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Keanekaragaman Jamur Makroskopis Di Hutan Pendidikan Universitas

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Keanekaragaman Jamur Makroskopis Di Hutan Pendidikan Universitas Keanekaragaman Jamur Makroskopis di Hutan Pendidikan Universitas Sumatera Utara Desa Tongkoh Kabupaten Karo Sumatera Utara (The Diversity of Macroscopic Fungi in The Education Forest of University of Sumatera Utara, Tongkoh Village, Karo District, North Sumatra Province) Santa Dewi Bornok Mariana Tampubolona*, Budi Utomob, Yunasfib aProgram Studi Kehutanan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No. 1 Kampus USU Medan 20155 (*Penulis Korespondensi, Email: [email protected]) bStaf Pengajar Program Studi Kehutanan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No. 1 Kampus USU Medan 20155 Abstract The research of the diversity of macroscopic fungi in Education Forest of University of North Sumatra has never been reported. The research has been conducted at altitude: < 1000 m above sea level; 1000 ± 1500 m above sea level; and ≥ 1500 m above sea level, on five different trail on each altitude category. The length of observation trail is 100 m. The first trail on each altitude category is determined with purpossive sampling method, then the next trail was determined with systematic sampling method. The observation and the collection of species has done exploratively in the plot sampling, size 20 m x 20 m. The results showed that was found 45 species of macroscopic fungi which consist of 2 divisions, 4 classes, 10 orders, and 19 families, where numbers of species of macroscopic fungi was found on each of altitude category consecutively 30 species; 42 species; and 32 species. The macroscopic fungi was found commonly living on the decayed wood and litter, and then a part of living on the living wood. Keywords : Macroscopic fungi, diversity of macrofungi, Basidiomycota, Education Forest of University of North Sumatra. PENDAHULUAN jamur tersebut, yang telah berhasil diidentifikasi, Jamur merupakan satu diantara berbagai dimanfaatkan, ataupun yang telah punah akibat ulah jenis organisme yang berperan penting dalam menjaga manusia (Gandjar et al., 2006). Selain itu, masih keseimbangan dan kelestarian alam. Jamur berperan banyak spesies jamur makroskopis yang belum sebagai dekomposer bersama dengan bakteri dan diketahui manfaatnya hingga saat ini, sehingga beberapa spesies protozoa, sehingga banyak pemanfaatan langsung sebagai sumber makanan membantu proses dekomposisi bahan organik untuk ataupun bahan obat belum maksimal dilakukan. mempercepat siklus materi dalam ekosistem hutan. Spesies jamur makroskopis yang telah banyak Dengan demikian, jamur ikut membantu menyuburkan dibudidayakan di Indonesia, yakni Pleurotus ostreatus tanah melalui penyediaan nutrisi bagi tumbuhan, dan Auricularia spp., belum berkembang pesat dalam sehingga hutan tumbuh dengan subur hal teknik budidaya dan pemasaran, karena belum (Suharna, 1993). terlalu dikenal sebagai bahan makanan yang kaya Jamur, khususnya kelompok jamur akan kandungan protein. makroskopis atau makrofungi (Basidiomycota), Sebagai negara yang memiliki hutan hujan merupakan kelompok utama organisme pendegradasi tropis yang luas dengan keanekaragaman spesies lignoselulosa karena mampu menghasilkan enzim- jamur makroskopis yang tinggi, di hutan Indonesia enzim pendegradasi lignoselulosa seperti selulase, penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman jamur ligninase, dan hemiselulase (Munir, 2006), sehingga makroskopis belum banyak dilakukan. Sampai saat ini siklus materi di alam dapat terus berlangsung. Selain data dan literatur mengenai keanekaragaman jamur itu, kelompok jamur makroskopis secara nyata makroskopis di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Data mempengaruhi jaring-jaring makanan di hutan, dan literatur tentang jamur makroskopis umumnya kelangsungan hidup atau perkecambahan anakan- adalah tentang jamur makroskopis di daerah beriklim anakan pohon, pertumbuhan pohon, dan keseluruhan subtropis yang memiliki warna, bentuk, ukuran, dan kesehatan hutan. Jadi, keberadaan jamur makroskopis spesies yang berbeda dengan jamur makroskopis di adalah indikator penting komunitas hutan yang dinamis daerah beriklim tropis. Di lain pihak, kita dihadapkan (Molina et al., 2001). pada cepatnya laju penurunan keanekaragaman hayati Diperkirakan terdapat 1,5 juta spesies jamur baik oleh proses alamiah maupun oleh ulah manusia. di dunia dan hingga tahun 1996 hanya 69.000 spesies Jika hal ini terus berlanjut, maka banyak spesies jamur jamur yang telah berhasil diidentifikasi. Sejumlah makroskopis yang belum teridentifikasi mungkin akan 200.000 spesies dari 1,5 juta spesies jamur tersebut segera punah. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian mengenai diperkirakan ditemukan di Indonesia, dimana hingga keanekaragaman spesies jamur makroskopis iklim saat ini belum ada data pasti mengenai jumlah spesies tropis perlu dilakukan secara intensif. 