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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Frauenfiguren in Abenteuersagas Verfasserin Mag. (FH) Mag. Michaela Wolfram angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A394 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Skandinavistik Betreuer: a.o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Nedoma Gewidmet jenen vier Frauen, ohne die ich nicht wäre, wer ich heute bin. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorwort............................................................................................................................5 2. Einleitung .........................................................................................................................6 3. Fornaldarsögur, Abenteuersagas und höfische Literatur ..............................................9 3.1 Fornaldarsögur – Definition und Fragen des Genres.....................................................9 3.1.1 Forschungsgeschichte..........................................................................................11 3.1.2 Entwicklung der Fornaldarsögur als Genre..........................................................14 3.1.3 Entstehung und Alter der Fornaldarsögur.............................................................16 3.2 Definitionen...............................................................................................................19 3.3 Einteilung/Gruppierung Fornaldarsögur .....................................................................22 3.3.1 Heldensagas ........................................................................................................26 3.3.2 Wikingersagas.....................................................................................................27 3.3.3 Abenteuersagas ...................................................................................................28 3.4 Beziehung und Abgrenzung zu anderen Gattungen/Genres.........................................30 3.5 Textbestand des Genre Fornaldarsögur.......................................................................36 3.5.1 Þættir ..................................................................................................................38 3.6 Motive und Strukturmerkmale der Fornaldarsögur und Abenteuersagas im Speziellen ...........................................................................................................................40 3.6.1 Merkmale der Fornaldarsögur..............................................................................40 3.6.2 Motive ................................................................................................................49 3.6.3 Charaktere der Fornaldarsögur.............................................................................52 3.7 Zusammenfassung......................................................................................................53 4. „Frau“ im alten Island und in der Romance.................................................................55 4.1 Forschungsstand.........................................................................................................55 4.2 Frau im skandinavischen Mittelalter...........................................................................57 4.2.1 Verlobung, Hochzeit und Ehe..............................................................................58 4.3 Konstruktion von Geschlechterrollen..........................................................................60 4.3.1 Paarbeziehungen .................................................................................................64 4.3.2 Frauen allgemein in altnordischer Literatur..........................................................65 4.4 Frauencharaktere und Frauenmotive...........................................................................67 4.4.1 Brautwerbung......................................................................................................67 4.4.2 Minne und Liebespein.........................................................................................70 4.4.3 Prinzessinnen, Königinnen und höfische Frauen..................................................71 4.4.4 Kämpfende Jungfrauen........................................................................................72 4.4.5 Übernatürliche Frauen.........................................................................................76 3 4.4.6 Die zauberhafte und übernatürliche Helferin und Liebende..................................78 4.4.7 Nebenfiguren ......................................................................................................80 5. Frauenfiguren in Abenteuersagas.................................................................................81 5.1 Bisherige Untersuchungen zu Figuren- und Charakterzeichnung in Fornaldarsögur...81 5.2 Anmerkungen zur Untersuchungsmethode..................................................................84 5.3 Textauswahl...............................................................................................................87 5.4 Präsentation der Ergebnisse........................................................................................88 5.4.1 Gautreks saga......................................................................................................88 5.4.2 Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana.................................................92 5.4.3 Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar...................................................................................95 5.4.4 Bósa saga ..........................................................................................................102 5.4.5 Sturlaugs saga starfsama....................................................................................105 5.5 Vergleichende Betrachtung der Ergebnisse...............................................................108 5.5.1 Grenzüberschreitung .........................................................................................108 5.5.2 Paarbeziehungen ...............................................................................................109 5.5.3 Ratgeberin.........................................................................................................113 5.5.4 Körper und Kleidung.........................................................................................113 5.5.5 Brautwerbung....................................................................................................116 5.5.6 Liebe und Verliebtheit.......................................................................................116 5.5.7 Aktive und passive Frauen.................................................................................117 5.6 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................... 119 6. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Ausblick........................................................122 7. Literatur.......................................................................................................................124 7.1 Editionen und Übersetzungen...................................................................................124 7.2 Sekundärliteratur......................................................................................................124 8. Anhänge .......................................................................................................................131 4 1. Vorwort Die Idee zu dieser Diplomarbeit entstand eher zufällig im Rahmen einer Seminararbeit über Brautwerbung in der altnordischen Literatur. Bereits damals stellte ich fest, dass es neben den Isländersagas eine große, für mich damals unbekannte, Literatur gab, die mich sofort faszinierte. Es war „das Andere“ ebenso wie die teilweise wirklich komischen Szenen, markanten Reden, aber auch die abenteuerliche Handlung an sich, die mich in ihren Bann zogen. Als ich dann auch noch feststellte, dass dieser Bereich der „Unterhaltungsliteratur“ bis vor Kurzem von der Literaturwissenschaft völlig vernachlässigt wurde, keimte die Idee zum vorliegenden Diplomarbeitsthema. Je länger ich mich mit dem Thema beschäftigte, den Fragen zur Eingrenzung des Themas, der Formulierung eines Textkorpus, die Definition dessen, was unter „Frauen in Abenteuersagas“ zu verstehen sei und schließlich der Untersuchung selbst, desto interessanter und spannender wurde die Arbeit. Das machte eine Ab- und Eingrenzung auf den Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit zu einer echten Herausforderung, weil viele Aspekte, aber ebenso Texte, die auch eine Auswertung wert sind, wie auch weitere Fragen an die Texte und ihre Struktur schließlich beiseite gelassen werden mussten. Dieser Prozess ist ein natürlicher im Zuge der Erstellung einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit, hat mir aber auch gezeigt, wie viel Potential in diesem auf den ersten Blick unscheinbaren Thema steckt. Am Ende dieser interessanten Zeit ist auch jenen Personen zu danken, die mich im Rahmen dieser Arbeit begleitet haben. Mag. Corinna Salomon danke ich für das notwendige Korrekturlesen und die moralische Unterstützung. Insbesondere danke ich meinem Betreuer, a.o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Robert Nedoma für seine unzähligen Hinweise und Literaturtipps, die Geduld und sein stetes Interesse an meinem Thema sowie seine kompetente und motivierende Betreuung. Wien, Jänner 2013 5 2. Einleitung Abenteuersagas zählen zu jenem Teil der altnordischen Sagaliteratur, der über viele Jahrzehnte hinweg, wenn überhaupt, dann vor allem als Kontrastbeispiel zur „hochstehenden“ Sagaliteratur der Isländer-
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