DOCSLIB.ORG

El Español Andino En Perú: Adquisición, Variación Y Cambio En El Habla De Huancayo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
El Español Andino En Perú: Adquisición, Variación Y Cambio En El Habla De Huancayo EL ESPAÑOL ANDINO EN PERÚ: ADQUISICIÓN, VARIACIÓN Y CAMBIO EN EL HABLA DE HUANCAYO _____________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board _____________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________________________ By Eunice Cortez August 2014 Dissertation committee: Dr. Jonathan Holmquist, Dissertation Advisor Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Temple University Dr. Augusto Lorenzino, Dissertation Advisor & Examination Committee Chair Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Temple University Dr. Paul Toth Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Temple University Dr. Inmaculada García-Sánchez Department of Anthropology, Temple University Dr. Liliana Sánchez, External Reader Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Rutgers University © Copyright 2014 by Eunice Cortez ii A Mélida, madre andina. iii ABSTRACT My dissertation, “Andean Spanish in Peru: Acquisition, Variation and Change in the Speech of Huancayo”, focuses on the maintenance of Andean Spanish, a linguistic variety spoken on the Peruvian Andes, which is the result of centuries of interaction between Spanish and Quechua societies. The importance of my research lies in the awareness that global processes are changing and restructuring the ways in which Andean people, a historical marginalized social group in Peru, develop and construct a range of new global identities, while still preserving their local ones. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, the analysis explores the effects of social factors upon language use and the maintenance or loss of Quechua features in the language and culture of the Andean city of Huancayo. There are three primary goals in my dissertation: a) investigate the social dimensions on the use of linguistic aspects of the Andean variety of Spanish in Huancayo, an important Andean city in Peru; b) measure to what extent variation on speech is related to social factors; and c) address the particular social, economic and historical situation of the city Huancayo in order to understand how the “traditional” and “modern” aspects coexist in the ways people of this city reacts to the maintenance of Quechua elements in the culture and the language. The linguistic data comes from 42 interviews by both male and female adult participants from the Andean city of Huancayo. I measure to what extent variation in speech is related to social factors such as age, sex of the speakers, socioeconomic status, education, and interpersonal relationships in rural and urban settlements. The study consists of an introduction, five chapters, and a final section for discussion and conclusion. The first chapter problematizes the idea of linguistic unity in iv the Spanish community through a historical approach to diversity in Spanish dialects. It also explains the different dialectal outcomes that have originated from the contact of Spanish and indigenous communities. The second chapter deals with the community studied in this research, including its history and the current social dynamics between language and culture in rural and urban sceneries. The third chapter explains the process of data gathering and the methodology used in the analysis. The two last chapters show the analysis and the results of the linguistic variables. Linguistic research regarding the nature of the mechanisms of language use in society is an important contribution to the academic discussion beyond linguistic theory, since it concerns to broader issues of culture and society. Through this investigation, I intend to shed light on the possible connections between linguistics practices and the social constraints that have impact on the variation and change of the linguistic characteristics of Andean Spanish. v AGRADECIMIENTOS Esta investigación sólo fue posible gracias a las personas que me apoyaron de diversas formas durante mis estudios graduados, la recolección de los datos y el proceso de escritura. En primer lugar quiero agradecer el apoyo académico y moral de mis dos directores de tesis, Jonathan Holmquist y Augusto Lorenzino, quienes estuvieron guiándome pacientemente desde mi primer día como estudiante graduada en el Departamento de español y portugués hasta el día de hoy. En sus clases surgió en mí el interés por los estudios sociolingüísticos y de lenguas en contacto, proveyendo la base de teórica para mi investigación e incentivando mis inquietudes de investigación. También agradezco la gentileza de los profesores miembros del comité de tesis, Paul Toth, Inmaculada García Sánchez y Liliana Sánchez, por haber accedido a ser lectores y críticos del resultado final de mi investigación. Sus comentarios sólo podrán enriquecer mi estudio, y en un futuro espero poder crear un diálogo más fluido entre la sociolingüística y las disciplinas de las que ellos son especialistas. Un agradecimiento especial a mi amigo Thomas Morton, quien pacientemente escuchó mis dudas, dio valiosas sugerencias, y prestó su hombro amigo en momentos de desánimo. Y también a los amigos de Huancayo, que fueron muchos, pero en especial a Nely Huamán y Eddy Castellanos, por su ayuda y amabilidad. Finalmente, un profundo agradecimiento a mi hermano mayor, Enrique, por los consejos y su amistad. Y a José Cornelio, mi compañero de muchos años, a quien le debo el apoyo incondicional y el cariño día a día. