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TAXONOMY phyrellus* L.D. Go´mez & Singer, Xanthoconium Singer, Xerocomus Que´l.) Taxonomical implications.—We have adopted a con- Paxillaceae Lotsy (Alpova C. W. Dodge, Austrogaster* servative approach to accommodate findings from Singer, Gyrodon Opat., Meiorganum*Heim,Melano- recent phylogenies and propose a revised classifica- gaster Corda, Paragyrodon, (Singer) Singer, Paxillus tion that reflects changes based on substantial Fr.) evidence. The following outline adds no additional Boletineae incertae sedis: Hydnomerulius Jarosch & suborders, families or genera to the Boletales, Besl however, excludes Serpulaceae and Hygrophoropsi- daceae from the otherwise polyphyletic suborder Sclerodermatineae Binder & Bresinsky Coniophorineae. Major changes on family level Sclerodermataceae E. Fisch. (Chlorogaster* Laessøe & concern the Boletineae including Paxillaceae (incl. Jalink, Horakiella* Castellano & Trappe, Scleroder- Melanogastraceae) as an additional family. The ma Pers, Veligaster Guzman) Strobilomycetaceae E.-J. Gilbert is here synonymized Boletinellaceae P. M. Kirk, P. F. Cannon & J. C. with Boletaceae in absence of characters or molecular David (Boletinellus Murill, Phlebopus (R. Heim) evidence that would suggest maintaining two separate Singer) families. Chamonixiaceae Ju¨lich, Octavianiaceae Loq. Calostomataceae E. Fisch. (Calostoma Desv.) ex Pegler & T. W. K Young, and Astraeaceae Zeller ex Diplocystaceae Kreisel (Astraeus Morgan, Diplocystis Ju¨lich are already recognized as invalid names by the Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Tremellogaster E. Fisch.) Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.com). In ad- Gyroporaceae (Singer) Binder & Bresinsky dition, Boletinellaceae Binder & Bresinsky is a hom- (Gyroporus Que´l.) onym of Boletinellaceae P. M. Kirk, P. F. Cannon & J. Pisolithaceae Ulbr. (Pisolithus Alb. & Schwein.) C. David. The current classification of Boletales is tentative and includes 16 families and 75 genera. For Suillineae Besl & Bresinsky 16 genera (marked with asterisks) are no sequences Suillaceae (Singer) Besl & Bresinsky (Suillus S.F. available. Several taxa listed in the current GenBank Gray) classification (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) or in the 9th Gomphidiaceae R. Maire ex Ju¨lich (Brauniellula A.H. edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al Smith & Singer, Chroogomphus (Singer) O.K. Mill., 2001) are excluded from the Boletales based on Gomphidius Fr., Gomphogaster* O.K. Mill.) evidence from recent phylogenies (e. g. Binder et al Truncocolumellacae Agerer (Truncocolumella Zeller) 2005, Peintner et al 2001). Rhizopogonaceae Ga¨um. & C. W. Dodge (Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordholm) Synopsis of the Boletales: Boletineae Rea emend. E.-J. Gilbert Coniophorineae Agerer & Ch. Hahn Boletaceae Chevall. (Afroboletus* Pegler & T.W.K. Coniophoraceae Ulbr. (Coniophora DC., Gyrodontium Young, Aureoboletus Pouzar, Austroboletus (Corner) Pat., Leucogyrophana arizonica Ginns, Paxillus Wolfe, Boletellus Murrill, Boletochaete* Singer, Bole- chalybaeus E. Horak, P. gymnopus Ch. Hahn) tus Dill. ex Fr., Buchwaldoboletus Pila´t, Chalciporus Tapinellineae Agerer Bataille, Chamonixia Rolland, Fistulinella Henn., Gastroboletus Lohwag, Gastroleccinum* Thiers, Gas- Tapinellaceae Ch. Hahn (Bondarcevomyces Parmasto, trotylopilus* T.H. Li & Watling, Heimiella Boedijn, Pseudomerulius Ju¨lich, Tapinella E.-J. Gilbert) Heimioporus* E. Horak, Leccinellum Bresinsky & Without subordinal placement: Binder, Leccinum S.F. Gray, Mycoamaranthus Cas- Hygrophoropsidaceae Ku¨hner (Hygrophoropsis (J. tellano, Trappe & Malajczuk, Octaviania O. Kuntze, Schro¨t.) R. Maire ex Martin-Sans, Leucogyrophana Paxillogaster*E.Horak,Phylloboletellus Singer, Pouzar) Phyllobolites* Singer, Porphyrellus E.