SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL ITEMS

VOLUME 16 " NUMBER 3 ■ SEPTEMBER 1962 230 PARK AVENUE " NEW YORK 17, N. Y.

ON STUDYING THE HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Dell H. Hymes *

On April 13-14 of this year a Conference on the History We can be partly gratified by the attention—by being of Anthropology was held in the office of the Social Sci- singled out for study by historians of science. It must ence Research Council. The attendants numbered 33 prove that our claims to be something of a science are and included anthropologists, historians, historians of being given credence. Yet it means some discomfort too, science, sociologists, and a few other interested persons. for we have our own accounts of our origin, nature, and Papers prepared for the conference were discussed. In destiny. It may seem atfirst that the historians of science this brief paper I should like to tell you about the confer- visit us simply out of sincere interest in these traditions ence, not so much in terms of its content as in terms of its of ours, to be edified by them, as we have been, and to import. This lies mainly, I think, not in the intrinsic record them for the rest of the world and posterity, lest value of what occurred—like most short conferences on they be lost. Eventually, however, we may discover that areas new to organized research, it was intense, varied, our attentive visitors do not always take our accounts at and confused—but in the fact that it did occur. The oc- face value. They move from one campfire to another, currence of aformal conference on the history of anthro- and compare notes. We realize that they could hardly pology marks a definite shift that affects the interests and become one with us, if they had not undergone the same fortunes of all anthropologists. sort of initiation (field work), been exposed to our ways

* The author is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Linguis- Alpert, University of Oregon; Bernard Barber, Barnard College; Joseph tics at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a participant in B. Casagrande, University of Frederica de Laguna, Bryn Mawr the Council's Conference on the History of Anthropology, April 13- College; Fred Eggan, University of Chicago; Raymond Firth, London -14, for which lie prepared a paper, "Toward a History of Lin- School of Economics and Political Science; John F. Freeman, American guistic Anthropology." The present report is a condensation of one Philosophical Society; David H. French, Reed College: John C. Greene, presented by the author at the annual meeting of the Kroeber lowa State University; Jacob W. Gruber, Temple University; A. Irving Anthropological Society, held jointly with the Southwestern Anthro- Hallowell; Robert Heine-Geldern, University of Vienna; Pendleton pological Association in Berkeley, on April 19-21. The longer report Herring; Melville J. Herskovits, Northwestern University; Dell H. will be published in Kroeber Antliropological Society Papers, No. 26 Hymes; Daniel Lerner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Alex- (1962). ander Lesser, Hofstra College; Edward Lurie, Wayne State University; The Council's conference was an outgrowth of the November 1959 Nancy O. Lurie, University of Michigan; Alfred Mtoaux, Conference on the History of Quantification in the Sciences sponsored Rowland L. Mitchell, Jr.; Thomas A. Sebeok, Indiana University; by the former Joint Committee on the History of Science (of the Na- Harry L. Shapiro; Richard H. Shryock; Joseph J. Spengler, Duke tional Research Council and Social Science Research Council), on which University; Geoige W. Stocking, Jr., University of California, Berkeley; a report by Robert K. Merton appeared in Items, March 1960. The Sol Tax; C. F. Voegelin and Florence M. Voegelin, Indiana Univer- 1962 conference was organized by an ad hoc subcommittee consisting sity; Anthony F. C. Wallace, University of Pennsylvania; Rulon Wells, of A. Irving Hallowell, University of Pennsylvania (chairman); Robert Yale University; Leslie A. White, University of Michigan; and Harry K. Columbia University; Harry L. Shapiro, American Museum Woolf, Johns Hopkins University. Each had been invited by the of of Natural History; Richard I-I. Shryock, American Philosophical So- subcommittee to contribute a paper on an aspect of the history ciety; Sol Tax, University of Chicago; and C. F. Voegelin, Indiana anthropology of particular interest to him. The invitation was ac- University, with the slalt assistance first: of Joseph B. Casagrande and cepted by 23 persons, including Kenneth E. Bock of the University later of Rowland L. Mitchell, Jr. The participants included Harry of California, Berkeley, who was unable to be present. 25

