DOCSLIB.ORG

Power and Political Communication. Feasting and Gift Giving in Medieval Iceland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Power and Political Communication. Feasting and Gift Giving in Medieval Iceland Power and Political Communication. Feasting and Gift Giving in Medieval Iceland By Vidar Palsson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor John Lindow, Co-chair Professor Thomas A. Brady Jr., Co-chair Professor Maureen C. Miller Professor Carol J. Clover Fall 2010 Abstract Power and Political Communication. Feasting and Gift Giving in Medieval Iceland By Vidar Palsson Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor John Lindow, Co-chair Professor Thomas A. Brady Jr., Co-chair The present study has a double primary aim. Firstly, it seeks to analyze the sociopolitical functionality of feasting and gift giving as modes of political communication in later twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iceland, primarily but not exclusively through its secular prose narratives. Secondly, it aims to place that functionality within the larger framework of the power and politics that shape its applications and perception. Feasts and gifts established friendships. Unlike modern friendship, its medieval namesake was anything but a free and spontaneous practice, and neither were its primary modes and media of expression. None of these elements were the casual business of just anyone. The argumentative structure of the present study aims roughly to correspond to the preliminary and general historiographical sketch with which it opens: while duly emphasizing the contractual functions of demonstrative action, the backbone of traditional scholarship, it also highlights its framework of power, subjectivity, limitations, and ultimate ambiguity, as more recent studies have justifiably urged. It emphasizes action as discourse. 1 for Bragi (1975-1998) friend and role model i Table of Contents Acknowledgements PART ONE Feasting and Gift Giving as Modes of Political Communication in Medieval Europe CHAPTER 1 I. Friends II. Demonstrating Bonds through Action III. Field and Framework of Social Action IV. Preliminary Note on Layout PART TWO Power and Hospitality in the Kings’ Sagas CHAPTER 2 I. Political Culture and the Kings’ Sagas II. Power and Hospitality III. Feasting, Politics, and Power Broking ii PART THREE Managing Bonds in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Iceland and its Sagas CHAPTER 3 I. Making Friends in the Icelandic Saga II. Making Friends in the Later Icelandic Commonwealth CHAPTER 4 I. Power and Limits of Action II. Generating Status through Action BIBLIOGRAPGY iii Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation was made possible by a group of people that never failed to guide, support and encourage. It is a pleasure to name them and thank them deeply and most sincerely. To my supervisors John and Carol, and to Tom and Maureen; it was my greatest fortune to become their student. Also at Berkeley, to Chris Ocker and Geoff Koziol. To my fellow students and friends, among whom are Charity Urbanski and Mike, and Tyler Lange and Rebecca Moyle. To Andrew Wawn for countless corrections and advice. To Guðrún Nordal and all the people at Árnastofnun in Reykjavík, where I wrote the best part in wonderful company; and especially to my “neighbors” Jóhanna Katrín and Grégory Cattaneo, for their endless help and enthusiasm. To Helgi Þorláksson, Torfi Tulinius, Sigurður Pétursson, Sverrir Jakobsson, Ármann Jakobsson, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, and Valur Ingimundarson, all at the University of Iceland. To Hafsteinn Þór Hauksson for reading the entire piece and helping me to file it. Last but not least, to my family and best friends Jónína, Hrafnkell and Þórdís, and to my parents. iv PART ONE Feasting and Gift Giving as Modes of Political Communication in Medieval Europe 1 Chapter 1 I Friends Feasting and gift giving were fundamental modes of political communication in medieval Iceland. Any exploration of the political narratives that twelfth-, thirteenth-, and fourteenth-century Iceland left behind soon produces references to veizlur and gjafir, “feasts” and “gifts,” with vinir and vinátta, “friends” and “friendship,” probably lurking close by. These feasts, gifts, and friendships are echoes of a political discourse widespread in pre-modern Europe. Although they bear the unmistakable marks of the specific and the individual – as do all historically particular things by their nature -, they also speak to discursive and ideological traditions