-J. Gilbert, Serpulaceae Jarosch & Bresinsky (Austropaxillus Pseudoboletus Sutara, Pulveroboletus Murrill, Retibo- Bresinsky & Jarosch, Gymnopaxillus Horak emend. letus Binder & Bresinsky, Rhodactina Pegler & Claridge, Trappe & Castellano, Neopaxillus Singer T.W.K. Young, Royoungia Castellano, Trappe & ###, Serpula (Pers.) S. F. Gray) Malajczuk, Rubinoboletus Pila´t & Dermek, Setogyr- oporus* Heinem. & Rammeloo, Singeromyces* M.M. Boletales incertae sedis: Leucogyrophana olivascens Moser, Sinoboletus M. Zang, Strobilomyces Berk., (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ginns & Weresub, L. romellii Tubosaeta* E. Horak, Tylopilus P. Karst., Velopor- Ginns Taxa excluded: Gastrosporiaceae Pila´t (Phallales), resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom- Hymenogasteraceae Vittad. (Agaricales), Leucogas- forming fungi (homobasidiomycetes). Syst Biodiv 3: traceae Moreau ex Fogel (Russulales), Stephanos- 113–157. poraceae Oberw. & E. Horak (Agaricales). Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. 2001. Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 9th ed. Cam- [### Note on the placement of Neopaxillus. Blast bridge, United Kingdom: CAB International University searches using the ITS sequence of Neopaxillus Press. echinospermus (Speg.) Singer (AJ419194; Martin and Martin MP, Raidl S. 2002. The taxonomic position of Raidl 2002) retrieve distinct hits in the Agaricales]. Rhizopogon melanogastroides (Boletales). Mycotaxon 84: 221–228. Peintner U, Bougher NL, Castellano M, Moncalvo J-M, LITERATURE CITED Moser MM, Trappe JM, Vilgalys R. 2001. Multiple Binder M, Hibbett DS, Larsson KH, Larsson E, Langer E, origins of sequestrate fungi related to Cortinarius Langer G. 2005. The phylogenetic distribution of (Cortinariaceae) Am J Bot 88:2168–2179. Scleroderma bovista AF336264 Scleroderma dictyospora AF336267 Scleroderma polyrhizum REG594 II Scleroderma citrinum AF336266 Scleroderma geaster AF336269 Scleroderma cepa AF336265 Scleroderma areolatum AF336263 Scleroderma verrucosum AF336271 Veligaster columnaris AF336273 Scleroderma echinatum AF336268 I Scleroderma sinnamariense AF336270 0.93 Gyroporus castaneus AF336252 Gyroporus castaneus AY612808 Gyroporus castaneus AF336253 Gyroporus cyanescens AF336254 Astraeus hygrometricus AF336238 Tremellogaster surinamensis MCA 1985 Diplocystis wrightii DSH s. n. 0.96 Calostoma cinnabarinum AF093123 Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca AF098379 Calostoma ravenelii AF093128 4 Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca AF352816 Calostoma cinnabarinum AF336243 Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca AF042007 0.91 Calostoma cinnabarinum MB04-007 Leucogyrophana mollusca AF098381 Pisolithus arhizus AF336262 Leucogyrophana mollusca AF352817 6 Phlebopus portentosus AF336260 Leucogyrophana romellii AY586686 Phlebopus sudanicus AF336261 Leucogyrophana olivascens AF167678 Phlebopus beniensis AY612822 Leucogyrophana olivascens AF352041 Phlebopus sp. OKM23801 AY612816 Leucogyrophana olivascens AF352042 Boletinellus merulioides AF336239 0.93 Leucogyrophana romellii Boletinellus merulioides AY612807 Leucogyrophana romellii AF098382 Boletinellus merulioides AF336239 Coniophora arida cf. suffocata 422 Gyrodon rompelii AY177257 Coniophora arida MB 1823 sp Hydnomerulius pinastri AF352043 0.94 Coniophora arida AF352037 Hydnomerulius pinastri Wang s.n. Coniophora puteana AF098377 Hydnomerulius pinastri AF352044 Coniophora puteana AF352039 0.94 Gyrodon lividus AF098378 Paxillus chalybaeus AY177268 0.94 Gyrodon lividus AF167677 Coniophora arida AF098375 Gyrodon monticola AF352040 Coniophora olivacea AF098376 Paxillus involutus AF167683 Paxillus gymnopus AY177269 Paxillus involutus AF167684 3 Coniophora marmorata AF352038 Paxillus involutus AF167682 Coniophora merulioides Paxillus involutus AY612815 0.91 Gyrodontium sacchari AY491678 Paxillus vernalis AF167685 Gyrodontium sacchari AY491679 Paxillus involutus AF167686 0.95 Gyrodontium sacchari