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Merton, early enough in their careers. But, disconcertingly, they wrestling with verbal tools; horizontal sectioning, re- seem untroubled, and confident in ways of their own. lating an author to contemporary, including nonanthro- They even presume to decide for themselves what por- pological, figures and ideas, that is, seeing more than the tion of our accounts they will believe! The situation is "vertical" dimension of the profession's history that can mildly embarrassing, especially if we wish to protest, be viewed as a lineal succession through time; in general, since we have been in the business of doing the very a clear sense of historical context and of historical prob- same thing to other groups for years. lems, judgments that are not anachronistic or a priori, In essence, a good deal of the history of anthropology but informed by historical relativism that answers to an is going to be written by men who are not by origin, per- anthropologist's wariness of ethnocentrism, studies that haps not even by aspiration or empathy, anthropologists. are more than chronicle. What should be our view, then, of the question, "Who As one of the papers that had these marks of a truly shall write the history of anthropology"? Shall we turn professional history of anthropology, I may cite that on the subject wholly over to historians of science and schol- Tylor and the concept of culture by Stocking. 1 When arship? Or shall anthropologists continue to take part? someone writes a paper showing that Matthew Arnold The best solution, I believe, is one already validated held a position of major importance in the cultural life in the history of science, and one for which there is ample of the times vis-a-vis that held by Tylor, between which precedent among ourselves: turn some of the informants there was an interaction; that Arnold in fact held a con- into professional collaborators. As put by Richard ception of culture closer in some respects than Tylor's Shryock, himself an eminent figure in the history of sci- to our own; and that the changes in the use of the terms ence, the important thing is not the particular origin "culture" and "civilization" in parallel passages of Boas' of the scholar, but that he know enough both of the sci- earlier and later writings show that when Kroeber and ence and of history. Historians can learn anthropology; Kluckhohn attributed the modern concept of culture to anthropologists can learn history. Tylor's definition, and to Boas an apparent delay of a I believe that this solution is not only best, but neces- generation in its subsequent development, they had mat- sary. I would add only the qualification that it should ters almost exactly turnedabout, then we are in thepres- not be one-sided, that there be not only historians that ence of a level of scholarship that makes retrospective learn anthropology, but also anthropologists, some of speculation about the history of anthropology passe. If them, that learn history. In short, we must prepare to anthropologists want to talk about it themselves, they train some anthropologists as specialists in the history will have to meet similar standards. of anthropology. (This has already occurred in one or two cases at the University of Pennsylvania.) IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY The desirability of this course may be shown by ref- FOR CURRENT THEORY erence to the content of the conference. I should like to Each time a major intellectual issue arose—the rela- single out three characteristics that were both apparent tionship of science and humanities in anthropology, the and important: (1) how much the professionalization of comparative method, the place of Boas a historical the history of anthropology is already under way; (2) — topic was converted into a substantive contemporary how important this history is in current theory and con- issue; this elicited arguments and sometimes emotions troversy; (3) that the historian of anthropology, nee his- among the anthropologists present. A negative lesson is torian, and the historian of anthropology, nee anthro- how little ready sense of the historical problem in this pologist, converge but do not merge entirely. area most anthropologists have, or at least how difficult they find it. to be historical about themselves. On the PROFESSIONALIZATION positive side, however, it shows that their history cannot be a matter of indifference to them, and that It is fair to say that only a portion of the participants one reason for historians of is to in the conference are, or intend to be, truly professional training anthropology provide the of that historians of anthropology; but the presence of that por- some objective control over use history for and controversy. If some tion was unmistakable. Some of their distinctive traits, legitimation, theory, of the anthropologists, their value in these which enable one to recognize their presence, are these: historians are re- to be increased for they use of out-of-the-way and unfamiliar sources, including spects is likely should be sensi- relevance of the history to current unpublished ones, such as letters; attention to textual de- tive to the issues. tail, to the interaction between ideas and their verbal i George W. Stocking, Jr., "Matthew Arnold, E. R. Tylor, and tlie embodiment, alertness to find other than present mean- Uses of Invention," with an Appendix "livolulionary Klhnology and ings in past usage, more than mere "semantics" in Cultural Relativism, 1870-1915: From Culture to Cultures." 26 Some controversies will dissolve, or at least change need the contributions of both. I should like to close by their character, whenstudied historically in an adequate relating that point, to one further consideration. way; and the essential controversies will show in a Anthropology today is flushed with success in the clearer light. It becomes a little absurd to charge Boas United States: course enrollments increase; jobs multi- with not having analyzed adequately the social organiza- ply; sources of funds expand. To some extent this ma- tion of the Kwakiutl if, as Eggan pointed out at the con- terial success may be misleading as an index of the fu- ference, the proper concepts to apply to the Kwakiutl ture. Besides indices of quantity, some of quality should were not developed in the field until a few years ago. be examined. Consider how much has changed in the More historically appropriate issues about Boas can be terms of our competition, as it were, in the ecological investigated. Of course historians of science themselves niche of other related fields. Themajor ideological bat- may become personally involved in anthropological con- tle that American anthropology has fought in the past troversies. It is not a question of resolving perennial generation has been largely won; almost everyone is a issues by historical study, but of dealing with them on a cultural relativist now (in the sense in which the term is more worth-while level. opposed to parochialism, and ethnocentrism). And our private preserve, the parts of the world no one else seemed to want to study, is no longer ours. Scholars in CONVERGENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY almost field are engaged in research in Af- AND HISTORY every today rica, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and elsewhere. In The scholar with a historian's starting point and the short, two traits that havebeen of central importance and scholar with an anthropologist's starting point have a have formed much of our present image—cultural rela- somewhat different ground sense, a somewhat different tivism, and field work in faraway places—no longer give predisposition, and different degree of comfortableness us an evolutionary advantage. with particular kinds of material. This appeared in the To a large extent, then, anthropologists can maintain kinds of comments and points of fact made in the dis- their place notby what they do, but only by the way they cussions at the conference. In my own paper I argued at do it. Having lost much ofwhat advantage we had in the some length for the contribution that the practicing way of unique outlook and subject of study, we have to anthropologist can make to the history of his field, in- look much more to the quality of our work. That state- cluding some historical topics in which he alone is likely ment has many implications. One is the deepening of to be interested. Obviously, as Firth stated at the confer- standards of historical scholarship among anthropolo- ence and my precedingremarks imply, an equally essen- gists, both for work on special topics and on the history tial contribution is to be made by the professional his- of anthropology. Specialization of some of us in the his- torian. But this returns us to the main point: that we tory of science as it concerns anthropology is one route.

ON STUDYING THE HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY: REFLECTIONS OF A HISTORIAN by Rowland L. Mitchell, Jr.