extending further back than those habitually labeled medieval, to which they are closely related. These traditions unmistakably link formal hospitality and exchange with amici and amicitiae. The present study has a double primary aim. Firstly, it seeks to analyze the sociopolitical functionality of feasting and gift giving as modes of political communication in later twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iceland, primarily but not exclusively through its secular prose narratives. Secondly, it aims to place that functionality within the larger framework of the power and politics that shape its applications and perception. Unlike modern friendship, its medieval namesake was anything but a free and spontaneous practice, and neither were its primary modes and media of expression. None of these elements were the casual business of just anyone. The argumentative structure of the present study aims roughly to correspond to the preliminary and general historiographical 2 sketch with which it opens: while duly emphasizing the contractual functions of demonstrative action, the backbone of traditional scholarship, it also highlights its framework of power, subjectivity, limitations, and ultimate ambiguity, as more recent studies have justifiably urged. It emphasizes action as discourse. There are two particular polarizing concepts that have served decisively to redefine our modern notion of friendship from what it probably meant to most medieval people: the modern state and the free market. In societies where power has been institutionalized beyond the imagination of the medieval mind, and in which modes and media of disinterested exchange of goods occupy ideological as well as real positions thoroughly alien to medieval societies, the conceptualizations of social and political ties are bound to be profoundly reshaped and transformed. To the mind brought up in a world in which the state and the market have virtually established themselves as the natural and normative base-structures of society, with their institutionalized impersonality promoted as one of their greatest virtues, friendship is primarily private in nature. But to those brought up in a world where the exercise of power was far more personal and less centralized than is the case today, there could be no clear divide between the “private” and the “public.”1 Medieval Europe knew abstract institutions and offices of power, but society in its totality, the polity of men, was nevertheless seen as holistically consisting of, and practically being brought into existence by, personal ties of men. It was a world in which an institutionalized public sphere, with its characteristic monopoly of force – “government” or “administration” in statist parlance –,2 had not yet exiled personal ties and friendship to the private. It was a political culture that placed the highest value on personal and social ties, which were not seen to be more private in nature than the society that they formed.3 This way of thinking appears foreign to modern minds, that commonly associate the intermingling of political authority and personal friendship with corruption. The friendship we speak of in the political culture of post-Roman and pre-modern Europe gains meaning and context both in terms of the overall political development of the period as well as its cultural and philosophical origins. The former refers to the way in which politics was exercised and thought of in societies lacking political structures of the type or level (non-qualitatively) that we customarily describe by means of concepts of 1 An early critique of the application of modern constitutional and legal historical concepts to pre-modern political culture, such as the dichotomous “private-public” binary is Otto Brunner, Land und Herrschaft. Grundfragen der territorialen Verfassungsgeschichte Südostdeutschlands im Mittelalter, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Geschichtsforschung und Arkivwissenschaft in Wien 1 (Baden: Rohrer, 1939), transl. from rev. 4th ed. (Vienna et al.: Rohrer Verlag, 1959) as Land and Lordship. Structures of Governance in Medieval Austria, transl. Howard Kaminsky and James Van Horn Melton (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992). 2 Max Weber’s classic, and ritually cited, definition of “state” was that it was a territorial monopoly of coercive force. 3 On the centrality of personal bonds and associations in early medieval political culture, see Gerd Althoff, Verwandte, Freunde und Getreue. Zum politischen Stellenwert der Gruppenbindungen im früheren Mittelalter (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990), transl. as Family, Friends and Followers. Political and Social Bonds in Early Medieval Europe, transl. Christopher Carroll (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 3 statehood. The latter obliges us to recognize the Greco-Roman traditions and theoretically identifiable base-types of friendship. The Roman legacy provided medieval Europe not only with its language of record but also a comprehensive range of philosophical and political terms and concepts. Throughout the Middle Ages, political thought
