DOCSLIB.ORG

Reflections on Muscle, Drugs, and Sport

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reflections on Muscle, Drugs, and Sport August 2008 Iron Game History Size Matters: Reflections on Muscle, Drugs, and Sport Jan Todd The University of Texas at Austin Editors Note: Each year at the annual meeting of The North American Society for Sport Histmy (NASSH) a member is asked to deliver a special honor address-NASSHs equivalent ofthe keynote speech given at other con­ ferences. For the 2008 conference, Jan Todd was asked to be the deliver the Seward Staley Honor Lecture, and the article which follows is the text of her speech. When she delivered this lecture to several hundred international scholars in Lake Placid, New York, on 24 May 2008, Jan illustrated the talk with a PowerPoint presentation con­ taining 87 slides. Space doesn't permit us to use all of the images she showed the audience, but we are including more pictures than normal since the argument she is maldng is based on visual evidence and interpretation. Although this lecture was prepared for presentation to NASSH, we hope IGH subscribers will be interested in her discussion of the connection between baseball star Barry Bonds and a misunderstanding of bodybuilding history. In the closing pages of Game of Shadows, the from a senes of 2006 book on Barry Bonds and the BALCO scandal, the computations book's authors, Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance involving the sub­ Williams, include an appendix containing additional evi­ ject's lean muscle dence they believe proves Ban-y Bonds was an anabolic mass, which ts drug user. "The belief that changes in Bonds' body determined from reflect steroid use," height, weight and they write, "is sup­ percentage of body pmted by the research fat. "I Fainaru-Wada of Harvard University and Williams go on psychiatrist Harrison to explain that Pope, an expert on the according to Pope's mental-health effects article, the higher of steroid abuse." the Fat Free Mass Pope and his col­ Index, the more leagues, they explain, likely that person is published an article in to be using anabolic The Clinical Journal drugs. An average, of Sports Medicine in non-obese college 1995 that contained "a student would score mathematical formula about 20 on the for use in determining FFMI, they explain. whether a person used Game of Shadows was written by San Francisco Chronicle reporters steroids." The formu­ Steve Reeves' body, as it looked in 1947 the year he won the Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance la, called the Fat Free Mr. America Contest, should be considered as an example of Williams after several years of Mass Index (FFMI), the upper limit of muscularity possible without using investigative reporting. "predicts steroid use steroids, according to Dr. Harrison Pope and his colleagues. 3 Iron Game History Volume 10 Number 3 The former Mr. America Steve unknowingly-in the latter part Reeves, cited in the article by of his career.s What upset me Pope and his colleagues as the was the blind faith that Fainaru­ "most famous muscle man of I Wada and Williams and a large the pre-steroid era," and, to number of joumalists and other quote Pope directly, "as an individuals are placing in Pope's example of the upper limit of formula and the data and muscularity that we believe can assumptions on which the for­ be attained without drugs"­ mula itself is based.6 was a 25 .7 according to Pope.z It's normal, of course, to So confident is Pope of his for­ embrace new tools that appear to mula that he wrote in 2000, make life simpler. Wouldn't it "Any male scoring 26 or higher be nice, as Pope and his col­ who is not visibly somewhat fat, leagues suggest, if the formula and claims that he has achieved could actually be used to screen this physical condition without for steroid abuse, especially in the use of drugs . is almost the athletic and forensic situa­ certainly lying. " [Italics in orig­ tions in which individuals so inalp often attempt to deny such When Fainaru-Wada As a minor league player in the early days of his behavior?? Pope's formula and Williams read this strong career, Barry Bonds weighed about 185 pounds at sounds like it could be a cheap, statement from one of Harvard's a height of 6'2". relatively non-invasive way to best and brightest, it's not sur- test, doesn't it? Coaches could prising that they felt comfortable using Pope's fmmula simply order body