In the past half century history as a discipline has similar attention directed to the history of particular moved away from a narrow focus on war and politics to social sciences might be fruitful. They suggested that encompass the study of the social and intellectual life the Council endeavor to promote the study of this his- of man from the beginning of recorded history to the tory and that as a useful first step it sponsor a conference present. One of the most productive recent develop- on the history of anthropology. ments in historical scholarship has been the expansion The small group invited to plan this conference early of interest in the history of science, an expansion that agreed that its participants should include sociologists has produced significant contributions to our knowledge and historians of science, as well as anthropologists, since of the growth of man's understandingof his physical sur- it seemed certain that the history of anthropology would roundings. After a Conference on the History of Quan- be greatly enriched if it could be placed in a broad his- tification in the Sciences in November 1959, some of the torical and social context. Initially the group considered participants discussed informally the possibility that requesting only a few papers on specific topics, but 27 ultimately, in the hope of achieving a representative emerge. Like the cultures it studies, anthropology has a view of current scholarship and interest in the field, it folklore, and although this folklore may have its uses decided to invite each participant to contribute a paper it can impede clear historical understanding. Discussion on a topic of his own choice. Of nearly 40 scholars in- of the contributions of Boas, Schoolcraft, and Tylor re- vited to the conference, 23 contributed papers. vealed that existing folklore about them, and others of Some of these papers are chronological narratives importance, is not an adequate substitute for systematic based largely on secondary materials; others are con- and detached evaluation of their intellectual activities cerned with methodological problems and the relation and their contributions. When such appraisals are un- of anthropology to other disciplines; still others are per- dertaken it seems probable that the great man theory of sonal reminiscences; a few are studies based on careful history, which the focus of the conference on a few fig- analysis of contemporary documentary evidence in the ures suggested, may be modified to take into account context of the social and intellectual thought of the parallel discoveries in other countries and the work of period. They view anthropological history in a number other scholars less widely acknowledged at present as of ways: as institutional history, as biography, as a outstanding leaders. Such studies will also help to clarify branch of the history of science, as intellectual history, the differential contributions of the several leaders as as the sociology of knowledge. Neither individually nor fieldworkers, research scholars, teachers, and directors of as a group do they cover the field systematically or com- research. prehensively. Archaeology, for example, is unrepre- Whether anthropological training by itself is sufficient sented, as is physical anthropology, with the consequence for the scholar who wishes to do research on the history that the relationship of anthropology to the biological of his discipline was a question that properly concerned sciences was barely suggested in the discussions at the the conference. If thepapers were representative of what conference. Further, despite the presence of scholars may be expected of anthropologists not trained as his- from Europe, the conference had a preoccupation with torians, it is apparent that anthropologists are not neces- American developments that precluded more than pass- sarily historically minded and therefore may need spe- ing attention to developments abroad. cial training in historical method. For example, although The content of the papers as well as the discussions anthropologists recognize that the terms used to ex- demonstrated that systematic study of the history of plain concepts are significant indices of the level of anthropology, while rich and promising, is still in its in- understanding within a culture, anthropologists looking fancy. Illustrative of this fact was the discussion of at their own history must be trained to avoid finding whether one date could be established to mark anthro- ideas in the past that in fact were not yet in existence. pology's emergence as a discipline. Some participants Here training- in intellectual history and the history of suggested precise years, such as 1858 or 1860; others, the science might provide an understanding of the intel- early decades of the nineteenth century or the latter lectual setting in which anthropologists in the past lived years of the eighteenth. Several pointed out that if and worked. Thus, Boas' strictures against the compara- anthropology were sufficiently broadly defined it would tive method cannot be appreciated unless the scholar be discovered that Herodotus was the founder of the dis- knows that this was a method used by paleontologists to cipline. Resolution of these differences was achieved reconstruct the whole skeleton from a part. Understand- only by agreeing that anthropological history cannot be ing why anthropologists had thought they could borrow treated as a unified whole but rather must be studied as this method requires not only knowledge of the rela- the history of closely related but separate parts. Thus tions of nineteenth-century anthropology to the physical cultural anthropology, whose antecedents can be traced sciencesbut, in addition, knowledge of the philosophical to antiquity, is of necessity a fairly recent division of assumptions of nineteenth-century social scientists. anthropology since its development depends on the Whether historical training by itself is sufficient for modern concept of culture, whereas ethnology, a field the historian who wishes to undertake research on the with equally ancient antecedents, began as a formal history of anthropology is an equally important ques- discipline in Europe at least as early as the eighteenth tion, and the participants in the conference agreed that century. These and the other branches of anthropology such historians should have opportunity to acquire need meticulous research to make clear the nature of formal training in both the methods and the theory of their separate developments and their relations with anthropology. one another and with other disciplines both in the hu- All agreed, also, on the need for strengthening exist- manities and the sciences. ing archives and building new collections. It seems pos- In the process of research much will have to be un- sible that anthropologists in the past have not been suf- learned before an accurate history of anthropology can ficiently concerned with the collection and preservation 28 of their leading scholars' unpublished notes and papers parative studies of national developments. Whether and that more attention should be given to these matters these studies be undertaken by anthropologists or by in the future. Specifically, the conferencerecommended historians is not important. What matters is that they that the systematic attempts of archivists to collect docu- be undertaken in the spirit of scientific inquiry which mentary materials, such as field notes, field diaries, lec- has characterized the best scholarship in both disciplines. ture notes, and correspondence, be given every encour- As a last and personal comment, I cannot forbear men- agement. It was even suggested that anthropologists tioning that for a historian this conference was an il- might record, for the use of future scholars, their ex- luminating reminder that many areas of the past need periences as students or colleagues of anthropological sharply focused attention, in some cases hitherto almost leaders no longer living. wholly lacking. If therole of the historian is to help man Even with the materials now in existence, however, understand his past, one important way he can fulfill much can be done. As suggested above, detailed studies this role is to study the development of man's under- of every field in anthropology are needed, and various standingof himself and his social environment—that is, participants in the conference identified other areas to study the development of the disciplines that have that merit attention. Among those that seemed most come to be called the social sciences. The conference promising were the role of field studies in disciplinary made clear that exciting- historical research does not de- training; the professionalization of the discipline; the pend on finding the untouched papers of still another roles of sources of financial support, museums, and minor military man or politician in a dusty trunk in journals in guiding the direction of research; and com- an attic.

COMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMY OF CHINA* FIRST REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH by Walter Galenson

Since the beginning of the communist regime in 1949, Problems and Policy appointed the Committee on the China has been undergoing rapid and enormous Economy of China in September 1961 with the expecta- changes. A major industrial advance under a first five- tion that financial support for this program would be- year plan and under the "Great Leap Forward" was fol- come available, and in December the Ford Foundation 1 lowed by agricultural difficulties which have markedly made a grant of $910,000 to the Council for the purpose. slowed the pace of industrial growth, if it has not been The new committee held its first formal meeting on stopped altogether. Traditional patterns of agriculture February 16-17, and met again on May 4-5. have been disrupted by efforts at thoroughgoing collec- The decision that a coordinated research program was tivization, while ambitious construction projects have needed, rather than one of grants-in-aid, was based on a been undertaken in an attempt to make full use of number of factors, which were reviewed by the com- China's principal resource, its manpower. mittee at its first meeting. The urgency of extending What has happened in China in the past decade and knowledge of Chinese economic institutions and their work what will happen in the next are of critical importance performance, the dearth of scholarly on commu- commit- to therest of the world. For better or for worse this popu- nist China, and the belief that a more rapid lous nation is being thrust into modernity at a pace un- ment of personnel to the task at hand could be obtained equalled in history. Changes are taking place so quickly through committee initiative in recruiting qualified decision. that even journalists cannot keep abreast of them, and economists were major factors supporting the objective research has been even less able to assess It was thought that the needed coverage of topics could this fluid situation. Yet it is essential that a full and best be achieved if invitations were extended for work clear view of what China is becoming be obtained. on specified studies. Also, the difficulty of research on ab- For these reasons a series of discussions by interested China has been compounded by the almost complete economists, initiated by the Joint Committee on Con^ i Cf. Items, December 1961, p. 45. The members of the Committee the Economy o£ China are Simon Kuznets, Harvard University temporary China in a conference on September 9-10, on (chairman); A. Doak Columbia University; Abram Bergson, 1960, led to theformulation of afive-yearprogram of re- Harvard University; Walter Galenson, University or California, Berke- search on the Chinese economy. The Committee on ley; and Joseph A. Kershaw, Williams College; Paul Webbink. 29