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT..…………………………………………………………………………….iv AGRADECIMIENTOS…………………………………………………………………..vi LISTA DE FIGURAS Y TABLAS……………………………………………………..viii INTRODUCCIÓN…..…………………………………………………………………..xiii CAPÍTULO 1. EL ESPAÑOL ANDINO Y EL CONTACTO DE LENGUAS EN AMÉRICA………1 2. HUANCAYO EN LA HISTORIA POLÍTICA Y SOCIAL DE LOS PUEBLOS ANDINOS DEL Perú……………………………………………………………………45 3. ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS DE LA RECOLECCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATOS……………………………………………………………………………106 4. COMPORTAMIENTO FONÉTICO DE LAS VIBRANTES EN EL ESPAÑOL DE HUANCAYO……………………………………………………………….……...143 5. ALTURA VOCÁLICA EN EL ESPAÑOL DE HUANCAYO……………………..211 CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………………...252 BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………………….265 ANEXOS A. EL CUESTIONARIO...……………………………………………………………..278 B. ACTIVIDADES CON EL OBJETO DIRECTO PRONOMINAL………………….281 C. FRECUENCIAS DE LAS VARIANTES VOCÁLICAS…………………………...286 vii LISTA DE FIGURAS Y TABLAS FIGURA Pág. 1. Huancayo, la capital de Junín, es el punto medio para muchas otras ciudades de provincia y la capital, Lima…………………………………………………………..65 2. Centralidad del departamento de Junín……………………………………………….67 3. Foto de la Feria en Huancayo a inicios del siglo XX…………………………………79 4. Foto de la Feria Dominical de Huancayo a inicios del siglo XXI……………………79 5. Escena común en las calles de Huancayo. En esta oportunidad una familia celebra la conmemoración de la virgen del Carmen con la danza conocida como la “Chonguinada”, propia de la región Junín…………………………………………………………………98 6. La flecha señala la asibilada en [ařa]………………………………………………...149 7. Producción de la palabra “arriba” por mujer bilingüe del grupo de mayores con la variante asibilada [ř]. Se puede distinguir la falta de oclusión en el espacio que indica la flecha…………………………………………………………………………...........162 8. Producción de la frase “la resaca” por hombre monolingüe del grupo de mayores en la cual se puede distinguir un ejemplo de la aproximante retrofleja [ɽ].........................162 9. Producción de la palabra “carro” con la variante múltiple [r] por joven monolingüe de origen urbano. Se observan tres golpes o líneas de oclusión………………………..164 10. Edad y sexo para [ř]………………………………………………………………...171 11. Bilingüismo y sexo para [ř]………………………………………………………...171 12. Lugar de origen y sexo para [ř]…………………………………………………….172 13. Edad y bilingüismo para [ř]………………………………………………………...172 14. Probabilidad de [ř] para (ɾ)…………………………………………………………174 15. Edad y sexo para [ɽ]………………………………………………………………..175 16. Lugar de origen y sexo para [ɽ]…………………………………………………….176 17. Nivel socioeconómico y sexo para [ɽ]……………………………………………...178 viii 18. Probabilidad retrofleja y lugar de origen …………………………………………..178 19. Probabilidad de retrofleja según edad………………………………………………179 20. Correlación formalidad y sexo para [r] de (ɾ)………………………………………180 21. Formalidad y edad para [r] de (ɾ)…………………………………………………...181 22. Correlación de edad y sexo para [r] de (ɾ)………………………………………….181 23. Nivel socioeconómico y origen para [r] de (ɾ)……………………………………..182 24. Educación y lazos para [r] de (ɾ)……………………………………………………183 25. Probabilidad de [r] para (ɾ) según edad…………………………………………..…184 26. Probabilidad de [r] para (ɾ) según origen…………………………………………...184 27. Familiaridad con el interlocutor…………………………………………………….188 28. Edad de interlocutor y uso de retrofleja………………………………………….…189 29. Uso de [r] según interlocutor…………………………………………………….…190 30. Probabilidad de asibilación de (r)…………………………………………………..195 31. Sexo y lenguas para asibilación de (r)……………………………………………...196 32. Edad y lenguas para asibilación de (r)……………………………………………...196 33. Origen y educación para asibilación de (r)…………………………………………197 34. Edad y formalidad para [ɽ] de (r)…………………………………………………...198 35. Edad y sexo para [ɽ] de (r)………………………………………………………….199 36. Edad y nivel socioeconómico para [ɽ] de (r)………………………………………..199 37. Origen y nivel socioeconómico para [ɽ] de (r)……………………………………...200 38. Probabilidad positiva para [ɽ] de (r)……………………………………………...…200 39. Origen y educación para [ɽ] de (r)………………………………………………….201 40. Edad y
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quichua-Spanish Language Contact in Salcedo, Ecuador: Revisiting Media Lengua Syncretic Language Practices
