production: Kristin Murphy Romano Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hermann, Pernille, editor. Title: Old Norse mythology--comparative perspectives / edited by Pernille Hermann, Stephen A. Mitchell, Jens Peter Schjødt, with Amber J. Rose. Description: Cambridge, MA : Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature, 2017. | Series: Publications of the Milman Parry collection of oral literature ; no. 3 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2017030125 | ISBN 9780674975699 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Mythology, Norse. | Scandinavia--Religion--History. Classifcation: LCC BL860 .O55 2017 | DDC 293/.13--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030125 Table of Contents Series Foreword ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ordbog Over Det Norrøne Prosasprog
    Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog © 2004 Den arnamagnæanske kommission Sats: ONP & UNI·C Skrift: Monotype Plantin Tryk: Grafisk Data Center A/S, Odense ISBN: 87-7001-285-7 Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog ONP 1-3 : Nøgle // Key Redigeret af Helle Degnbol, Bent Chr. Jacobsen, James E. Knirk, Eva Rode, Christopher Sanders, Þorbjörg Helgadóttir Udgivet af Den arnamagnæanske kommission København 2004 Foreword The principal aid to Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog // A Dictionary of Old Norse Prose (ONP 1 : a-bam, ONP 2 : ban-da, ONP 3 : de-em) is the volume of indices (ONP : Registre // Indices,1989). In the present booklet (ONP 1-3:Nøgle//Key) there is a short user’s guide in Danish and English, corrections and additions to the volume of indices (Sigla, Medieval Manuscripts), the most important corrections to ONP 1-3,acompletebibliographytoalltheONPvolumes,and a revised list of abbreviations and symbols. This booklet is therefore a complete replacement of the previous booklets, which can be discarded. ONP’s website (www.onp.hum.ku.dk) gives access to an electronic version of parts of the present booklet (Vejledning // User’s Guide, Bibliografi // Bibliography and Forkortelser & symboler // Abbreviations & Symbols). ONP’s indices (Sigla and Medieval Manuscripts) are also available on the website, and these are regularly updated. ONP’s postal address is: Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog Københavns universitet Amager Njalsgade 136 DK-2300 København S Denmark e-mail: [email protected] website: http://www.onp.hum.ku.dk ONP’s publications can be
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Snow-Avalanche Impact Craters in Southern Norway: Their Morphology and 2 Dynamics Compared with Small Terrestrial Meteorite Craters
    1 Snow-avalanche impact craters in southern Norway: their morphology and 2 dynamics compared with small terrestrial meteorite craters. 3 4 5 John A. Matthews1*, Geraint Owen1, Lindsey J. McEwen2, Richard A. Shakesby1, 6 Jennifer L. Hill2, Amber E. Vater1 and Anna C. Ratcliffe1 7 8 1 Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, 9 Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK 10 11 2 Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West 12 of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK 13 14 15 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 16 17 18 ABSTRACT 19 20 This regional inventory and study of a globally uncommon landform type reveals 21 similarities in form and process between craters produced by snow-avalanche and 22 meteorite impacts. Fifty-two snow-avalanche impact craters (mean diameter 85 m, 23 range 10–185 m) were investigated through field research, aerial photographic 24 interpretation and analysis of topographic maps. The craters are sited on valley 25 bottoms or lake margins at the foot of steep avalanche paths (α = 28–59°), generally 26 with an easterly aspect, where the slope of the final 200 m of the avalanche path (β) 27 typically exceeds ~15°. Crater diameter correlates with the area of the avalanche start 28 zone, which points to snow-avalanche volume as the main control on crater size. 29 Proximal erosional scars (‘blast zones’) up to 40 m high indicate up-range ejection of 30 material from the crater, assisted by air-launch of the avalanches and impulse waves 31 generated by their impact into water-filled craters.