AY491680 Paxillus involutus AF167701 Leucogyrophana arizonica AF098380 Paxillus obscurosporus CH290.98 Austropaxillus sp. HN 3434 Paxillus filamentosus AF167680 Gymnopaxillus vestitus AY177264 Paxillus filamentosus AF167681 8 Gymnopaxillus nudus AY177265 Paragyrodon sphaerosporus AF071531 Gymnopaxillus nudus AY177266 Melanogaster broomeianus AF098383 Austropaxillus aurantiacus AF098388 0.93 Melanogaster variegatus REG384 Austropaxillus squarrosus AF098387 0.95 Alpova trappei AF071456 Austropaxillus sp. HN 3440 Melanogaster tuberiformis AF074919 Austropaxillus infundibuliformis AY177267 Melanogaster tuberiformis AF167679 Austropaxillus infundibuliformis AF098393 Melanogaster ambiguus AF352046 Austropaxillus muelleri AF098392 Alpova diplophloeus AF071454 Austropaxillus boletinoides AF098386 Alpova diplophloeus AF352035 Austropaxillus chilensis AF098389 Suillus hirtellus Sh1 Austropaxillus nothofagi AF098391 0.93 Suillus hirtellus AY612828 Austropaxillus statuum AF098390 Suillus variegatus Sv1 Serpula lacrymans AF098402 Suillus punctipes145/97 Serpula lacrymans AF139974 Suillus punctipes AY612826 Serpula lacrymans AJ440939 Suillus plorans REG Serpula lacrymans AJ440940 Suillus acerbus REG Serpula lacrymans AJ440941 Suillus tomentosus REG Serpula himantioides AF518648 Suillus bovinus REG 2 Serpula himantioides AF098403 Suillus brevipes REG Serpula himantioides AJ440942 Suillus bellinii REG Serpula himantioides AJ440943 Suillus mediterraneensis REG Serpula himantioides AJ440944 Suillus collinitus REG 0.92 Serpula similis AY491670 Suillus albidipes REG Serpula similis AY491671 Suillus luteus REG Serpula similis AY491669 Suillus lakei REG Serpula tignicola AF352045 Suillus ponderosus REG Serpula incrassata AF098401 Suillus granulatus REG Serpula incrassata AY491672 Suillus pungens REG Tapinella atrotomentosa AY177260 Suillus cothurnatus REG Tapinella atrotomentosa AY177259 Suillus luteus AF042622 Tapinella atrotomentosa AY177261 Suillus luteus AY612825 Tapinella atrotomentosa AF098395 Suillus pinorigidus
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    Folia Biologica et Oecologica 10: 9–17 (2014) Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Fungal genomes tell a story of ecological adaptations ANNA MUSZEWSKA Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT One genome enables a fungus to have various lifestyles and strategies depending on environmental conditions and in the presence of specific counterparts. The nature of their interactions with other living and abiotic elements is a consequence of their osmotrophism. The ability to degrade complex compounds and especially plant biomass makes them a key component of the global carbon circulation cycle. Since the first fungal genomic sequence was published in 1996 mycology has benefited from the technolgical progress. The available data create an unprecedented opportunity to perform massive comparative studies with complex study design variants targeted at all cellular processes. KEY WORDS: fungal genomics, osmotroph, pathogenic fungi, mycorrhiza, symbiotic fungi, HGT Fungal ecology is a consequence of osmotrophy Fungi play a pivotal role both in encountered as leaf endosymbionts industry and human health (Fisher et al. (Spatafora et al. 2007). Since fungi are 2012). They are involved in biomass involved in complex relationships with degradation, plant and animal infections, other organisms, their ecological fermentation and chemical industry etc. repertoire is reflected in their genomes. They can be present in the form of The nature of their interactions with other resting spores, motile spores, amebae (in organisms and environment is defined by Cryptomycota, Blastocladiomycota, their osmotrophic lifestyle. Nutrient Chytrydiomycota), hyphae or fruiting acquisition and communication with bodies. The same fungal species symbionts and hosts are mediated by depending on environmental conditions secreted molecules.