composition tests for their athletes to shore up their contention that Barry Bonds was a drug and they'd know almost immediately if they had any user. After all, Greg Anderson, Bonds' personal trainer potential dmg users on the team. Just weigh and meas­ had self-servingly boasted that ure the kids, plug their scores he'd helped Bonds achieve a into the automatic calculator body fat reading of 6.2 percent now readily available at: in 2002, when the home tun www.bodybuilding.com, and king weighed 228 pounds. you'd know who your drug These numbers, factored into users are.s the formula, gave Bonds a read­ While this may sound ing of 28 on the FFMI, a read­ promising to some, it seems ing Fainam-Wada and Williams wrong-headed and potentially argue is "well-over the level of dangerous to me. And, when I a 'presumptive diagnosis' of began looking into the FFMI steroid use."4 and how Pope had derived the When I encountered formula, I was struck by the role these claims in Game of Shad­ that histmy-or should I say ows, I was at ftrst surprised and "bad histmy"-had played in its then increasingly concerned creation. Pope's lack of under­ about what I was reading. It standing of the history of physi­ wasn't that I believed Barry cal culture and spqrt training Bonds to be innocent of steroid has caused him to base the use. On the contrary, the FFMI on historical assumptions weight of evidence suggests In 2002, Bonds weighed 228 pounds and, as can be that are simply incorrect. I will that Bonds probably did use seen in this photo, had added considerable muscle show today why Pope's asser­ anabolic agents-knowingly or to all parts of his physique. tion that Steve Reeves' body 4 August 2008 Iron Game History to some that steroids may be their only path to the body The Fat Free Mass Index for Males they desire.l2 Just remember how Androstendione sales (FFMI) skyrocketed after Mark McGwire admitted he was using it back in 1998. People didn't turn away.I3 FFMI=LBM + 6.1 x (1.8-H) Please don't misunderstand my intent here. I'm not suggesting that there are no limits to the amount of H2 muscle an individual can build without steroids. I'm not LBM= Lean Body Mass in Kilos hying to argue that professional bodybuilding is a clean H = Height in Meters sport, or that thousands of athletes in a variety of spmts aren't using dmgs-and aren't bigger and stronger represents the pinnacle of non-dmg-using muscular because of those mugs. My concern is with Pope's sug­ development is wrong, and I will further show why gestion that we should be profiling people as potential Pope's predictions about the kind and amount of muscle dmg users because of an arbitrmy number he mistaken- one can build without steroids are based on an incorrect understanding of the histmy of resistance training. I raise these issues because- as the existence of the Fat Free Mass Index becomes more widely known through the publicity surrounding Game of Shadows, and the soaring sales of Pope's popular book called The Adonis Complex-! fear we will begin to see the "false naming" of individuals as steroid users who have never touched an anabolic dmg.9 In the wrong hands- in the wrong circum­ stances-what the New York Times has dubbed "The BuffEquation" could be used as a new fonn of profiling that will tamish the reputations of some athletes and recreational How to Identify, Treat, and Prevent weight trainers who are Body Obsession in Men and Boys legitimately dmg-free.1o My other fear is ·· Ten years after THE BEAUTY MYTH we finally understand that the existence of such a the relationship betwee n society 's expectation of boys and men and how they think abou t their bodies." Psychiatrist Harrison Pope, formula may fuel the -WILLI AM POLLACK, PH .D .. lead author of The Adonis desire of some young men oulhof of REAL BOYS: RESCUING OUR SONS FROM THE MYTHS OF BOYHOOD Complex, teaches at Harvard and women to begin using University Medical School, HARRISON G . POPE. Jr., M . D . and specializes in research on steroids. Why should any­ men's perceptions of their one pay attention to the KATHARINE A . PHILLIPS , M.D . body image and appearance. old coaching homily about ROBERTO OLIVARDIA. Ph . D. seeing how far you can take your body without dmgs, when Pope and his col­ Published in 2000, The Adonis Complex argues that a grow­ leagues write, "on the basis of our research, we believe ing number of men suffer from "body dysmorphic disor­ that it is impossible to be extremely muscular and lean der," a psychiatric condition that causes them to be so dis­ without chemical assistance." II Such a bald statement in satisfied with their physical appearance that they begin a book that's been reviewed and discussed in nearly having mental problems. Many of them, according to the eve1y major newspaper in America-and that's men­ book's authors, become obsessive about weight training tioned on thousands ofwebsites-can't help but suggest and begin using anabolic steroids and other drugs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of California Riverside