    QUICHUA-SPANISH LANGUAGE CONTACT IN SALCEDO, ECUADOR: REVISITING MEDIA LENGUA SYNCRETIC LANGUAGE PRACTICES BY MARCO SHAPPECK DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Hans Henrich Hock, Director of Research Professor Rajeshwari Vijay Pandharipande, Chair Associate Professor Anna María Escobar Professor José Ignacio Hualde Abstract The purpose of the current thesis is to develop a better understanding of the interaction between Spanish and Quichua in the Salcedo region and provide more information for the processes that might have given rise to Media Lengua, a ‘mixed’ language comprised of a Quichua grammar and Spanish lexicon. Muysken attributes the formation of Media Lengua to relexification, ruling out any influence from other bilingual phenomena. I argue that the only characteristic that distinguishes Media Lengua from other language contact varieties in central Ecuador is the quantity of the overall Spanish borrowings and not the type of processes that might have been employed by Quichua speakers during the genesis of Media Lengua. The results from the Salcedo data that I have collected show how processes such as adlexification, code-mixing, and structural convergence produce Media Lengua-type sentences, evidence that supports an alternative analysis to Muysken’s relexification hypothesis. Overall, this dissertation is developed around four main objectives: (1) to describe the variation of Spanish loanwords within a bilingual community in Salcedo; (2) to analyze some of the prominent and recent structural changes in Quichua and Spanish; (3) to determine whether Spanish loanword use can be explained by the relationship consultants have with particular social categories; and (4) to analyze the consultants’ language ideologies toward syncretic uses of Spanish and Quichua.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Mixed Languages: Some Remarks on the Case of Old Helsinki Slang1
    MODELLING MIXED LANGUAGES: SOME REMARKS ON THE CASE OF OLD HELSINKI SLANG1 Merlijn de Smit Stockholm University Abstract Old Helsinki Slang (OHS) a linguistic variety spoken in the working-class quarters of Helsinki from approx. 1900 to 1945, is marked by the usage of a virtually wholly Swedish vocabulary in a Finnish morphosyntactic framework. It has recently been subject of two interestingly contrasting treatments by Petri Kallio and Vesa Jarva. Kallio argues that the morphosyntactic base of OHS gives cause to analyzing it as unambiguously Finnic, and therefore Uralic, from a genetic perspective, whereas Jarva, drawing attention to the possible origins of OHS in frequent code-switching, believes it deserves consideration as a mixed language alongside such cases as Ma’a and Media Lengua. The contrasting approaches of the two authors involve contrasting presuppositions which deserve to be spelled out: should the genetic origin of a language be based on the pedigree of its structure (with mixed structures pointing to a mixed genetic origin) or on the sociolinguistic history of its speakers? Taking the latter course, I argue that the most valid model for the emergence of genetically mixed languages is the code-switching one proposed by Peter Auer. Measuring OHS against Auer’s model, however, it is a marginal case for a mixed language, particularly as Auer’s and similar models imply some composition in structural domains, which seems wholly absent in the case of OHS. Thus OHS is not a genetically mixed language, even if it may have developed as one, had early OHS taken a different course as it eventually did.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Tonada Cordobesa from an Acoustic
    UNDERSTANDING THE TONADA CORDOBESA FROM AN ACOUSTIC, PERCEPTUAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE by María Laura Lenardón B.A., TESOL, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 2000 M.A., Spanish Translation, Kent State University, 2003 M.A., Hispanic Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2017 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by María Laura Lenardón It was defended on April 21, 2017 and approved by Dr. Shelome Gooden, Associate Professor of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Susana de los Heros, Professor of Hispanic Studies, University of Rhode Island Dr. Matthew Kanwit, Assistant Professor of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Scott F. Kiesling, Professor of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by María Laura Lenardón 2017 iii UNDERSTANDING THE TONADA CORDOBESA FROM AN ACOUSTIC, PERCEPTUAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE María Laura Lenardón, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2017 The goal of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of a non-standard form of pretonic vowel lengthening or the tonada cordobesa, in Cordobese Spanish, an understudied dialect in Argentina. This phenomenon is analyzed in two different but complementary studies and perspectives, each of which contributes to a better understanding of the sociolinguistic factors that constrain its variation, as well as the social meanings of this feature in Argentina. Study 1 investigates whether position in the intonational phrase (IP), vowel concordance, and social class and gender condition pretonic vowel lengthening from informal conversations with native speakers (n=20).