    [Show full text]
  • Stefan Arnason's Lineage on His Father's Side
    Stefan Arnason’s lineage on his father’s side This is an edited and translated version of a lineage that Judith Fulford (née Arnason) got from the Íslendingabók (see glossary below). I’ve also combine this with information found in the Book of Settlements, the Sturlunga and Njall Sagas, and information on Geni. Please let me know if you spot any errors or other issues. (Jon) The idea was to take Stefan Arnason’s direct patrilineal line back as far as it would go –– a line of fathers and sons with the names highlighted in red. I’ve also added dates of key events in Iceland’s history to try to put some of these lives into the context of the times they lived in. 1 Stefan Arnason (1882 – 1956) Born: August 6, 1882. Died: December 17, 1956. Husband of Gudrun Sigurbjorg Arnason. In 1904 Stefan emigrated to Canada Father of Olof Gudrun Steeves, Einar Arni Arnason, Herman Arnason, Marvin Skafti Arnason, Katrin Margret Morgan, Valgier Snorri Arnason, Evelyn Ingibjorg Arnason, Mildred Lillian Hooke, Stephan Arnason, Anna Sigridur McLeod, Helen Donovan and Norman Gisli Arnason 2 Árni Jónatansson (1840 – 1921) Born: May 21, 1840 at Reykjadal. Died: January 19, 1921, Farmer at Þríhyrningi 1885–98 and Auðbrekku 1883–5 & from 1898 on. Husband of Gudrun Jonsdottir Father of Stefan Arnason, Valgier Sigurjon Arnason, Sigurbjorg Arnadottir, Gudrun Arnadottir, Hildur Sigrun Arnadottir, Jonaton Arnason, Anna Steinunn Arnadottir, Svanfridur Arnadottir, Snorri Jonsson Arnason, Hilmar Arnason, Sigrun Arnadottir and Ingolfur Arnason Note: This is the ancestor the surname Arnason was derived from. 3 Jónatan Eiríksson (1817 – 1879) Born: August 10, 1817 at Skriðulandi at Aðaldal, Died: May 17, 1879 at Sámstöðum at Öngulstaðahreppi Farmer at Bergsstöðum at Aðaldal.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Magical Beings and Where to Find Them. Scripta Islandica 72/2021
    Of Magical Beings and Where to Find Them On the Concept of álfar in the Translated riddarasǫgur FELIX LUMMER 1. Introduction The process of translation attempts to enable the understanding of for­ eign concepts and ideas, something which naturally involves the use of both words and concepts that are already extant in the receiving culture. This natu rally involves linguistic problems, but more interestingly often results in the overlapping, alteration and merging of concepts, something that can have long­term consequences on language and cultural under­ standing. This article aims to explore how the Old Norse mythological concept of the álfar in the Nordic countries (especially Iceland due to its pre­served­manu­scripts)­may­have­been­altered­through­the­influence­of­the­ trans lation of Old French romances into Norwegian and Icelandic during the Middle Ages. As will be shown below, the mythological concept that lies behind the introduction and use of the female variant of álfar (sg. álfr) known as álfkonur (sg. álfkona) in Old Norse literature (and culture) appears to have been that of the Old French fée (pl. fées). Indeed, prior to the translation of foreign (especially Continental) works, some of which appear to have been initiated by the Norwegian King Hákon Hákonar son (1204–1263) in the early thirteenth century, the álfkona (and motifs associated with her) seem to have been mostly absent in Old Norse Lummer, Felix. 2021. Of Magical Beings and Where to Find Them: On the Concept of álfar in the Translated riddarasǫgur. Scripta Islandica 72: 5–42. © Felix Lummer (CC BY) DOI: 10.33063/diva­439400 6 Felix Lummer literature and folk belief (one minor exception is, for example, Fáfnis mál st.
    [Show full text]
  • The Karlamagnús Compendium
    Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Medieval Icelandic Studies The Karlamagnús Compendium Genre and Meaning in AM 180a-b fol. Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Harry Williams Kt.: 151183-4419 Leiðbeinandi: Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir September 2017 Abstract This thesis is an examination of the fifteenth century manuscript AM 180a-b fol.; made up of a copy of the A version of Karlamagnús saga (180a) and seven further sagas - Konráðs saga keisarasonar, Dunstanus saga, Katrínar saga, Bærings saga, Knýtlinga saga, Vitus saga and Laurentius saga (180b), it originally formed one codex. The thesis has two main aims: to consider the generic position of Karlamagnús saga as it existed for the compilers of the manuscript and to speculate on the producers, purpose and use of the manuscript by means of a holistic consideration of its parts. The first aim is prompted by viewing the sagas of 180b as a reflection of the generic ambiguity of Karlamagnús saga. While patently belonging to the riddarasögur, Karlamagnús saga has affinities with hagiography and the konungasögur; representatives of these three generic classes are to be found in 180b. Structured by the theme of saintliness, in which a chronological line of saintly figures is presented, as well as shared geographical referents, the codex is marked by a wide-ranging intellectual curiosity. This is attributed to the concerns of the North Icelandic Benedictine School, the presence of which is marked in the manuscript, and to the wider intellectual atmosphere of fourteenth century Iceland in which saints' lives and romances were possibly written by the same people. 2 Ágrip Þessi ritgerð skoðar fimmtándu aldar handritið AM 180a-b fol.; sem samanstendur af A gerð Karlamagnúsar sögu (180a) ásamt sjö öðrum sögum- Konráðs sögu keisarasonar, Dunstanusar sögu, Katrínar sögu, Bærings sögu, Knýtlinga sögu, Vitus sögu og Laurentiusar sögu (180b), sem upphaflega mynduðu saman eitt handrit.