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staff, sence of aggregate statistical data since 1959, as well as the studies will proceed independently, it is hoped that the rather poor quality of those for years before 1959, so the opportunity to confer with others who are engaged that a pooling of information among scholars was re- in closely related projects will contribute to the quality garded as much more likely than individualized and iso- of the results. lated efforts to lead to significant research results. The committee is continuing to search for economists As its first step the committee developed a compre- and others interested and competent to work on topics hensive list of studies that it would like to initiate dur- with which it is concerned, in the hope that further ing the next five years. Some of the proposed studies are studies can be initiated during 1963. Participation in broad in scope, such as the construction of indices of the committee's program is not restricted to persons re- agricultural and industrial output; others are of a more siding in the United States. Collaboration with econo- sectorial character, such as studies of the textile, iron mists in Canada, Great Britain, and Japan, and possibly and steel, coal, and machinery industries. Still others other countries, is expected to be arranged. The com- would be concerned with institutional aspects of the mittee is taking into account studies being made with- Chinese economy—the communes, the banking and out its assistance and is making its plans accordingly, to credit system, the planning mechanism, and the struc- avoid duplication of effort. ture of industrial management. While the committee's In May Nai-Ruenn Chen, formerly of the University immediate efforts are directed toward advancing quanti- of Illinois, was retained as full-time assistant to the di- tative studies, it is seeking also to encourage some non- rector of research, with the two principal functions of quantitative studies insofar as competent investigators providing bibliographical assistance to participants in can be found to deal with such subjects as Chinese in- the studies, which is of critical importance in view of the dustrial management,the social organization of the com- difficulties involved in obtaining Chinese publications, munes, and the politics of economic planning. and of coordinating the collection of statistical data un- The topics that have been chosen are being assigned der the guidance of the director of research. The latter as rapidly as possible to qualified research workers. In- project is intended to provide materials for one or more dividuals have been invited to begin work on studies on issues of an annotated handbook of Chinese economic which reports of either article or monograph length statistics, comprising a collection of carefully evaluated might be envisaged, depending on the availability of data, with comments on their reliability, their consis- materials and of research time. Many of those invited are tency from year to year, and any existing alternative located at small colleges or universities with inadequate estimates. research facilities, and in these cases sufficient financial At its February meeting the committee named a gen- assistance has been provided to permit leaves from regu- eral advisory group, consisting- of Alexander Eckstein of lar positions. The committee considers it desirable that the University of Michigan, Franklin Ho, formerly of the participants in its studies work near others engaged Columbia University, Choh-Ming Li of the University in similar research and has encouraged the formation of of California, Berkeley, and Ta-Chung Liv of Cornell research groups where library facilities are especially University. Members of this group are serving also as good. For example, several economists working under consultants for specific projects. In addition thecommit- committee sponsorship were located at the University of tee has invited Gregory Grossman and George Kuznets Michigan during the summer of 1962, and a smaller of the University of California, Berkeley, and Norman group will be working at the University of California, Kaplan of the University of Rochester to serve as con- Berkeley, during the coming academic year. Although sultants for certain other projects.

COMMITTEE BRIEFS

COMPARATIVE POLITICS of California, Los Angeles) on June 25-29, under the chair- Gabriel A. Almond (chairman), Leonard Binder, R. manship of Mr. Coleman. For the seminar, papers were Taylor Cole, James S. Coleman, Herbert Hyman, Joseph prepared on education and development in the following LaPalombara, Sigmund Neumann, Lucian W. Pye, Sidney areas or countries, by the specialists indicated: the Philip- Verba, Robert E. Ward, Myron Weiner; staff, Bryce Wood. pines, Carl H. Lande, Yale University; India, Edward A. A seminar on education and political development, the Shils, University of Chicago; Nigeria, Ayo Ogunsheye, Har- third in the series planned by the committee, was held at vard University; French-speaking developing countries, Mi- the Lake Arrowhead Conference Center (of the University chel Debeauvais, Institut d'£tude dv Developpement tco- 30 nomique et Social, Paris; Tunisia, Leon Carl Brown, Saskatchewan. In addition, the chairman of the group Harvard University; Egypt, Malcolm Kerr, University of invited to organize the seminar, H. F. Schurmann of the California, Los Angeles; Brazil, Frank Bonilla, American University of California, Berkeley, prepared two agenda Universities Field Japan, Herbert Passin, Univer- papers on its general subject and arranged for the com- sity of Washington; Soviet Union, Jeremy R. Azrael, Uni- pilation by Ruth Ann Pitts of the same University of an versity of Chicago; communist China, John W. Lewis, annotated bibliography of works in English dealing with t Cornell University. Other pajjers prepared for the seminar systematic study and analysis of Soviet and Chinese dis- were: "Higher Education in the Development of Future placed persons. These materials were distributed to the West African Leaders," Dwaine Marvick, University of participants in advance of the seminar. California, Los Angeles; "A Training Program for Political The participants in addition to authors of papers (except Leaders in Latin America," Benjamin Nunez, Interameri- Donald E. Willmott, who was unable to be present) and can Institute of Political Education, San Jose, Costa Rica; the members and staff of the subcommittee were: Robert "The Education of the Military Leadership in Emergent Chin, Boston University; Ai-li S. Chin and Ezra F. Vogel, States: Its Organization, Content and Political Implica- Harvard University; Robert E. Goodnow, Psychological tions," W. F. Gutteridge, Royal Military Academy, Sand- Assessment Associates, Washington, D.C.; Robert Grey, hurst; "Traditional Authority and the New Leadership Carnegie Corporation of New York; Ping-ti Ho, William L. Cadres," Anthony H. M. Kirk-Greene, Ahmadu Bello Uni- Holland, Stanford M. Lyman, and William E. Willmott, versity, Nigeria; "Investment in Education and Its Political University of British Columbia; Marion J. Levy, Jr., Prince- Impact in Developing Countries," Bert F. Hoselitz, Univer- ton University; Herbert Passin and George E. Taylor, Uni- sity of Chicago; "Conflicts in Education Planning," William versity of Washington; Anderson Shih, Union Research In- J. Piatt, Stanford University; "Education and the Making stitute, Plong Kong; Arthur P. Wolf, Cornell University; of Modern Nations," Francis X. Ford Foundation. and C. K. Yang, University of Pittsburgh. The participants in addition to authors, members of the committee, and staff included: C. Arnold Anderson, EXCHANGES WITH ASIAN INSTITUTIONS University of Chicago; David E. Apter, University of K. Fairbank California, E. Baldwin, Bustin, John (chairman), George E. Taylor, Edward Berkeley; Robert Edouard W. Wagner, C. Martin Wilbur, Mary C. Wright; staff, Charles R. Nixon, M. G. Smith, and Howard Bryce Wood. University of California, Los Angeles; Robert D. Barend- The committee's program, which involves the selection son and Kenneth L. Neff, U. S. Office of Education; Saburi of social scientists Biobaku, University of Ife, Nigeria; William Foltz, Yale American to participate in the develop- J. ment at institutions, University; Eduardo Hamuy, University of Chile; H. Field of research certain Asian originally the and Haviland, Brookings Institution; Pendleton Herring; Oriental Library (Toyo Bunko), Tokyo, the National Jr., Central Taipei, Howard, Ford Foundation; C. Kenneth Snyder, U. S. Research Institute (Academia Sinica), has John a with Department of State; and Clarence E. Thurber, Pennsyl- been expanded to provide similar arrangement the Center, University, over vania State University. Asiatic Research Korea the next three years. It is hoped that this arrangement will The papers and proceedings of the seminar are being research and on edited by Mr. Coleman for inclusion in the committee's facilitate scholarly communication the part of universities and individuals concerned with Korean stu- monograph series, "Studies in Political Development," to in States and their at the be published by the Princeton University Press. dies the United counterparts Center in Seoul. CONTEMPORARY CHINA: SUBCOMMITTEE ON RESEARCH ON CHINESE SOCIETY FOREIGN AREA FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM (Joint with American Council Morton H. Fried (chairman), John C. Pelzel, G. William of Learned Societies) Skinner, Irene B. Taeuber; staff, Bryce Wood. Pendleton Herring (chairman), Schuyler C. Wallace (di- The third seminar in the series sponsored by the sub- rector), Frederick Burkhardt, Chauncy D. Harris, T. Cuyler Young. committee, on research on contemporary Chinese society based on interviews with and materials supplied by dis- The transfer of the Foreign Area Fellowship Program placed persons, was held at the University of British Colum- from the Ford Foundation to the joint committee was com- bia on May 25-26. Papers prepared for the seminar in- pleted on May 31, 1962. At that time the staff of the Fellow- cluded: "On Research through Chinese Displaced Persons ship Program moved into its new offices at 444 Madison in the United States," by Hope J. Leichter, Teachers Col- Avenue, New York 22. The joint committee held its first lege, Columbia University; "On Interviewing Chinese Dis- meeting there on June 12 and formally authorized the fel- placed Persons," by Robert M. Marsh, Cornell University; lowship procedures which would be followed in 1962-63. "On Depth Interviewing of Chinese Displaced Persons in In accordance with the agreement with the Ford Founda- Hong Kong," by Isadora Ding Schurmann, University of tion, these will be, with minor exceptions, the procedures California, Berkeley; "Memorandum on Interviewing Chi- used by the Foundation in the past. nese Refugees," by Donald E. Willmott, University of The joint committee agreed further to administer an 31