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Choreographers and Yogis: Untwisting the Politics of Appropriation and Representation in U.S. Concert Dance A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Critical Dance Studies by Jennifer F Aubrecht September 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jacqueline Shea Murphy, Chairperson Dr. Anthea Kraut Dr. Amanda Lucia Copyright by Jennifer F Aubrecht 2017 The Dissertation of Jennifer F Aubrecht is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I extend my gratitude to many people and organizations for their support throughout this process. First of all, my thanks to my committee: Jacqueline Shea Murphy, Anthea Kraut, and Amanda Lucia. Without your guidance and support, this work would never have matured. I am also deeply indebted to the faculty of the Dance Department at UC Riverside, including Linda Tomko, Priya Srinivasan, Jens Richard Giersdorf, Wendy Rogers, Imani Kai Johnson, visiting professor Ann Carlson, Joel Smith, José Reynoso, Taisha Paggett, and Luis Lara Malvacías. Their teaching and research modeled for me what it means to be a scholar and human of rigorous integrity and generosity. I am also grateful to the professors at my undergraduate institution, who opened my eyes to the exciting world of critical dance studies: Ananya Chatterjea, Diyah Larasati, Carl Flink, Toni Pierce-Sands, Maija Brown, and rest of U of MN dance department, thank you. I thank the faculty (especially Susan Manning, Janice Ross, and Rebekah Kowal) and participants in the 2015 Mellon Summer Seminar Dance Studies in/and the Humanities, who helped me begin to feel at home in our academic community.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Freaky:' an Exploration of the Development of Dominant
    From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ an Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture Dimitrios Liokaftos Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology February 2012 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Dimitrios Liokaftos Signed, 2 Abstract Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge.
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Game History Volume 3 Number 4
    VOLUME 3 NUMBER 4 August 1994 The first competition behind the Iron Curtain between ath- tition, and that no-one in the history of the sport had ever had the letes from the two superpowers after the Cold War began was held audacity to open with twenty pounds more than the listed world record. in 1955 in Moscow. The athletes were weightlifters. Ever since the But when the five foot nine inch, barrel-chested. three hundred and end of World War Two and the resumption of international meets forty pound Anderson chalked his hands and strode to the platform the American lifters had been dominant, and the soviets resented this the crowd got a good look at him and they became suddenly quiet. dominance and were jealous of it. The political leaders of the soviet And when he pulled the bar to his shoulders and pressed it easily over sports machine were very aware of the his head they were so stunned that for a propoganda value of athletic success, time they made no sound at all. But then and they badly wanted to be able to say they,leapt to their feet shouting, calling to the world that their political system him. “chudo priyody”—wonder of produced the strongest men. They were nature. obsessed by the idea of beating the U.S., This dramatic world record, particularly in the superheavyweight coupled with Paul’s unique appearance, class, the symbol of strength. Even then, caught the imagination of the public, almost 40 years ago, the top superheavy and he was able to parlay the attention was widely recognized—at least in the into a career as the most famous strong- media—as the strongest man in the man of the modern era.