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Medieval Germany in America
    GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE WASHNGTON, D.C. ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES No. 8 MEDIEVAL GERMANY IN AMERICA Patrick J. Geary With a comment by Otto Gerhard Oexle ANNUAL LECTURE 1995 German Historical Institute Washington, D.C. MEDIEVAL GERMANY IN AMERICA Patrick J. Geary With a comment by Otto Gerhard Oexle © 1996 by German Historical Institute Annual Lecture Series, No. 8 Edited by Detlef Junker, Petra Marquardt-Bigman and Janine S. Micunck ______________ GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE 1607 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20009, USA MEDIEVAL GERMANY IN AMERICA Patrick J. Geary WAS THERE ANYTHING TO LEARN? American Historians and German Medieval Scholarship: A Comment Otto Gerhard Oexle Preface For the first time since the founding of the German Historical Institute in 1987, the topic of the 1995 Annual Lecture addressed the German Middle Ages—as perceived through American eyes. We invited two distinguished scholars from the United States and Germany, and their presentations made this evening a truly special event. In his lecture, Professor Patrick J. Geary traced the influence of German medievalists, especially their methods and historiography, on American academia. During the second half of the nineteenth century, German scholarship came to be regarded as an exemplary model, owing to its scholarly excellence. However, within a few decades, German medieval scholarship's function as a model for American academics declined. Professor Geary gave an engaging account of this development and offered at the same time an absorbing analysis of how the perception and interpreta- tion of German medieval history by American historians were shaped by their attempt to explain American history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Carolingian Past in Post-Carolingian Europe Simon Maclean
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 1 The Carolingian Past in Post-Carolingian Europe Simon MacLean On 28 January 893, a 13-year-old known to posterity as Charles III “the Simple” (or “Straightforward”) was crowned king of West Francia at the great cathedral of Rheims. Charles was a great-great-grandson in the direct male line of the emperor Charlemagne andclung tightly to his Carolingian heritage throughout his life.1 Indeed, 28 January was chosen for the coronation precisely because it was the anniversary of his great ancestor’s death in 814. However, the coronation, for all its pointed symbolism, was not a simple continuation of his family’s long-standing hegemony – it was an act of rebellion. Five years earlier, in 888, a dearth of viable successors to the emperor Charles the Fat had shattered the monopoly on royal authority which the Carolingian dynasty had claimed since 751. The succession crisis resolved itself via the appearance in all of the Frankish kingdoms of kings from outside the family’s male line (and in some cases from outside the family altogether) including, in West Francia, the erstwhile count of Paris Odo – and while Charles’s family would again hold royal status for a substantial part of the tenth century, in the long run it was Odo’s, the Capetians, which prevailed. Charles the Simple, then, was a man displaced in time: a Carolingian marooned in a post-Carolingian political world where belonging to the dynasty of Charlemagne had lost its hegemonic significance , however loudly it was proclaimed.2 His dilemma represents a peculiar syndrome of the tenth century and stands as a symbol for the theme of this article, which asks how members of the tenth-century ruling class perceived their relationship to the Carolingian past.
    [Show full text]
  • De Nordiske Husebyenes Kronologi Og Ull-Navnene