Staff;

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Swearer,

Seoul, interfaculty exchange between a number of universities in schalk; "The Genealogy of Historical Generalizations," Roy the United States and a number of institutions in Latin F. Nichols; "Notes on the Problem of Historical Generali- America. Initially six American institutions have been in- zation," William O. Aydelotte; "Explicit Data and Implicit vited to participate in the exchange: University of Cali- Assumptions in Flistorical Study," David M. Potter. The fornia, Berkeley; University of California, Los Angeles; Foreword and aconcluding Summary have been contributed Columbia University; Harvard University; University of by the editor. Included also are a "Bibliography on Histori- Minnesota; and University of Texas. The administration ography and the Philosophy of History," by Martin Klein, of the faculty interchange will be centered in an inter- and commentaries, in by Hans Meyerhoff. university management committee chaired by the director of the Foreign Area Fellowship Program. The members of INTELLECTIVE PROCESSES RESEARCH this committee are David E. Apter, Associate Director of the Institute of International Studies, University of Cali- William Kessen (chairman), Roger Brown, JeromeKagan, fornia, Berkeley; Henry J. Bruman, Professor of Geography, Lloyd N. Morrisett, Paul H. Mussen, A. Kimball Romney, Acting Director of the Center of Latin American Studies, Ilarold W. staff, Francis H. Palmer. University of California, Los Angeles; Charles Wagley, In accordance with arrangements made by the committee Director of the Institute of Latin American Co- for publication of the proceedings of its conferences as lumbia University; William S. Barnes, Director of Latin Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Develop- American Studies, Harvard University; Philip M. Raup, ment, the product of the first Thought in the Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of Minne- Young Child: Report of a Conference on Intellective De- sota; and Joe W. Neal, Director, International Office, Uni- velopment, with Particular Attention to the Work of Jean versity of Texas. The Latin American institutions remain Piaget, edited by Mr. Kessen and Clementina Kuhlman, of to be selected. The primary purpose of this program is to Flarvard University, was published in May as Vol. 27, No. 2 strengthen Latin American studies in the United States by (Serial No. 83). The report of the second Basic enabling American scholars to study and do research in Cognitive Processes in Children, edited by John C. Wright Latin America, and by bringing to the American centers of the University of Minnesota and Mr. Kagan, is now in Latin American scholars who will strengthen the American press. The proceedings of the third on research offerings and who may profit by association with their on first-language acquisition, are being edited by Mr. Brown American confreres. A grant of $1,000,000 from the Ford and Ursula Bellugi of Harvard University, and the resulting Foundation has been placed at the disposal of the joint monograph is expected to be published in 1963. committee for this purpose. The committee's fourth conference, on mathematical A meeting of the management committee together with a learning, was organizedby Mr. Morrisett and held in Berke- number of university administrators and representatives of ley, California, on May 4-6, 1962. The following papers the Ford Foundation has been called for September 24. At were prepared in advance and discussed as indicated: that time an attempt will be made to develop criteria for "Learning and Using the Mathematical Concept of a Func- selecting participants in the program and to work out rules tion," by Marshall University of Chicago, discussed of procedure. by Mr. Kessen; "An Example of 'Intermediate Invention': Maneuvers on Lattices," by David A. Page, University of HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Illinois, discussed by Mr. Romney; "On the Behavioral Louis Gottschalk (chairman), William O. Aydelotte, Foundations of Mathematical Concepts," by Patrick Suppes, Thomas C. Cochran, Merle Curti, Roy F. Nichols, David Stanford University, discussed by Mr. Palmer; "Issues Cur- M. Potter; staff, Rowland L. Mitchell, Jr. rent in Functional Psychology," by Lee J. Cronbach, Uni- The committee has reached the point in its inquiry into versity of Illinois, discussed by Mr. Mussen. In addition, the role played by generalizations in historical study where reports on current research were presented by Layman E. it is ready to submit its concluding report, General Con- Allen of Yale University, on "Autotelic Learning of Mathe- cepts in the Writing of History, edited by Louis Gottschalk. matical Logic," and by Robert M. Gagne of Princeton Uni- It will be published by the University of Chicago Press dur- versity, on "Some Factors in Learning Non-Metric Geome- ing the coming winter. The volume includes the following try." Helen Kinney of Harvard University presented a essays prepared for the committee: "Reflections upon the review of research, "Operation, Embodiments, and Nota- Problem of Generalization," Chester G. "Generaliza- tion in Mathematics Learning." A concluding summary of tions in Ancient History," M. I. Finley; "On the Uses of the conference was given by Andrew Gleason of Harvard Generalization in the Study of Chinese History," Arthur F. University. John Vinsonhaler of the University of Cali- Wright; "Comments on the Paper of Arthur F. Wright," fornia, Berkeley, served as rapporteur and is assisting Derk Bodde; "Generalizations about Revolution: A Case Mr. Morrisett in editing the proceedings. Study," Robert R. Palmer; "Generalizations about National An international conference on cognitive development Voksenasen, Character: An Analytical Essay," Walter P. Metzger; "The in children was held by the committee at near members of Historian's Use of Sociai Role," Thomas C. "Cate- Oslo, July 26 - August 1, 1962. In addition to gories of Historiographical Generalization," Louis Gott- the committee and staff, the participants included: Zofia 32