    [Show full text]
  • With a Particular Focus on the Saga of Grettir the Strong, Gisfi Surrson's
    Volume 3: 2010-2011 ISSN: 2041-6776 School of English Studies With a particular focus on The Saga of Grettir the Strong, Gisfi Surrson’s Saga and Nijar’s Saga, discuss the nature and role of the supernatural in Icelandic saga literature and assess the extent to which it reveals a religious significance. Georgina Georghiou At the end of the Viking Age, the Icelanders developed a literary tradition in the vernacular, Old Icelandic, in which the legendary tales of Iceland’s sogooki (the Saga Age, c. 9E1030 CE) were written.’ Hitherto sustained by the oral tradition (hence the designation saga, from segja, to say, tell’), the tales which constitute the islendrgasogur (Sagas of Icelanders, written between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries) journeyed through phases of Iceland’s cultural evolution, most notably its political movement from the Commonwealth to the Norwegian monarchy in 1262 CE, and its religious conversion from Norse paganism to Christianity under the sovereignty of King Olaf Tryggvason (995-1000 CE). Chronicling events which occurred during and after this cultural whirlwind, the sagas in their present form reflect a mystical synthesis of Norse-pagan and Christian conceptions of the sacred, both of which incited a conviction in the Supernatural’. Despite their differences, they commonly present the Scandinavian world as one which interacts with unworldly beings and forces, and whilst this ‘unworldliness’ has contributed to the modern view that the sagas are ‘pseudo- historical’,5 for the medieval Icelander, they were a record of historical truth. The truth’ invested in the supernatural involves it, inevitably, in sacred matters, and the affiliation between the supernatural and the religious has thus been a highly debated topic among saga scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Analysis of the Use of Supportive Apparel in Powerlifting Jan Todd
    Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity School of Business Faculty Research School of Business 11-2015 Shifting Gear: A Historical Analysis of the Use of Supportive Apparel in Powerlifting Jan Todd Dominic G. Morais Trinity University, [email protected] Ben Pollack Terry Todd Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/busadmin_faculty Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons Repository Citation Todd, J., Morais, D. G., Pollack, B., & Todd, T. (2015). Shifting gear: A historical analysis of the use of supportive apparel in powerlifting. Iron Game History, 13(2-3), 37-56. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Business at Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Business Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. November/December 2015 Iron Game History SHIFTING GEAR: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SUPPORTIVE APPAREL IN POWERLIFTING Jan Todd, Dominic Gray Morais, Ben Pollack & Terry Todd The University of Texas at Austin & Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas In many ways, powerlifting is an odd sport. the sport into several dozen sporting federations, and the Competitors do not run or jump; no balls, bats, or rackets willingness of many of these national governing bodies are used; and only one competitor "plays" on the lifting to allow various levels of gear-assisted lifting in their platform at a time. Judging can be highly subjective; organizations. If sport philosopher Robert Simon is right three judges intently watch as the athlete lifts the loaded that, "sport" is nothing more than a group of rules that barbell nine separate times over the course of the com­ defme and delimit how the central contest of the sport is petition.
    [Show full text]
  • Why No Wonder Woman?
    Why No Wonder Woman? A REPORT ON THE HISTORY OF WONDER WOMAN AND A CALL TO ACTION!! Created for Wonder Woman Fans Everywhere Introduction by Jacki Zehner with Report Written by Laura Moore April 15th, 2013 Wonder Woman - p. 2 April 15th, 2013 AN INTRODUCTION AND FRAMING “The destiny of the world is determined less by battles that are lost and won than by the stories it loves and believes in” – Harold Goddard. I believe in the story of Wonder Woman. I always have. Not the literal baby being made from clay story, but the metaphorical one. I believe in a story where a woman is the hero and not the victim. I believe in a story where a woman is strong and not weak. Where a woman can fall in love with a man, but she doesnʼt need a man. Where a woman can stand on her own two feet. And above all else, I believe in a story where a woman has superpowers that she uses to help others, and yes, I believe that a woman can help save the world. “Wonder Woman was created as a distinctly feminist role model whose mission was to bring the Amazon ideals of love, peace, and sexual equality to ʻa world torn by the hatred of men.ʼ”1 While the story of Wonder Woman began back in 1941, I did not discover her until much later, and my introduction didnʼt come at the hands of comic books. Instead, when I was a little girl I used to watch the television show starring Lynda Carter, and the animated television series, Super Friends.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPTAIN MARVEL # History: the History of the Drug Supplier and Cult Leader Known As the Black Talon Is Currently Unrevealed
    BLACK TALON Villain Real Name: Unrevealed. Occupation: Cult leader, drug supplier. Identity: Secret. Legal Status: Citizen of the United States (Puerto Rico) with no criminal record. Other Aliases: The Living Loa, "Chicken-head". Place of Birth: Presumably somewhere in Puerto Rico. Marital Status: Single. Known Relatives: None. Group Affiliation: Head of his own voodoo cult. Base of Operations: A sugar/cocaine plantation in Puerto Rico. First Post-Reboot Appearance: CAPTAIN MARVEL # History: The history of the drug supplier and cult leader known as the Black Talon is currently unrevealed. At some point in the past, he learned the art of voodoo and put that talent to work in raising zombies to work a farm – in reality a Colonial-era plantation he either inherited or acquired – where he grew marijuana and coca plants alongside sugar cane (the plantation's legitimate crop). At the same time, he began a cult of voodoo worshippers who revered him as a "living loa" (the "loa" being the spirits or gods – the line between them is often blurred – invoked by voodoo practitioners.). In time, he became one of the largest suppliers of marijuana and cocaine in the Caribbean, with contacts in Miami, Havana, San Juan, and New Orleans. Black Talon's operations first came into conflict with the current generation of superheroes when a rocket launched by NASA carrying a payload of a powerful nerve gas to be disposed of by being sent into the sun was sabotaged and landed off the coast from his plantation. This brought him into conflict with Captain Marvel, who was under orders from his superior, Colonel Yon-Rogg, to release the nerve gas on a human settlement (see Captain Marvel; Yon-Rogg).