    De nordiske husebyenes kronologi og Ull-navnene Atle Steinar Langekiehl En av hj ørnestei nene i As ga ut Stei nnes ' avha ndli ng Husebyar er ha ns fø rste forsøk på å vise en nær fo rbindelse me llo m husebye ne ogkulte n for gu de n Ull. Me ns Stei nnes hevdet at huseby -i ns titusjonenoppstod ca. år 625 e.kr. i det uppsve nske se ntralo mrådet ved Malare n, har ny ere sve ns k fo rsk ni ng villet tidfeste huseby -o rganisasjo nene i det sa mme området til l!00- ogbe gynne lse nav 1200- åre ne. Da Stei nnes me nt e husebye ne oppstod i Uppla nd, ville enslik dateri ng fje rne ethvert gr u nnla g for ha ns hypotese om at dyrk ni ngenav Ull ka n knyttes til disse ad ministrative se ntre ne. Huseby -o rganisasjo nene målikevel være langt eld reen nde ntidf esti nge nen kelte sve nske fo rske re nå"bevder for husebye ne i Uppla nd. Side n kro nolo giener et helt se ntralt pu nkt når det gjelder de no rdiske husebye ne, er det all grunntil åse nær me re både påSte innes ' hy pot ese omhusebye nes ti lknytningtil Ull -kultus en ogan dre sid erved ha ns argu me nt asj on. Asgaut Steinnes' avhandling Husebyar fra 19551 er i Norge blitt stående som den grunnleggende studien om de administrative sentrene vi kaller husebyer . Det gjenspeilerseg ikke minst i hvorledes selv de nyeste norske bygdebøkene refererer til Steinnes' hypoteser når de skildrer huseby-institusjonens opphav og historie.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political Companion to Henry David Thoreau
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Literature in English, North America English Language and Literature 6-11-2009 A Political Companion to Henry David Thoreau Jack Turner University of Washington Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Turner, Jack, "A Political Companion to Henry David Thoreau" (2009). Literature in English, North America. 70. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_english_language_and_literature_north_america/70 A Political Companion to Henr y David Thoreau POLITIcaL COMpaNIONS TO GREat AMERIcaN AUthORS Series Editor: Patrick J. Deneen, Georgetown University The Political Companions to Great American Authors series illuminates the complex political thought of the nation’s most celebrated writers from the founding era to the present. The goals of the series are to demonstrate how American political thought is understood and represented by great Ameri- can writers and to describe how our polity’s understanding of fundamental principles such as democracy, equality, freedom, toleration, and fraternity has been influenced by these canonical authors. The series features a broad spectrum of political theorists, philoso- phers, and literary critics and scholars whose work examines classic authors and seeks to explain their continuing influence on American political, social, intellectual, and cultural life. This series reappraises esteemed American authors and evaluates their writings as lasting works of art that continue to inform and guide the American democratic experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emperor Charles VI and Spain (1700-1740)
    19 April 2010 William O’Reilly (University of Cambridge) The Emperor Who Could Not Be King: The Emperor Charles VI and Spain (1700-1740) ‘Sad news’, wrote the Archduke Charles of Austria, self-styled King of Spain, on learning of the death of his elder brother, the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I, in 1711. ‘From my house, only I remain. All falls to me.’ Terse as it may be, this obiter reveals the twin pillars of Charles VI’s imperial ideology: dynastic providence and universal dominion. In this expansive and absorbing paper, William O’Reilly offered an account of the career of the Emperor Charles VI as manqué King of Spain. The childless death of Charles II, the last Habsburg King of Spain, in 1700, ignited a succession crisis that engulfed Europe in conflict. Standard accounts of the War of the Spanish Succession treat the two pretenders, Philip Duc d’Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, and the Archduke Charles, younger son of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, as ciphers in a game of grand strategy. But Dr O’Reilly presented a compelling case for re- appraisal. His study of Charles revealed the decisive influence of personal ambition and court politics on the business of state formation in the early-eighteenth century. Arriving in Barcelona in the late summer of 1705, the Archduke was immediately proclaimed King Charles III of Spain throughout Catalonia. During his six years in Barcelona, he cultivated long-standing Catalan suspicions of Madrid (in Bourbon hands from 1707) to construct a Habsburg party among the Aragonese elite.