    [Show full text]
  • Field-Testing Code-Switching Constraints: a Report on a Strategic Languages Project
    languages Article Field-Testing Code-Switching Constraints: A Report on a Strategic Languages Project John M. Lipski Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-814-865-6583 Received: 28 November 2017; Accepted: 28 January 2019; Published: 1 February 2019 Abstract: The present article provides an overview of ongoing field-based research that deploys a variety of interactive experimental procedures in three strategically chosen bilingual contact environments, whose language dyads facilitate a partial separation of morphosyntactic factors in order to test the extent to which proposed grammatical constraints on intra-sentential code-switching are independent of language-specific factors. For purposes of illustration, the possibility of language switches between subject pronouns and verbs is compared for the three bilingual groups. The first scenario includes Ecuadoran Quichua and Media Lengua (entirely Quichua syntax and system morphology, all lexical roots replaced by Spanish items; both are null-subject languages). The second juxtaposes Spanish and the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero; the languages share highly cognate lexicons but differ substantially in grammatical structures (including null subjects in Spanish, only overt subjects in Palenquero). Spanish and Portuguese in north-eastern Argentina along the Brazilian border form the third focus: lexically and grammatically highly cognate languages that are nonetheless kept distinct by speakers (both null-subject languages, albeit with different usage patterns). Results from the three communities reveal a residual resistance against PRONOUN + VERB switches irrespective of the subject-verb configuration, thereby motivating the application of similar techniques to other proposed grammatical constraints.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
    Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Languages Around the World and Their Levels of Endangerment
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa Vol. 12 (2018), pp. 53–79 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24764 Revised Version Received: 23 Jan 2017 Contact languages around the world and their levels of endangerment Nala H. Lee National University of Singapore This paper provides an up-to-date report on the vitality or endangerment status of contact languages around the world, including pidgins, creoles, and mixed lan- guages. By utilizing information featured in the Endangered Languages Project and the Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Languages online portals, 96 contact languages are assessed on the Language Endangerment Index, a method of assessment that is based on four factors including intergenerational transmission, absolute num- ber of speakers, speaker number trends, and domains of use. Results show that the contact languages are most at risk with respect to intergenerational transmis- sion and domains of use. This is explained by the social and historical nature of contact languages. Overall results further raise the concern that the proportion of pidgins, creoles and mixed languages at some level of risk is extremely high. Rea- sons are provided for why linguists should be concerned about the endangerment of these languages. 1. Introduction1 While the language endangerment problem has been generally well- highlighted in linguistics, the endangerment of contact languages has not received the same level of attention. Krauss (1992) postulates that at least half and possibly as much as 90% of the world’s languages will no longer be spoken by the end of the present century, while a more recent empirical study estimates a slightly less catas- trophic rate of loss, at one language every three months (Campbell et al.