    [Show full text]
  • Saga Scholarshipl
    Herrn.ann Pillsson: Saga Scholarshipl Magnus Magnusson IT was an inspired idea to dedicate this annual meeting of the Scottish Society for Northern Studies to the enduring memory of Hermann Palsson, and to hold it in the David Hume Tower of Edinburgh University. It was here, nearly 40 years ago, that the first meeting was held to discuss a proposal that 'it would be very useful for to have a purely Scottish branch of the Viking Society for Northern Research'. That was on 14 February 1967. It took nearly two years for this proposal to become reality - well, they were all scholars, after all- 21 months of debate and discussion and good old-fashioned academic argy-bargy. At any rate, a constitution was finally adopted on 14 November 1968; and one of the first committee-members was Hermann Palsson; he remained a staunch committee member of the Scottish Society for Northern Research, and was President of the Society in the 1970/71 season. I am proud to be able claim that I was one of his many friends and admirers. And I feel very proud, and humble, to be his encomiast for the start the day's proceedings. It's a pleasing word, encolniast­ one who delivers an encolniuln, which from its Greek derivation means a 'festive panegyric'. Let me start with a brief sketch of Hermann's early days. He was born in 1921 in the north of Iceland on the farm of SauOanes a Asum, near Blondu6s on Hunafjorour, the sixth child in a family of twelve. He learned to read and write at the age of three by eavesdropping on Talk given at the Annual Conference of the Scottish Society for Northern Studies, 19 November 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Hans Christian Andersen Museum
    Signature Route Royal Denmark & Living History Signature Route A kingdom for more than 1000 years, Denmark offers a wealth of royal attractions, from castles and palaces in heritage settings to magnificent gardens. Denmark also offers a chance to stay and dine like a prince or princess at castles and in romantic villages in the nation's scenic countryside. Signature Route – Royal Denmark & Living History Copenhagen Helsingør Roskilde Odense Jelling Ribe Møn Sealand Copenhagen Amalienborg Palace The official residence of the Queen of Denmark. Here you can visit the royal chambers of the Amalienborg Museum and see the changing of the royal guards at noon. One of Europe’s finest examples of a Rococo palace, Amalienborg consists of four mansions and an octangular square. When the royal ensign flies from the mast, the Queen is home. Rosenborg Castle A 300-year-old castle in a leafy parkland in downtown Copenhagen. The shoebox-sized castle was once a royal summer residence. Today, it showcases heritage collections as well as the Danish Crown Jewels. The King’s Garden next to the castle is a peaceful oasis where you will find a statue of storyteller Hans Christian Andersen. Tivoli Gardens One of the world’s oldest and most magical amusement parks with flower gardens, rides and restaurants. The gardens are open during four annual seasons – Summer, Halloween, Christmas and Winter. Each season is unique. Tivoli Gardens is located in the heart of the city. Visit Carlsberg The original site of the Carlsberg Breweries is today home to a visitor’s centre where you can learn about the art of brewing beer.