    [Show full text]
  • Deserving, Gifting, and Needs
    Deserving, Gifting, and Needs MIKI KASHTAN L’auteur s’interroge sur les « besoins » et les « mérites « dans able to set aside the time to nurture their friendship with le contexte du don. Son but est de poser toute la notion du him, and they would need to see him less. The shift from mérite et de proposer un cadre bas é sur le bon vouloir afin exchange back to relationship, now expanded to include d’assurer le transit des ressources mondiales. Elle suggère everyone’s needs, allowed those friendships to continue des exemples ordinaires d’économie historique avant d’as- uninterrupted, involving the entire family, some of them surer que c’est le glissement vers l’agriculture qui a motivé lasting through and beyond his childhood. l’accumulation et la possession des ressources plutôt que We all know what he knew then: there is nothing sweeter sur leur circulation. Ce geste vers une nouvelle structure than giving and receiving within the context of human économique a développé des récits à propos de qui méritait relationships based on a flow of generosity and care. We et qui ne méritait pas selon la loi divine ou la moralité pour all were once babies, and almost all of us were given to justifier les inégalités inhérentes; une discussion autour du simply because we had a need, as Genevieve Vaughan has don comme économie alternative qui n’est pas attachée la been calling to our attention for so many years. valeur mais plutôt aux besoins et aux soins. Elle termine At the same time, even those of us who have not been sur une image d’un monde futur qui serait basé sur le soin mothers and caregivers for the young, have no doubt had et la collaboration plutôt que sur la raison.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • International Review for the History of Religions
    INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS EDITED ON BEHALF OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS by M. HEERMA VAN VOSS, E. J. SHARPE, R. J. Z. WERBLOWSKY VOLUME XXVIII F:'b r- t--w LEIDEN E. J. BRILL 1981 CONTENTS Articles JOHNC. HOLT, Assisting the Dead by Venerating the Living. 1 ALAN MILLAR and JOHN K. RICHES, Interpretation: a theore- tical perspective and some applications ......................... 29 G. R. H. WRIGHT, Dumuzi at the court of David ............... 54 A. T. KRAABEL, The Disappearance of the "God-fearers" .... 113 LUTHER H. MARTIN, Josephus' Use of Heimarmene in the Jewish AntiquitiesXIII, 171-3 .................................... 127 JORUNN JACOBSEN BUCKLEY, The Mandaean Tabahata Masiqta ......... ......... ....................... ...... 138 I. FRIEDRICHSILBER, Dissent through holiness: the case of the radical renouncer in Theravada Buddhist countries.......... 164 RICCARDO M. FRACASSO, Manifestazioni del simbolismo assiale nelle tradizioni cinesi antiche ............................ 194 R. S. NEWMAN,Faith is All! Emotion and Devotion in a Goan Sect ............................................................ 216 Review articles WOLF B. OERTER, Zur Bildersprache des Manichaiismus ...... 64 VITALY A. RUBIN, Values of Confucianism ....................... 72 R. J. Z. WERBLOWSKY,Collected essays........................... 81 R. J. Z. WERBLOWSKY,Polemics .................................... 86 Book reviews Julian Apostata, hrsg. von Richard Klein (G. W. BOWERSOCK) 88 Yuyama, Akira, SystematischeUbersicht
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Assyrian Palaces and the Creation of Courtly Culture
    Journal of Ancient History 2019; 7(1): 1–31 Melanie Groß* and David Kertai Becoming Empire: Neo-Assyrian palaces and the creation of courtly culture https://doi.org/10.1515/jah-2018-0026 Abstract: Assyria (911–612 BCE) can be described as the founder of the imperial model of kingship in the ancient Near East. The Assyrian court itself, however, remains poorly understood. Scholarship has treated the court as a disembodied, textual entity, separated from the physical spaces it occupied – namely, the pa- laces. At the same time, architectural analyses have examined the physical struc- tures of the Assyrian palaces, without consideration for how these structures were connected to people’s lives and works. The palaces are often described as se- cluded, inaccessible locations. This study presents the first model of the Assyrian court contextualized in its actual palaces. It provides a nuanced model highlight- ing how the court organized the immense flow of information, people and goods entering the palace as a result of the empire’s increased size and complexity. It argues that access to the king was regulated by three gates of control which were manned by specific types of personnel and a more situational organization that moved within the physical spaces of the palace and was contingent on the king’s activity. Keywords: court culture, kingship, Assyrian Empire, royal palace As the first in a long sequence of empires to rule the Middle East, Assyria can be described as the founder of the imperial model of kingship. Its experiments in becoming an empire and the resulting courtly culture informed the empires that Anmerkung: This joined study has been supported by the Martin Buber Society of Fellows in the Humanities and Social Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTI-AUTHORITARIAN INTERVENTIONS in DEMOCRATIC THEORY by BRIAN CARL BERNHARDT B.A., James Madison University, 2005 M.A., University of Colorado at Boulder, 2010
