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Redalyc.Charles Wagley: His Career, His Work, His Legacy Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas ISSN: 1981-8122 [email protected] Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Brasil Kottak, Conrad Phillip Charles Wagley: his career, his work, his legacy Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, vol. 9, núm. 3, septiembre -diciembre, 2014, pp. 623-630 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=394051398004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum., Belém, v. 9, n. 3, p. 623-630, set.-dez. 2014 Charles Wagley: his career, his work, his legacy Charles Wagley: sua carreira, seu trabalho, seu legado Conrad Phillip Kottak University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Abstract: Charles Wagley’s work, firmly in the Boasian tradition, reflects his association with and training by Franz Boas, but especially by Ruth Benedict and Ruth Bunzel. Wagley’s career as an ethnographer began in the Guatemalan highland town of Santiago Chimaltenango in 1937. Soon thereafter, he turned from Guatemala to Brazil, where he did his first field research (1939-1940) among the Tapirapé Indians. Wagley’s Tapirapé revisits culminated in his last book, “Welcome of tears: the Tapirapé Indians of Central Brazil” (1977). Wagley’s study of Gurupá began in 1948 and produced various editions of his popular book “Amazon town: a study of man in the Tropics”. Wagley co-directed the Bahia State-Columbia University Community Study Project in 1951-1952, culminating in the edited book “Race and class in rural Brazil”. Over time, Wagley focused increasingly on non-Indians, ranging from rural towns like Gurupá to Brazilian culture as a whole. Illustrating the latter, Wagley wrote two editions of “Introduction to Brazil”, a culturally insightful text that examined unity and diversity in Brazilian culture and society. A man of careful scholarship and keen intellect, Chuck Wagley took great pride in the excellence of his teaching and writing; he also enjoyed sharing his knowledge and insights with a larger public. Keywords: Charles Wagley. Biography. Ethnography. Rural anthropology. Tapirapé. Gurupá. Resumo: A obra de Charles Wagley se situa na tradição estabelecida por Franz Boas, e mais ainda por Ruth Benedict e Ruth Bunzel. Sua carreira etnográfica começou na comunidade de Santiago Chimaltenango, nas montanhas da Guatemala, em 1937. Logo depois, mudou o foco para o Brasil, onde fez sua primeira viagem de campo (1939-1940), entre os Tapirapé. As diversas visitas que fez a esses índios resultaram no livro “Lágrimas de boas-vindas: os Índios Tapirapé do Brasil Central” (1977). O estudo de Wagley em Gurupá iniciou em 1948 e produziu várias edições de seu popular livro “Amazon town: a study of man in the Tropics”. Wagley foi cogestor do Projeto de Estudos de Comunidade, desenvolvido pelas Universidades Estadual da Bahia e de Columbia entre 1951-1952, que culminou no livro “Race and class in rural Brazil”. Ao longo do tempo, Wagley se concentrou em populações não indígenas, desde vilas rurais, como Gurupá, até a cultura brasileira como um todo. Por exemplo, publicou duas edições de “Introduction to Brazil”, com observações precisas sobre a unidade e a diversidade na sociedade e cultura brasileira. ‘Chuck’ Wagley foi um homem erudito, com uma aguda capacidade intelectual. Tinha orgulho da excelência de seus escritos e de sua atuação docente, e também apreciava compartilhar seus conhecimentos com um público amplo. Palavras-chave: Charles Wagley. Biografia. Etnografia. Antropologia rural. Tapirapé. Gurupá. KOTTAK, Conrad Phillip. Charles Wagley: his career, his work, his legacy. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, v. 9, n. 3, p. 623-630, set.-dez. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-81222014000300004. Autor para correspondência: Conrad Phillip Kottak. Amberjack Ct., 3742. Johns Island, South Carolina 29455, USA ([email protected]). Recebido em 19/02/2013 Aprovado em 30/11/2013 623 Charles Wagley: his career, his work, his legacy Charles (‘Chuck’) Wagley (1913-1991), an eminent research and later, applied anthropological studies on anthropologist and Latin Americanist, received his public health and sanitation for the Brazilian and American undergraduate (1936) and doctoral (1941) degrees from governments during World War II. Wagley is well-known Columbia University. On the 100th anniversary of his birth for his research at three different sites in the Amazon region. we celebrate the contributions and legacy of his work, His Brazilian research began in 1939-1940 among the forest- situated firmly in the Boasian tradition. Wagley studied at dwelling Tapirapé Indians. His 