    [Show full text]
  • 25-Års Jubilæum
    ANNO 1994 25-ÅRS JUBILÆUM Et kongerige af oplevelser Danske Slotte og Herregaarde 25 år med et kongerige af oplevelser Foreningen Danske Slotte og Herregaarde er stiftet i 1994 og fejrer således sit 25-års jubilæum i 2019. Danske Slotte og Herregaarde er et markedsføringssamarbejde mellem privatejede slotte og herregårde med adgang for publikum. Foreningen er den eneste af sin art og har til formål at fremme unikke oplevelser på danske slotte og her- regårde, som repræsenterer historisk autenticitet og særlige kulturhistoriske oplevelser. Danske Slotte og Herregaarde tæller p.t. disse 21 medlemmer med museer, adgang til park og slot, overnatning, restau- ranter, kursus- og konferencevirksomhed, festlokaler, koncerter eller andre aktiviteter for offentligheden: Broholm Slot Clausholm Slot Dronninglund Slot Fuglsang Herregaard Gram Slot Gammel Estrup Herregårdsmuseum Hindsgavl Slot Holckenhavn Slot Kragerup Gods Lerchenborg Gods Lindholm Herregård Næsbyholm Slot Nørre Vosborg Rysensteen Bed & Breakfast Sanderumgaards Romantiske Have Skjoldenæsholm Hotel & Konferencecenter Skrøbelev Gods Sonnerupgaard Gods Sostrup Slot & Kloster Sørup Herregaard Visborggaard Slot Dronninglund Slot Gammel Estrup Herregårdsmuseum Hindsgavl Slot Skjoldenæsholm Foreningens aktiviteter Danske Slotte og Herregaarde arbejder aktivt og i stigende grad med promovering af de enkelte medlemmer og deres unikke tilbud. Markedsføringen sker på mange forskellige platforme, lige fra annoncering i fysiske tidsskrifter til opslag på de sociale medier. Det vigtigste medie er dog foreningens egen hjemmeside www.slotte-herregaarde.dk, der fremstår som en præsentabel, brugervenlig og til enhver tid vedligeholdt informationskilde. Foreningen formidler det populære ”Gavekort til Danske Slotte og Herregaarde”, som giver adgang til aktiviteterne på samtlige medlemmers slotte og herregårde. Gavemodtageren har altså frihed til selv at vælge, hvor i Danmark ople- velsesgaven skal bruges, og om det skal være en kulturhistorisk oplevelse, en gourmetmiddag eller noget helt tredje.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Icelandic Outlaw Sagas
    THREE ICELANDIC OUTLAW SAGAS THREE ICELANDIC OUTLAW SAGAS THE SAGA OF GISLI THE SAGA OF GRETTIR THE SAGA OF HORD VIKING SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN RESEARCH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 2004 Selection, introduction and other critical apparatus © J. M. Dent 2001 Translation of The Saga of Grettir and The Saga of Hord © J. M. Dent 2001 Translation of The Saga of Gisli © J. M. Dent 1963 This edition first published by Everyman Paperbacks in 2001 Reissued by Viking Society for Northern Research in 2004 Reprinted with minor corrections in 2014 ISBN 978 0 903521 66 6 The maps are based on those in various volumes of Íslensk fornrit. The cover illustration is of Grettir Ásmundarson from AM 426 fol., a late seventeenth-century Icelandic manuscript in Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi, Reykjavík Printed by Short Run Press Limited, Exeter CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................ vii Chronology .................................................................................... viii Introduction ..................................................................................... xi Note on the Text .......................................................................... xxvi THE SAGA OF GISLI ..................................................................... 1 THE SAGA OF GRETTIR ............................................................. 69 THE SAGA OF HORD ................................................................ 265 Text Summaries ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Handbook of Norse Mythology
    A HANDBOOK OF NORSE MYTHOLOGY BY KARL MORTENSEN DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN ; ADJUNCT AT THE CATHEDRAL SCHOOL (ROYAL GYMNASIUM) AT ODENSB TRANSLATED FROM THE DANISH BY A. CLINTON CROWELL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN BROWN UNIVERSITY 1 ' , . * ' ' - r , * - . l I I . , NEW YORK THOMAS Y. CROWELL COMPANY PUBLISHERS THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY THOMAS Y. CROWELL COMPANY. Published March, 1913. This compilation © Phoenix E-Books UK AUTHOR'S PREFACE THIS popular presentation of the myths and sagas which took shape here in the North but whose foundation is common property of all the people who speak a Gothic-Germanic language, first appeared in 1898 and has been used since then in the study of Xorse Mythology in the high schools and universities of all the Scandina- vian countries. Since Professor Crowell has thought that the little book might also achieve a modest success in the youngest but richest and.mosi powerful branch which has grown iron, cur ccmin-on >;uot, I have without hesitation, accopte^ his friendly pro- posal to transjate.jc into English. I find r great satisfaction m, hav -;ig my work put into the world's most comprehensive lan- guage and placed before students in the United States, where I have so many friends, where so many relatives and fel- low-countrymen have found a home and a iii iv AUTHOR'S PREFACE future, and toward which country we Northerners look with the deepest admira- tion and respect for the mighty forces which are seeking to control material things and to break new ground in the infinite realms of the intellect.
    [Show full text]