    BEYOND THE DEMOCRATIC STATE: ANTI-AUTHORITARIAN INTERVENTIONS IN DEMOCRATIC THEORY by BRIAN CARL BERNHARDT B.A., James Madison University, 2005 M.A., University of Colorado at Boulder, 2010 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science 2014 This thesis entitled: Beyond the Democratic State: Anti-Authoritarian Interventions in Democratic Theory written by Brian Carl Bernhardt has been approved for the Department of Political Science Steven Vanderheiden, Chair Michaele Ferguson David Mapel James Martel Alison Jaggar Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Bernhardt, Brian Carl (Ph.D., Political Science) Beyond the Democratic State: Anti-Authoritarian Interventions in Democratic Theory Thesis directed by Associate Professor Steven Vanderheiden Though democracy has achieved widespread global popularity, its meaning has become increasingly vacuous and citizen confidence in democratic governments continues to erode. I respond to this tension by articulating a vision of democracy inspired by anti-authoritarian theory and social movement practice. By anti-authoritarian, I mean a commitment to individual liberty, a skepticism toward centralized power, and a belief in the capacity of self-organization. This dissertation fosters a conversation between an anti-authoritarian perspective and democratic theory: What would an account of democracy that begins from these three commitments look like? In the first two chapters, I develop an anti-authoritarian account of freedom and power.
    [Show full text]
  • Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution India and the Contemporary World Society Ofthefuture
    Socialism in Europe and II the Russian Revolution Chapter 1 The Age of Social Change In the previous chapter you read about the powerful ideas of freedom and equality that circulated in Europe after the French Revolution. The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured. As you have read, before the eighteenth century society was broadly divided into estates and orders and it was the aristocracy and church which controlled economic and social power. Suddenly, after the revolution, it seemed possible to change this. In many parts of the world including Europe and Asia, new ideas about individual rights and who olution controlled social power began to be discussed. In India, Raja v Rammohan Roy and Derozio talked of the significance of the French Revolution, and many others debated the ideas of post-revolutionary Europe. The developments in the colonies, in turn, reshaped these ideas of societal change. ian Re ss Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation of society. Responses varied from those who accepted that some change was necessary but wished for a gradual shift, to those who wanted to restructure society radically. Some were ‘conservatives’, others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’. What did these terms really mean in the context of the time? What separated these strands of politics and what linked them together? We must remember that these terms do not mean the same thing in all contexts or at all times. We will look briefly at some of the important political traditions of the nineteenth century, and see how they influenced change.
    [Show full text]
  • Substance Addictions
    A01_CAPU8641_03_SE_FM.indd Page 3 21/11/14 7:18 PM/201/PH01733/9780133998641_CAPUZZI/CAPUZZI_FOUNDATIONS_OF_ADDICTIONS_COUNSELING3_ user ... PREFACE Whether you are entering the field of addictions counseling or are a counselor who wants to be prepared for the screening, assessment, and treatment of addiction in your practice, this text provides a foundational basis. Foundations of Addictions Counseling addresses real-life clinical concerns while providing the necessary information to keep up to date with field trends. It also addresses the evolving standards of professional organizations, accrediting bodies, licensure boards, and graduate programs and departments. Counselors in school, mental health, rehabili- tation, hospital, private practice, and a variety of other settings must be thoroughly prepared to support clients in their quest to be healthy and unimpaired. As the addictions profession has matured, more and more emphasis has been placed on the importance of preparing counselors to work holistically and synthesize knowledge domains from mental health, developmental, and addiction perspectives. The authors provide this knowledge in support of your work on behalf of various clients and diverse communities. Counselors can expect some of their clients to want to address concerns connected with the use of substances and the development of addictive behavior. This book draws on the special- ized knowledge for each contributed chapter. It is written for use in graduate-level preparation programs for counselors. Because of the clarity of the writing and the use of case studies, it may also be adopted in some undergraduate and community college courses. Requirements of the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) and other certification associations have led most university programs in counselor education to require an addictions course for all students, regardless of specialization (school, community, rehabilitation, couples, marriage and family, student personnel, etc.).
    [Show full text]