    [Show full text]
  • About the Book: About the Author/Illustrator: About
    A Standards-aligned Educator’s Guide for Grades 2-3 Strong As Sandow: How Eugen Sandow Became the Strongest Man on Earth LittleAbout Friedrich the Muller book: was a puny weakling who longed to be athletic and Age Range: 6-9 strong like the ancient Roman gladiators. He exercised and exercised. But he Grade Level: 2-3 was still puny. Hardcover: 40 pages As a young man, he found himself under the tutelage of a professional body Publisher: Charlesbridge builder. Friedrich worked and worked. He changed his name to Eugen ISBN: 978-1-58089-628-3 Sandow and he got bigger and stronger. Everyone wanted to become “as E-book ISBN: 978-1-60734-886-3 strong as Sandow.” AboutDon Tate is the author author/illustrator: and illustrator of Poet: The Remarkable Story of George Moses Horton (Peachtree), for which he received the Ezra Jack Keats New Writer Award. He received the Ezra Jack Keats New Writer Honor for It Jes’ Happened: When Bill Traylor Started to Draw (Lee & Low), illustrated by R. Gregory Christie. Tate is also the illustrator of several picture books, including The Amazing Age of John Roy Lynch (Eerdmans), Whoosh! Lonnie Johnson’s Super-Soaking Stream of Inventions (Charlesbridge), and The Cart That Carried Martin (Charlesbridge). Like Eugen Sandow, Don Tate believes it is important for everyone—especially kids—to stay physically active. A former bodybuilder and gym rat, Don exercises every day. Each morning, he walks or runs. Several times a week, he lifts weights, practices yoga, or swims laps. He tries to eat healthy, too, in spite of his love of hamburgers, doughnuts, and Twizzlers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iron Grapevine
    IRON GAME HISTORY VOLUME 1 NUMBER 2 News From One of the Loprinzi Brothers Received your note along with the Iron Game His- tory. I think it is great just the way it is and I can’t see where it could be improved. We are still pumping iron besides swimming and brisk walking. It is such a habit that we can’t quit. Your publication has arrived at the perfect time. Sam Loprinzi This issue, in place of the usual Iron Grapevine, we are present- Portland, OR ing some of the many letters we have received in response to the first IGH . In subsequent issues, a “Letters” section will be Circuit Training in WWII a regular feature. But since we received so many letters, we First of all, thanks for the copy of Iron Game History. wanted to share their information. In fact, we received many It was interesting and I appreciate your sending it. others and we will draw on them in later issues. We invite your Secondly, I was watching TV last night and saw the comments. We also call your attention to the new feature (page program: “The Incident,” starring Walter Matthau. It dealt 9 )focusing on significant birthdays and other iron game with German prisoners of war in this country and brought back events. some memories. Inasmuch as weight training was involved, I thought you might find some of them interesting. During the latter part of WW2, I was stationed at The Raders Reply Camp Forrest General Hospital in Tullahoma, Tennessee. My Just received and read the new Iron Game History.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Tolga Ozyurtcu 2014
    Copyright by Tolga Ozyurtcu 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Tolga Ozyurtcu Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Flex Marks the Spot: Histories of Muscle Beach Committee: Janice S. Todd, Supervisor Thomas M. Hunt Marlene A. Dixon Joan H. Neuberger Janet M. Davis Flex Marks the Spot: Histories of Muscle Beach by Tolga Ozyurtcu, B.A.; M.S. Kin. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2014 Dedication To memory of my mother, my first reader. To my father: nereden nereye. Acknowledgements If there is one person responsible for this project, it is my father, Huseyin Ozyurtcu. For over thirty years, he has been my biggest influence and my best friend. Together with my late my mother, he taught me to love knowledge, think independently, and trust my instincts. In his love and unwavering support, I have found the strength and confidence to be myself. I owe him everything. I am also very grateful for my stepmother Vanessa, my brother Marcos, and my sister Yasmin. It has been almost ten years since our families came together and I cannot imagine life without them—to be in their presence is to know how good life can be. I consider myself fortunate to have had the support of Dr. Jan Todd since I began my graduate education in 2008. As my dissertation advisor, Dr. Todd gave me the freedom, encouragement, and feedback necessary to complete a large and ambitious project.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Transnational Yoga: a History of Spiritual Commodification
    Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU Master of Arts in Religious Studies (M.A.R.S. Theses) Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies 8-2010 Modern Transnational Yoga: A History of Spiritual Commodification Jon A. Brammer Sacred Heart University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/rel_theses Part of the American Popular Culture Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, and the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Brammer, Jon A., "Modern Transnational Yoga: A History of Spiritual Commodification" (2010). Master of Arts in Religious Studies (M.A.R.S. Theses). 29. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/rel_theses/29 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@SHU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Arts in Religious Studies (M.A.R.S. Theses) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@SHU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Modern Transnational Yoga: A History of Spiritual Commodification Master's Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Religious Studies at Sacred Heart University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Religious Studies Jon A. Brammer August 2010 This thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Religious Studies Christel J. Manning, PhD., Professor of Religious Studies - ^ G l o Date Permission for reproducing this text, in whole or in part, for the purpose of individual scholarly consultation or other educational purposes is hereby granted by the author. This permission is not to be interpreted as granting publication rights for this work or otherwise placing it in the public domain.
    [Show full text]
  • Dc Comics: Wonder Woman: Wisdom Through the Ages Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    DC COMICS: WONDER WOMAN: WISDOM THROUGH THE AGES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Mike Avila | 192 pages | 29 Sep 2020 | Insight Editions | 9781683834779 | English | San Rafael, United States DC Comics: Wonder Woman: Wisdom Through the Ages PDF Book Instead, she receives the ability to transform into the catlike Cheetah, gaining superhuman strength and speed; the ritual partially backfires, and her human form becomes frail and weak. Diana of Themyscira Arrowverse Batwoman. Since her creation, Diana of Themyscira has made a name for herself as one of the most powerful superheroes in comic book existence. A must-have for Wonder Woman fans everywhere! Through close collaboration with Jason Fabok, we have created the ultimate Wonder Woman statue in her dynamic pose. The two share a degree of mutual respect, occasionally fighting together against a common enemy, though ultimately Barbara still harbors jealousy. Delivery: 23rdth Jan. Published 26 November Maria Mendoza Earth Just Imagine. Wonder Girl Earth She returned to her classic look with help from feminist icon Gloria Steinem, who put Wonder Woman — dressed in her iconic red, white, and blue ensemble — on the cover of the first full-length issue of Ms. Priscilla eventually retires from her Cheetah lifestyle and dies of an unspecified illness, with her niece Deborah briefly taking over the alter ego. In fact, it was great to see some of the powers realized in live-action when the Princess of Themyscira made her big screen debut in the Patty Jenkins directed, Wonder Woman. Submit Review. Although she was raised entirely by women on the island of Themyscira , she was sent as an ambassador to the Man's World, spreading their idealistic message of strength and love.
    [Show full text]