1940 article “The effects of Columbia with Franz Boas, but he worked much more depopulation upon social organization, as illustrated by closely with two of Boas’s former students, Ruth Benedict Tapirapé Indians” is a classic in demographic anthropology. and Ruth Bunzel, and he was a good friend of Margaret Wagley described a Tapirapé “population policy”, according Mead, also a Boas student. Ralph Linton was another of to which couples were permitted to raise only two children Wagley’s mentors at Columbia. Wagley built upon a legacy of one sex, three in all. Parents who tried to raise more that of research on race, ethnicity, and social change pioneered the allotted number were seen as depriving other families by his professors at Columbia, especially Boas and of basic resources. The Tapirapé considered it selfish and Benedict. Linton helped spur his interest in acculturation, immoral to try to keep a surplus baby. The Tapirapé thought which Wagley developed (with Eduardo Galvão) in his that the death of such an infant, who was not yet considered study of the Tenetehara Indians of Brazil (1949). to be human, was morally necessary if other members of the group were to survive. The policy was eventually RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS abandoned in the context of a declining Tapirapé population Wagley’s career as an ethnographer began in the and after intervention by a group of French nuns (Little Guatemalan highland town of Santiago Chimaltenango in Sisters of Jesus) residing there. Wagley’s multiple visits to the 1937. His field study of that Mayan Indian community was Tapirapé culminated in his final book, “Welcome of tears: the basis of his doctoral dissertation, published in 1941 as the Tapirapé Indians of Central Brazil” (1977), which was “Economics of a Guatemalan Village”, a “Memoir of the translated into Portuguese in 1988. Wagley’s research among American Anthropological Association”. He had successfully the acculturated Tenetehara Indians in 1941-1942 (with his defended his dissertation prior to that year, but in those good friend and frequent collaborator Eduardo Galvão) led days a Columbia doctorate did not become official until to their book “The Tenetehara Indians of Brazil” (1949). the dissertation was published. Wagley wrote more about During World War II, as part of the war effort to Santiago Chimaltenango in “The social and religious life of secure wild rubber supplies, the United States government a Guatemalan Village” (1949). Bunzel, who had worked in and the Brazilian public health agency, Serviço Especial Guatemala, was a helpful mentor for his research there, de Saúde Pública (SESP), conducted health education which examined not only economics and religion, but also programs in the Amazon region. Wagley supervised the social organization, including interethnic relations. Wagley’s production of pamphlets and slide shows on public health field experiences in highland Guatemala and, later, in funded by SESP. To test those materials, the Brazilian lowland Brazilian peasant communities would eventually novelist Dalcídio Jurandir, a collaborator of Wagley’s in inform his insightful comparative essays on sociocultural, the SESP program, suggested Gurupá, a small riverine ethnic, and ‘racial’ differences in the Americas. community where he had served as municipal secretary. In 1939, with his dissertation written and awaiting Wagley and his SESP colleagues visited Gurupá several publication, Wagley turned from Guatemala to Brazil, times. After the war, from June to September 1948, Wagley where, between 1939 and 1945 he conducted academic and Galvão chose Gurupá for a field study of a ‘typical’ 624 Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum., Belém, v. 9, n. 3, p. 623-630, set.-dez. 2014 Amazonian community. Joining them as fieldworkers there modern Latin America, including an influential article on were their wives, Cecilia Roxo Wagley and Clara Galvão. the social construction of race, which he called “The Two major works resulted: “Amazon town” by Charles concept of social race in the Americas”. In that paper, Wagley and “The religion of an Amazon community” by published originally in 1959, Wagley argued convincingly Eduardo Galvão. After the war, Eduardo Galvão became that races are culturally constructed categories that may Wagley’s doctoral student at Columbia. have little to do with actual biological differences. What Gurupá, which Wagley referred to with the he termed ‘social races’ are groups assumed to have a pseudonym ‘Itá’ in his earlier work, is a community of biological basis but actually defined in a culturally arbitrary, peasant farmers and rubber tappers
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