  • Boletus Edulis and Cistus Ladanifer: Characterization of Its Ectomycorrhizae, in Vitro Synthesis, and Realised Niche

    Boletus Edulis and Cistus Ladanifer: Characterization of Its Ectomycorrhizae, in Vitro Synthesis, and Realised Niche

    UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche. Boletus edulis y Cistus ladanifer: caracterización de sus ectomicorrizas, síntesis in vitro y área potencial. Dª. Beatriz Águeda Hernández 2014 UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis AND Cistus ladanifer: CHARACTERIZATION OF ITS ECTOMYCORRHIZAE, in vitro SYNTHESIS, AND REALISED NICHE tesis doctoral BEATRIZ ÁGUEDA HERNÁNDEZ Memoria presentada para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia: Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Directora, Universidad de Valladolid Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Tutora, Universidad de Murcia 2014 Dª. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán, Profesora Contratada Doctora de la Universidad de Valladolid, como Directora, y Dª. Asunción Morte Gómez, Profesora Titular de la Universidad de Murcia, como Tutora, AUTORIZAN: La presentación de la Tesis Doctoral titulada: ‘Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche’, realizada por Dª Beatriz Águeda Hernández, bajo nuestra inmediata dirección y supervisión, y que presenta para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia. En Murcia, a 31 de julio de 2014 Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Área de Botánica. Departamento de Biología Vegetal Campus Universitario de Espinardo. 30100 Murcia T. 868 887 007 – www.um.es/web/biologia-vegetal Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Albert Einstein Le petit prince, alors, ne put contenir son admiration: -Que vous êtes belle! -N´est-ce pas, répondit doucement la fleur. Et je suis née meme temps que le soleil..
  • 9B Taxonomy to Genus

    9B Taxonomy to Genus

    Fungus and Lichen Genera in the NEMF Database Taxonomic hierarchy: phyllum > class (-etes) > order (-ales) > family (-ceae) > genus. Total number of genera in the database: 526 Anamorphic fungi (see p. 4), which are disseminated by propagules not formed from cells where meiosis has occurred, are presently not grouped by class, order, etc. Most propagules can be referred to as "conidia," but some are derived from unspecialized vegetative mycelium. A significant number are correlated with fungal states that produce spores derived from cells where meiosis has, or is assumed to have, occurred. These are, where known, members of the ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. However, in many cases, they are still undescribed, unrecognized or poorly known. (Explanation paraphrased from "Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Edition.") Principal authority for this taxonomy is the Dictionary of the Fungi and its online database, www.indexfungorum.org. For lichens, see Lecanoromycetes on p. 3. Basidiomycota Aegerita Poria Macrolepiota Grandinia Poronidulus Melanophyllum Agaricomycetes Hyphoderma Postia Amanitaceae Cantharellales Meripilaceae Pycnoporellus Amanita Cantharellaceae Abortiporus Skeletocutis Bolbitiaceae Cantharellus Antrodia Trichaptum Agrocybe Craterellus Grifola Tyromyces Bolbitius Clavulinaceae Meripilus Sistotremataceae Conocybe Clavulina Physisporinus Trechispora Hebeloma Hydnaceae Meruliaceae Sparassidaceae Panaeolina Hydnum Climacodon Sparassis Clavariaceae Polyporales Gloeoporus Steccherinaceae Clavaria Albatrellaceae Hyphodermopsis Antrodiella