    [Show full text]
  • MIXED CODES, BILINGUALISM, and LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requi
    BILINGUAL NAVAJO: MIXED CODES, BILINGUALISM, AND LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Charlotte C. Schaengold, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Brian Joseph, Advisor Professor Donald Winford ________________________ Professor Keith Johnson Advisor Linguistics Graduate Program ABSTRACT Many American Indian Languages today are spoken by fewer than one hundred people, yet Navajo is still spoken by over 100,000 people and has maintained regional as well as formal and informal dialects. However, the language is changing. While the Navajo population is gradually shifting from Navajo toward English, the “tip” in the shift has not yet occurred, and enormous efforts are being made in Navajoland to slow the language’s decline. One symptom in this process of shift is the fact that many young people on the Reservation now speak a non-standard variety of Navajo called “Bilingual Navajo.” This non-standard variety of Navajo is the linguistic result of the contact between speakers of English and speakers of Navajo. Similar to Michif, as described by Bakker and Papen (1988, 1994, 1997) and Media Lengua, as described by Muysken (1994, 1997, 2000), Bilingual Navajo has the structure of an American Indian language with parts of its lexicon from a European language. “Bilingual mixed languages” are defined by Winford (2003) as languages created in a bilingual speech community with the grammar of one language and the lexicon of another. My intention is to place Bilingual Navajo into the historical and theoretical framework of the bilingual mixed language, and to explain how ii this language can be used in the Navajo speech community to help maintain the Navajo language.
    [Show full text]
  • Stony Brook University
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... “A Home Divided: A Post-National Approach to Family, Gender and Region in Modern Galician Narrative” A Dissertation Presented by Danny Michael Barreto to The Graduate School In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Hispanic Languages and Literature Stony Brook University August 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Danny Michael Barreto We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Lou Charnon-Deutsch-Dissertation Advisor Professor, Hispanic Languages and Literature Kathleen Vernon-Chairperson of Defense Associate Professor, Hispanic Languages and Literature Daniela Flesler Associate Professor, Hispanic Languages and Literature José Colmeiro Professor, Spanish University of Aukland This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Lawrence Martin Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation “A Home Divided: A Post-National Approach to Family, Gender and Region in Modern Galician Narrative” by Danny Michael Barreto Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literature Stony Brook University 2010 By focusing on the case of Galicia, A Home Divided represents an attempt to understand the multiple linguistic and gendered subjectivities that are enclosed within and excluded from larger regional/national Iberian identities. Contemporary debates about identity in post-national Iberia are often contingent upon the belief that since the nineteenth century there was a singular, official Spanish national identity that in the last few decades has been superseded by the political recognition of Spain’s autonomous communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish-Based Creoles in the Caribbean
    Spanish-based creoles in the Caribbean John M. Lipski The Pennsylvania State University Introduction The Caribbean Basin is home to many creole languages, lexically related to French, English, and—now only vestigially—Dutch. Surrounded by Spanish-speaking nations, and with Portuguese-speaking Brazil not far to the south, the Caribbean contains only a single creole language derived from a (highly debated) combination of Spanish and Portuguese, namely Papiamentu, spoken on the Netherlands Antilles islands of Curaçao and Aruba. If the geographical confines of the designation `Caribbean’ are pushed a bit, the creole language Palenquero, spoken in the Afro-Colombian village Palenque de San Basilio, near the port of Cartagena de Indias, also qualifies as a Spanish-related creole, again with a hotly contested Portuguese component. There are also a number of small Afro-Hispanic enclaves scattered throughout the Caribbean where ritual language, songs, and oral traditions suggest at least some partial restructuring of Spanish in small areas. Finally, there exists a controversial but compelling research paradigm which asserts that Spanish as spoken by African slaves and their immediate descendents may have creolized in the 19th century Spanish Caribbean—particularly in Cuba—and that this putative creole language may have subsequently merged with local varieties of Spanish, leaving a faint but detectable imprint on general Caribbean Spanish. A key component of the inquiry into Spanish-related contact varieties is the recurring claim that all such languages derive from earlier Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles, formed somewhere in West Africa1 and carried to the Americas by slaves transshipped from African holding stations, and by ships’ crews and slave traders.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Descriptive Grammar of Pijal Media Lengua and an Acoustic Vowel Space Analysis of Pijal Media Lengua and Imbabura Quichua
    A Brief Descriptive Grammar of Pijal Media Lengua and an Acoustic Vowel Space Analysis of Pijal Media Lengua and Imbabura Quichua by Jesse Stewart A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2011 by Jesse Stewart Abstract This thesis presents an acoustic vowel space analysis of F1 and F2 frequencies from 10 speakers of a newly documented variety of Media Lengua, called Pijal Media Lengua (PML) and 10 speakers of Imbabura Quichua (IQ). This thesis also provides a brief grammatical discription of PML with insights into contrasts and similarities between Spanish, Quichua and other documented varieties of Media Lengua, namely, Salcedo Media Lengua (Muysken 1997) and Angla Media Lengua (Gómez-Rendón 2005). Media Lengua is typically described as a mixed language with a Quichua morphosyntactic structure wherein almost all content words are replaced by their Spanish-derived counterparts through the process of relexification. I use mixed effects models to test Spanish- derived vowels against their Quichua-derived counterparts in PML for statistical significance followed by separate mixed effects models to test Spanish-derived /i/ vs. /e/ and /u/ vs. /o/ for statistical significance. The results of this thesis provide suggestive data for (1) co-existing vowel systems in moderate contact situations such as that of Quichua and (2) moderate evidence for co-exsiting vowel systems in extreme contact situations such as mixed languages. Results also show that (3) PML may be manipulating as many as eight vowels wherein Spanish-derived high vowels and low vowels co-exist as extreme mergers with their Quichua- dervied counterparts, while high vowel and mid vowels co-exist as partial mergers; and (4) IQ may be manipulating as many as six vowels instead of the traditional view of three wherein Spanish-derived high vowels have completely merged with their native Quichua counterparts.