176 Hutan Pendidikan Universitas Sumatera buah yang utuh, kemudian dibungkus dengan kertas Utara (USU), Desa Tongkoh, Kecamatan Dolat Rayat, koran atau dimasukkan ke dalam stoples/kotak Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara, merupakan satu penyimpanan, diberi label, dan diletakkan di dalam contoh kawasan hutan hujan tropis Indonesia yang kantung plastik besar dengan susunan jamur tentunya memiliki keanekaragaman jamur makroskopis makroskopis yang lebih keras dan berat pada posisi yang tinggi. Di kawasan Hutan Pendidikan USU paling bawah. penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman jamur Untuk menjaga keawetan jamur makroskopis makroskopis lokal hutan hujan tropis, sejauh ini belum selama proses identifikasi, dilakukan proses pernah dilakukan. Mengingat pentingnya peranan pengeringan. Untuk memperoleh hasil pengeringan jamur makroskopis dalam suatu ekosistem hutan hujan yang baik, jamur makroskopis dikeringkan dengan tropis, seperti Hutan Pendidikan USU, maka penting menggunakan oven. Selanjutnya diamati karakteristik dilakukan suatu penelitian untuk menganalisis makroskopisnya. Karakteristik makroskopis yang keanekaragaman spesies jamur makroskopis di diamati adalah dimensi dan bentuk tubuh buah. kawasan Hutan Pendidikan USU. Penelitian ini Identifikasi jamur makroskopis dilakukan setelah bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data keanekaragaman karakteristik makroskopis dicatat lengkap. Identifikasi spesies jamur makroskopis yang terdapat di kawasan jamur makroskopis dilakukan menggunakan beberapa Hutan Pendidikan USU, Taman Hutan Raya Bukit buku identifikasi jamur makroskopis dan jurnal hasil Barisan, Desa Tongkoh, Kecamatan Dolat Rayat, penelitian mengenai jamur makroskopis yang ditulis Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara. oleh Alexopoulos (1952); Alexopoulos dan Mims (1979); Asnah (2010); METODE PENELITIAN Frankland et al. (ed.) (1982); Hall et al. (2003); Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Juni Nurtjahja dan Widhiastuti (2009); Tampubolon (2010); hingga September 2012. Pengambilan data serta Zoberi (1972)), keanekaragaman jamur makroskopis dilakukan di kawasan Hutan Pendidikan USU, Taman Hutan Raya HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Bukit Barisan, Desa Tongkoh, Kecamatan Dolat Rayat, Keanekaragaman Spesies Jamur Makroskopis di Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara. Hutan Pendidikan USU Pengamatan dilakukan pada beberapa Jumlah spesies jamur makroskopis yang kategori ketinggian tempat, yakni pada ketinggian ditemukan pada setiap kategori ketinggian tempat tempat < 1000 m dpl, 1000 í 1500 m dpl, dan berbeda-beda. Pada ketinggian tempat < 1000 m dpl ≥ 1500 m dpl. 3engamatan dilakukan pada lima jalur ditemukan 30 spesies jamur makroskopis, pada yang berbeda pada setiap kategori ketinggian tempat, ketinggian tempat 1000 Þ 1500 m dpl ditemukan untuk mencapai keterwakilan areal pengamatan. 42 spesies jamur makroskopis, dan pada ketinggian Panjang jalur pengamatan adalah 100 m. Penentuan tempat ≥ 1500 m dpl ditemukan 32 spesies jamur jalur pertama dilakukan dengan metode purpossive makroskopis. Jumlah keseluruhan spesies jamur sampling, berdasarkan keberadaan jamur makroskopis makroskopis yang ditemukan pada seluruh kategori yang dianggap mewakili kawasan tersebut, jalur ketinggian tempat adalah 45 spesies. selanjutnya ditentukan dengan metode systematic Spesies jamur makroskopis yang ditemukan sampling. pada penelitian ini terbagi ke dalam 2 divisi, 4 kelas, Pengamatan dan pengkoleksian jamur 10 ordo, dan 19 famili. Jamur makroskopis yang makroskopis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode ditemukan terdiri atas divisi Ascomycota dan sampling plot, yaitu dengan membuat sampling plot Basidiomycota. Terdapat satu spesies jamur berukuran 20 m x 20 m di dalam jalur pengamatan. makroskopis yang termasuk ke dalam divisi Pengamatan jamur makroskopis dilakukan secara Ascomycota, selebihnya sebanyak 44 spesies jamur eksploratif di dalam plot sepanjang jalur pengamatan. makroskopis yang ditemukan termasuk ke dalam divisi Jamur yang ditemukan di areal pengamatan, Basidiomycota. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama-tama diambil gambarnya disertai skala spesies jamur makroskopis yang ditemukan umumnya pengukuran, selanjutnya dicatat jumlah individu didominasi oleh divisi Basidiomycota. Hal ini sesuai spesies pada setiap sampling plot, data penampakan dengan pernyataan Santoso (2004) bahwa, divisi fisik dan habitat tempat ditemukannya jamur, misalnya Basidiomycota sering dipresentasikan sebagai jamur di serasah, kayu lapuk, pohon hidup, kotoran hewan makroskopis. Pernyataan ini didukung oleh atau jamur yang telah membusuk. Dwidjoseputro (1978) yang menerangkan bahwa, Jika memungkinkan, objek langsung karakteristik Basidiomycota antara lain kebanyakan diidentifikasi di lapangan, dan jika tidak maka objek makroskopis. Dwidjoseputro (1978) juga harus dikoleksi. Pengkoleksian juga dilakukan terhadap mengemukakan
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