IW

footnotes,

Stevenson;

Studies,

conference,

conference,

conference,

Stone,

Starr;

Cochran; Babska, University of Warsaw; Barbel Inhelder, University University of Wisconsin; Anibal Pinto, Economic Commis- of A. R. Jonckheere, University College London; sion for Latin America, Rio de Janeiro; Alfonso Santa Cruz Eric Lunzer, University of Manchester; Neil O'Connor, So- and Osvaldo Sunkel, both of the Economic Commission for cial Psychiatry Research Unit, Maudsley Hospital, London; Latin America, Santiago; John D. University of Hanus Papousek, Institute for Care of Mother and Child, Jose Vera Lamperein, University of Chile; Bryce Prague; Heinz F. R. Prechtl, State University of Groningen; Wood. The five sessions of the conference were devoted to Kjell Raaheim, University of Bergen; Per Saugstad, Uni- discussion of the following topics: objectives of research versity of Oslo; Alma Szeminska, Pedagogical Institute, and training in economics; undergraduate training of econ- University of Warsaw; A. V. Zaporozhetz, Academy of omists in Latin America and the United graduate Pedagogical Sciences, Moscow. The program of the con- training of economists in Latin America and the United ference, which was planned by Mr. Mussen, who will edit development of research in economics; scholarly the proceedings, included reports by the European partici- communication and interchange. pants on their research and theories, discussions of these A second inter-American meeting of sociologists was held reports, of statements by several other participants, and of at Princeton University on September 10-12, with the aid issues common to the various reports. of the committee. This conference was organized by the The committee will sponsor an institute on cognitive Latin American Group for the Development of Sociology, development in the child, at the University of Minnesota which was formed through the initiative of theLatin Ameri- during the summer of 1964, tentatively from June 10 to can participants in the committee's 1961 conference. July 25. The purpose of the institute will be to provide graduate students and recent recipients of the Ph.D. with PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN YOUTH more training cognitive development comprehensive in Ralph W. Tyler (chairman), Robert E. L. Faris, Chester than could be obtained at any single university. Members W. Harris, Nicholas Hobbs, T. R. Theodore M. of the committee will serve, with others, as faculty. Further Newcomb, C. Robert Pace, Nevitt Sanford; staff; Francis H. information can be obtained by writing directly to Harold Palmer. W. Director, Institute of Child Development, A conference on problems in the measurement of change, University of Minnesota. organized by Mr. Harris, was held with the support of the committee on April 30, May 1-2 at Madison, Wisconsin. LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES The program was designed particularly to examine some of (Joint with American Council of Learned Societies) the more recent developments in psychometrics and statis- Robert N. Burr (chairman), Fred P. Ellison, Joseph Grun- tics for dealing with evidence of change. The following- wald, Joseph A. Kahl, Robert E. Scott, Stanley J. Stein, papers were prepared and circulated in advance: "Some Charles Wagley; staff; Bryce Wood. Persisting Dilemmas in the Measurement of Change," Carl On August 16-18 an Inter-American Conference on Re- Bereiter, University of Illinois; "Elementary Models for search and Training in Economics was held in Santiago, Measuring Change," Frederic Lord, Educational Testing Chile, under the joint auspices of the committee and the Service; "The Reliability of Changes Measured by Mental Instituto de Economia of the University of Chile— the sec- Test Harold Webster, University of California, ond international conference sponsored by the committee Berkeley, and Carl Bereiter; "Univariate Analysis Models in with funds provided by the Council on Fligher Education the Measurement of Change," John Kansas State in the American Republics. As in the case of the similar University, and David E. Wiley, University of Wisconsin; conference of sociologists held in August 1961 (cf. Items, "Multivariate Models for Evaluating Change," Paul Florst, December 1961, pp. 41-45), the purpose was to contribute University of Washington; "Implications of Factor Analysis to the improvement of communication between scholars in of Three-Way Matrices for Measurement of Change," Led- the Americas. The 25 participants in the conference were: yard R. Tucker, University of Illinois; "Canonical Factor Abram Bergson, Harvard University; Edgardo Boenninger, Models for the Description of Change," Chester W. Flarris; Ministry of Finance, Chile; Emile Despres, Stanford Uni- "The Best Approximation of a Common-Factor Space," versity; Guillermo S. Edelberg, Torcuato Di Telia Institute, Henry F. Kaiser, University of Illinois; "Some Issues in P- Buenos Aires; Luis Escobar Cerda, University of Chile; Technique and Incremental R-Technique Models," Ray- Edmundo Flores, National University of Mexico; Samuel mond B. University of Illinois; "Multivariate Anal- Gorban, National University of the Litoral, Rosario; R. A. ysis of Variance of Repeated Measurements," R. Darrell University of California, Berkeley; Joseph Grun- Bock, University of North Carolina; "Statistical Models for wald, Yale University; Arnold C. Harberger, University of the Study of Change in the Single Case," Wayne H. Holtz- Chicago; Albert G. Hart, University of Chile (on leave man, University of Texas; and "From Description to Ex- from Columbia University); Albert O. Hirschman, Colum- perimentation: Interpreting Trends as Quasi-Experiments," bia University; Isaac Kerstenetzky, Getulio Vargas Founda- Donald T. Campbell, Northwestern University. The papers tion; Rolf Luders, Catholic University of Chile; Roberto are being edited by Mr. Harris for early publication in a Maldonado, Carlos Massad, both of the University of volume by the University of Wisconsin Press. Wilbert E. Moore, Princeton University; Theodore Morgan, The committee joinedthe Western Interstate Commission 33

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Geneva;

Strasma, Chile;

States;

States;

McConnell,

Stevenson,

Scores,"

Gaito,

Cattell,

Gordon,

Chile; for Higher Education and the University of California the methods that might be employed to gather and make Center for the Study of Higher Education in sponsoring an them generally available for use in research, and the feasi- Institute on the Study of Campus Cultures, held in Berkeley, bility of such a project was made by Walter Dean Burnham July 23-27, 1962. Messrs. Tyler, Newcomb, and Pace were of Kenyon College during the summer of 1962. In response members of the Institute's faculty. to a request from the Joint Committee on Political Science and Administrative Law, appointed by the American Po- POLITICAL BEHAVIOR litical Science Association and the Association of American David B. Truman (chairman), William M. Beaney, Angus Law Schools, the Committee on Political Behavior is sup- Campbell, Robert A. Dahl, Oliver V. O. Key, Jr., porting a conference on October 12-13, planned by the Avery Leiserson, Edward H. Levi; staff, Bryce Wood. joint committee to improve collaboration between law With the assistance of the committee, an exploratory sur- schools and political scientists in teaching and research on vey of the state of election statistics in the United States, administrative law and the regulatory process.