    [Show full text]
  • ¿Qué Diciendo Nomás? Tracing the Sources of the Andean Spanish Gerund
    John Benjamins Publishing Company This is a contribution from Spanish in Context 10:2 © 2013. John Benjamins Publishing Company This electronic file may not be altered in any way. The author(s) of this article is/are permitted to use this PDF file to generate printed copies to be used by way of offprints, for their personal use only. Permission is granted by the publishers to post this file on a closed server which is accessible to members (students and staff) only of the author’s/s’ institute, it is not permitted to post this PDF on the open internet. For any other use of this material prior written permission should be obtained from the publishers or through the Copyright Clearance Center (for USA: www.copyright.com). Please contact [email protected] or consult our website: www.benjamins.com Tables of Contents, abstracts and guidelines are available at www.benjamins.com ¿Qué diciendo nomás? Tracing the sources of the Andean Spanish gerund John M. Lipski In Quechua-dominant Spanish interlanguage in the Andean region the gerund is frequently found instead of finite verb forms typical of monolingual Spanish. Using data collected among Quichua-Spanish bilinguals in northern Ecuador, this study challenges claims that direct transfer of the Quichua subordinator -s(h)pa — often called a “gerund” — is the immediate source of the Andean Spanish gerund. Quichua-dominant bilinguals produce Spanish gerunds mostly in subordinate clauses, reflecting the general pattern of Quechua. However, in a Quichua-to-Spanish translation task, -shpa was most frequently translated as a gerund by school children who had received Quichua language classes, and least frequently by traditional Quichua-dominant speakers.
    [Show full text]
  • Andean Venezuelan
    Venezuelan Andean Spanish Intonation Venezuelan Andean Spanish Intonation* Lluïsa Astruca, Elsa Morab and Simon Rewc The Open University and The University of Cambridgea Universidad de Los Andesb The University of Cambridgec 1. Introduction Lying in western Venezuela, the state of Mérida is traversed by the eastern branch of the northern Andes and has an area of 11,300 km2, which corresponds to approximately 1.2% of the national territory. The main economic activities of the region are agriculture and tourism. The city of Mérida itself has 300,000 inhabitants (2001 census) and constitutes a national cultural and university centre. The Universidad de Los Andes is a major source of employment in the region, specifically in the areas of teaching, research and services. The structure of this chapter is as follows. Section 1 first offers an overview of past intonational research in Venezuelan Spanish and especially in Venezuelan Andean Spanish and then describes the methodological procedure used in the present study. Section 2 presents an inventory of pitch accents and boundary tones found in the Mérida dialect. Section 3 analyses the basic intonation contours found in the Mérida corpus. Finally, Section 4 summarises the nuclear patterns in the different sentence types. The study of intonation does not have a long history in Venezuela and, furthermore, the rather scant research has been mostly oriented towards dialectology. The first study of the intonation of Venezuelan Spanish was published in the phonetics section of El habla de Caracas (Mosonyi 1971). A decade later, Obregón (1981) carried out a dialectal study in which he analysed the distribution of certain characteristic patterns (which he called construcciones entonativas) and which led him to propose a division into five dialectal areas: Mérida and Táchira (southwest), Maracaibo (northwest), Nueva Esparta and Sucre (east), Apure and Guárico (south) and the rest of the country (centre).
    [Show full text]