PERSONNEL

DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OF THE COUNCIL Grants-in-Aid. Paul J. Bohannan of Northwestern Univer- sity has been appointed chairman for 1962-63. Also reap- At the annual meeting of the board of directors of the pointed to the committee are Alfred D. Chandler of Mas- Council held in September, Chauncy D. Harris, S. S. Wilks, sachusetts Institute of Technology, Holland Hunter of and Donald Young were re-elected directors-at-large for the Haverford College, William H. Riker of the University of two-year term 1963-64. John W. Tukey of Princeton Uni- Rochester, and Gordon Wright of Stanford University. Guy versity was also elected a director-at-large for that term. E. Swanson of the University of Michigan has been newly Flerbert A. Simon was elected chairman of the board of appointed to the committee. directors; Wayne H. Holtzman, vice-chairman; Louis Gotts- International Conference Travel Grants. Leonard Krieger chalk, secretary; and Nathan Keyfitz, treasurer. The follow- of Yale University has been reappointed chairman; and ing members of the board were elected as its Executive Rowland A. Egger of the University of Virginia, George Committee: S. S. Wilks (chairman), Thomas C. Cochran, Garvy of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Roger W. George H. Flildebrand, David B. Truman, and Donald Russell of Indiana University, and Harry Venneman of the Young. V. O. Key, Jr. of Harvard University was named Bureau of the Budget have been reappointed members of chairman of the Committee on Problems and Policy; and the committee for 1962-63. Newly appointed members are Chauncy D. Flarris and Wilbert E. Moore were elected Ward H. Goodenough of the University of Pennsylvania members of the committee for the three-year term 1962-65. and Matilda White Riley of Rutgers University. Messrs. Its other members are Paul J. Bohannan, R. A. Krieger and Garvy and Mrs. Riley constitute the commit- David M. Potter, and exofficio: Pendleton Flerring, Herbert tee's Executive Subcommittee. A. Simon, and Wayne H. Holtzman. National Security Policy Research. William T. R. Fox, Columbia University (chairman); Morris Janowitz, Univer- sity of Chicago; Klaus Knorr, Princeton University; G. A. Masland, COUNCIL COMMITTEES ON FELLOWSHIPS Lincoln, U. S. Military Academy; John W. Dart- AND GRANTS mouth College; Robert E. Osgood, University of Chicago; Arthur Smithies, Harvard University; and Robert C. Wood, Faculty Research Fellowships. John Useem of Michigan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have been reap- State University has been reappointed chairman of the com- pointed for 1962-63. mittee for 1962-63. Lawrence E. Fouraker of Harvard Uni- Political Behavior. David B. Truman of Columbia Uni- veisity, John D. Lewis of Oberlin College, and Gardner versity has been reappointed chairman of this committee, Lindzey of the University of Minnesota have been reap- which continues to administer its program of grants for re- pointed members. Charles G. Sellers of the University of search on American governmental and legal processes, and California, Berkeley, and Fritz Stern of Columbia Univer- this year also administers the Council's program of senior sity have been newly appointed to the committee. awards for research on governmental affairs. Also reap- Exchanges with Asian Institutions. John K. Fairbank of pointed to the committee are William M. Beaney of Prince- Flarvard University has been reappointed chairman of the ton University, Robert A. Dahl of Yale University, Oliver committee for 1962-63. George E. Taylor of the University Garceau of East Boothbay, Maine, V. O. Key, Jr. of Harvard of Washington, C. Martin Wilbur of Columbia University, University, Avery Leiserson of Vanderbilt University, and and Mary C. Wright of Yale University also have been reap- Edward H. Levi of the University of Chicago. Angus Camp- pointed; and Edward W. Wagner of Harvard University has bell of the University of Michigan has been added to the been newly appointed to die committee. membership. 34

Garceau,

Gordon, Political Theory and Legal Philosophy Fellowships. J. new Committee on Learning and the Educational Process, Roland Pennock, Swarthmore College (chairman); David for which Francis H. Palmer serves as staff. Easton, University of Chicago; Jerome Hall, Indiana Uni- John Blackmore of the University of Massachusetts, Bruce versity; John H. Hallowell, Duke University; Robert G. F. Johnston of Stanford University, and George Montgom- McCloskey, Harvard University; and Sheldon S. Wolin, Uni- ery ofKansas StateUniversity have been appointed members versity of California, Berkeley, have been reappointed for of the Committee on Agricultural Economics. 1962-63. Leonard Binder of the University of Chicago, Sidney Social. Science Personnel. George H. Hildebrand of Cor- Verba of Princeton University, and Myron Weiner of Mas- nell University has been named chairman of the committee, sachusetts Institute of Technology have been appointed to which has charge of the Council's research training fel- the Committee on Comparative Politics. lowship program. Newly appointed to the committee are Bert G. Hickman of Brookings Institution has been named Charles E. Gilbert of Swarthmore College and Irving L. chairman of the Committee on Economic Stability. Janis of Yale University. Harry Alpert of the University of R. Duncan Luce has been appointed to the Committee Oregon, David M. Schneider of the University of Chicago, on Mathematics in Social Science Research. and Paul Webbink of the Council have been reappointed. Robert E. L. Faris of the University of Washington has been appointed a member of the Committee on Personality APPOINTMENTS TO RESEARCH PLANNING Development in Youth. COMMITTEES OF THE COUNCIL Bert F. Jr. of Carnegie Institute of Technology Lee J. Cronbach of the University of Illinois (chairman), lias been named chairman of the Committee on Simulation Richard C. Atkinson of Stanford University, Eleanor J. of Cognitive Processes, and Lyle V. Jones of the University Gibson of Cornell University, Evan R. Keislar of the Uni- of North Carolina has been appointed to the committee. versity of California, Los Angeles, and Judson T. Shaplin Wilbur R. Thompson of Wayne State University has been of Harvard University have been appointed members of a appointed to the Committee on Urbanization.

PUBLICATIONS

COUNCIL PUBLICATIONS mer Research Seminar on Kinship Research, 1954. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Labor Commitment and Social Change in Developing Press, 1961. 781 pages. $11.75. Areas, Wilbert E. Moore and Arnold S. Feld- edited by Natural Resources man. by the Committee on Economic and Economic Growth, edited by Sponsored a Growth. December 1960. 393 pages. Cloth, $3.75. Joseph J. Spengler. Papers presented at conference Prison, at Ann Arbor, Michigan, April 7-9, 1960, jointly spon- Theoretical Studies in Social Organization of the sored by Resources lor the Future, Inc. and the Com- Richard A. R. Pamphlet 15, by Donald Cres- mittee on Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: Re- sey, George H. Richard McCleery, Lloyd E. sources for the Future, Inc., 1961. 316 pages. $3.50. and Gresham M. Sykes and Sheldon L. Mes- singer. Papers prepared by members of a Conference Organizing for Defense, by Paul Y. Hammond. Based in Group on Correctional Organization, sponsored by the part on work at the Interuniversity Summer Research Council in 1956-57. March 1960. 152 pages. $1.50. Seminar on National Security Policy, 1958. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. 414 pages. $7.95. The publications of the Council are distributed from its Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change, edited 230 by Edward 11. Spicer. Product of the Interuniversity Summer Research Seminar on Differential Culture OTHER BOOKS Change, 1956. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times 559 pages. $10.00. to 1957. Prepared by the Bureau of the Census, with Projective Techniques and Cross-Cultural Research, by tlie assistance of the former Advisory Committee on Gardner Lindzey. Initiated under the auspices of the Flistorical Statistics. Washington, D.C.: Government former Committee on Social Behavior. New York: Printing August 1960. 2nd printing, February Appleton-Century-Croi'ts, 1961. 348 pages. $6.00. 1962. 800 pages. $6.00. Quantification: A History of the Meaning of Measure- Capital Formation in Japan, 1868-1940, by Henry Rosov- ment in the Natural and Social. Sciences, edited by sky. Aided by the Committee on Economic Growth. Harry Woolf. Product of the Conference on the History New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1961. 371 pages. $7.50. of Quantification in the Sciences, November 20-21, on Changes in the Location of Manufacturing in the United 1959, sponsored by the former Joint Committee the States Since 1929, by Victor R. Fuchs. Sponsored by the History of Science. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Com- Committee on Analysis of Economic Census Data. New pany, 1961. 224 pages. $6.50. Haven: Yale University Press. 1962. 587 pages. $10.00. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic Matrilineal Kinship, edited by David M. Schneider and and Social. Factors. A Conference of the Universities— Kathleen Gough. Product of the Interuniversity Sum- National Bureau Committee for Economic Research

Green,

Cloward, Grosser, Ohlin,

office,

Office,

35 and the Committee on Economic Growth. Princeton: No. 83), 1962. Lafayette, Indiana: Child Development Princeton University Press, 1962. 644 pages. $12.50. Publications. 176 pages. $3.50. Thought in the Young Child: Report of a Conference on Types of Formalization in Small-Group Research, by Intellective Development, with Particular Attention to Joseph Berger, Bernard P. J. Laurie Snell, and the Work of Jean Piaget, edited by William Kessen and Morris Zelditch, Jr. Aided by the Committee on Mathe- Clementina Kuhlman. Monographs of die Society for matics in Social Science Research. Boston: Houghton Research in Child Development, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Serial Mifflin Company, 1962. 170 pages. $4.50.

COUNCIL FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS OFFERED IN 1962-63: DATES FOR FILING APPLICATIONS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS OF AWARDS

Applications for fellowships and grants offered by the Grants for Research on National Security Policy, applica- awards, 1, Council during the coming year will be due, and awards tions, December 1, 1962; March 1963 will be announced, on or before the respective dates listed *Grants for African Studies, applications, December 15, awards, 1, below. Because full consideration cannot be assured for late 1962; February 1963 applications, and becausepreliminary correspondence is fre- *Grants for Asian Studies, applications to be submitted Societies, 345 East 46 quently necessary to determine under which program a given to American Council of Learned New York 17, N.Y., December 1, 1962; awards, proposal should be submitted, prospective applicants should within 12 weeks thereafter if possible at least three communicate with the Council Grants applications, Decem- and * for Latin American weeks in advance of the pertinent closing date. Inquiries ber 15, 1962; awards, February 1, 1963 for application forms should indicate the candi- requests *Grants for Near and Middle Eastern applications, date'sage, place of permanent residence, present position or December 15, 1962; awards, February 1, 1963 held and degree currently sought if any, activity, degrees Grants for Slavic and East European Studies, applications or research, and * the general nature of the proposed training to be submitted to American Council of Learned So- the duration and amount of support desired. A brochure cieties, 345 East 46 NewYork 17, N.Y., December describing the several programs is available on request ad- 15, 1962; awards, within 10 weeks thereafter dressed to Social Science Research Council Fellowships and International Conference Travel requests from 230 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. V.: individuals desiring travel grants to enable them to participate in international meetings may be submitted Research Training Fellowships, and Fellowships lor Com- at any time up to June 15, 1963. Applications will nor- pletion of Doctoral Dissertations, applications, Decem- mally be considered within 10 weeks after the date of ber 1, 1962; awards, March 15, 1963 filing, but should a number of requests be anticipated final Fellowships in Political Theory and Legal Philosophy, lor the same meeting, it may be necessary to defer applications, December 1, 1962; awards, March 15, 1963 action until about 3 months before the meeting. Faculty Research Fellowships, and Grants-in-Aid of Re- Travel grants for international conferences on Slavic and competition: applications, November ], East European Studies, applications to be submitted to search, first 345 East 46 1962; awards, January 2, 1963; second competition: ap- American Council of Learned plications, February 1, 1963; awards, April 1, 1963 New York 17, N.Y. Senior Research Awards in American Governmental Af- nominations, December 1, 1962 humanities, on American Governmental and Olfered to research scholars in the social sciences and Grants for Research * American Council of Learned Societies Legal Processes, applications, December 1, 1962; awards, under a joint program o£ the February 15, 1963 and the Social Science Research Council.

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

230 PARK AVEN U E , NEW YORK 17, N . V research in the social sciences Incorporated in the Slate of Illinois, December 27, 1924, for the purpose of advancing Clausen, Thomas C. Directors 196'- Gardner Acklev, Abram Bergson, Paul J. Dorwin Cartwright, John A. James Haviland, Pendleton Herring, George H. Hildebrand, Coieman Hakoid F Horn, Louis Gottschalk, Chauncy D. Harris, H. Field Jr., Moore, Niciiolls, Roland Pennock, Wayne H Holtzman, Nathan Keyeitz, Edward H. Levi, Philip J. McCarthy, Wilbert E. William H. J. Guy Swanson, Truman, Wagley, S. S. Wilks, David M. Potter, Nevitt Sanford, Herbert A. Simon, Meleord E. Se-iro, E. David B. Charles Malcolm M. Willey, Donald Young ElbridgeSibley, Associate; Bryce. Wood, Eleanor C. Officers and Staff: Pendleton Herring, President; Paul Werbink, Vice-President; Executive Ronnan, financial Secretary Isbell, Francis H. Palmer, Rowland L. Mitchell, Jr., Staff Associates; Catherine V. 36

Cohen,

Street,

Studies,

Studies,

Street,

Grants, Grants,

Societies, Street,

fairs,

S, Bohannan, Cochran,