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Javanese Influence on Indonesian PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series D - No. 38 JAVANESE INFLUENCE ON INDONESIAN by Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo (MATERIALS IN LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA, No.7) W.A.L. Stokhof, Series Editor Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Poedjosoedarmo, S. Javanese influence on Indonesian. D-38, viii + 195 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1982. DOI:10.15144/PL-D38.cover ©1982 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A - Occasional Papers SERIES B - Monographs SERIES C - Books SERIES D - Special Publications EDITOR: S.A. Wurm ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender John Lynch University of Hawaii University of Papua New Guinea David Bradley K.A. McElhanon La Trobe University University of Texas A. Capell H. P. McKaughan University of Sydney University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. MOhlhilusler Monash University Linacre College, Oxford S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. K.J. Franklin A.K. Pawley Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Auckland W.W. Glover K.L. Pike University of Michigan; Summer Institute of Linguistics Sum mer Institute of Linguistics G.W. Grace E.C. Polome University of Hawaii University of Texas M.A.K. Halliday Gillian Sankoff University of Sydney University of Pennsylvania A. Healey W.A.L. Stokhof National Center for Summer Institute of Linguistics Language Development, Jakarta; L.A. Hercus University of Leiden Australian National University E.M. Uhlenbeck Nguy�n Elling Liem University of Leiden University of Hawaii J.W.M. Verhaar Gonzaga University, Spokane All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Canberra, A.C.T. 2600 Australia. Copyright 0 The Author First Published 1982 Typeset by Christine Billerwell Printed by A.N.U. Printing Service Covers by Patria Printers Bound by Adriatic Bookbinders Pty. Ltd. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 261 5 TA BLE OF CONTENTS Page MAP I: THE DISTRIBUTION OF MALAY AND JAVANESE viii INTRODUCTION 0.1. Background of the Study 1 0.2. Scope and Plan of the Study 2 0.3. Definition of Javanese and Indonesian 2 0.4. Methodology 3 NOTES 4 CHAPTER I - BACKGROUND INFORMAT ION 5 1. The Linguistic Situation in Indonesia 5 1.1. Historical Background 6 1.2. Recent Sources of Influence 7 1.2.1. Indonesian in Djakarta 7 1.2.2. Direct Sources of Javanese Influence 8 1.2.2.1. Influence through Non-Javanese Living in Javanese Areas 8 1.2.2.2. Influence through Javanese Living in Non-Javanese Areas 10 1.2.2.4. Influence through Public Speeches by Javanese Political Figures 11 1.2.2.5. Influence through the Javanese Popular Arts 11 1.2.2.6. Influence through Literature 12 1.3. Reasons why Javanese is Increasingly Influencing Indonesian 13 1.3.1. Increase in Mobility 13 1.3.2. Indonesian as the National Language 13 1.3.2.1. Javanese Concepts 13 1.3.2.2. The Need to Express Polite and Humorous Ideas 14 1.3.2.3. Modern Western Ideas 14 1.3.2.4. The Need for Poetical Expressions 15 1.3.3. The Status of Djakarta 15 NOTES 16 iii iv Page CHAPTER II - JAVANESE INFLUENCE ON INDONESIAN PHONOLOGY 19 2. Types of Influence 19 2.1. The Introduction of New Phonemes 19 2.1.1. The Introduction of lei 20 2.1.2. The Introduction of 101 23 2.1.3. The Introduction of the /01 101 Contrast 25 2.1.4. The Introduction of the Ikl Iql Contrast 27 2.2. The Spread of Phonemes to New Environments 29 2.2.1. The Introduction of Final -eC# 29 2.2.2. The Introduction of Initial Homorganic Nasal-Stop Clusters 31 2.2.3. The Introduction of Consonant Clusters ICII, ICrl and ICwl 31 2.2.4. The Introduction of the Cluster -np- 33 2.2.5. The Introduction of the Clusters -ry-, -Iy­ 33 2.2.6. The Introduction of #w- 33 2.2.7. The Extension of Intervocalic Iwl to New Environments 37 2.3. The Increased Frequency of some Indonesian Phonemes and Phonemic Combinations 38 2.3.1. The Increase in the Frequency of lei 38 2.3.2. The Increase in the Frequency of 101 39 2.3.3. The Increase in Frequency of Initial and Postconsonantal Iyl 39 2.3.4. The Increase in Frequency of Intervocalic Iwl 40 2.4. Variety of Pronunciation 40 2.5. Word Shortening 41 NOTES 43 CHAPTER III - JAVANESE INFLUENCE ON INDONES IAN MORPHOLOGY 51 3. Types of Influence 51 3.1. Affixes Added to Indonesian: N- , pe- -an, ke- 51 3.1.1. N- 51 3.1.2. pe- -an 54 3.1. 3. ke - 54 3.2. Indonesian Affixes which have New Alternate Forms 56 3.2.1. The Replacement of per- by -kan 57 3.2.2. fJ, -nya 57 3.3. Affixes that have Developed New Meanings 59 3.3.1. ke- -an 59 3.3.1.1. Verb Forming ke- -an 59 3.3.1.2. Noun Forming ke- -an 61 3.3.1.3. Ke- -an meaning 'too (much)' 62 3.3.2. The Suffix -an 62 v Page 3.3.2.1. The Verb Forming Suffix -an 63 3.3.2.2. The Noun Forming Suffix -an 63 3.3.2.3. The Adjective Forming Suffix -an 64 3.3.2.4. Other Borrowings of Forms with -an 66 3.3.3. The Javanese Suffix -en 66 3.3.4. Doubling 67 3.3.4.1. Doubling which Forms an Adverb when Applied to a Number, an Adjective, or a Verb 67 3.3.4.2. Doubling which Forms a Verb when Added to a Verb or an Adjective 68 3.3.5. Doubling Plus -an 68 3.3.5.1. Verbs Formed by Doubling + -an 68 3.3.5.2. Nouns Formed by Doubling + -an 69 3.4. Indonesian Affixes with Increased Frequency 69 3.4.1. The Prefix m eN - 69 3.4.1.1. meN- Forming a Transitive Verb 69 3.4.1.2. meN- Forming an Intransitive Verb 69 3.4.2. The Suffix - i 70 3.4.3. The Suffix -kan 73 3.4.4. Reduplication 75 3.4.5. Reduplication Plus -an 76 3.4.6. Doubling with Vowel Change 76 3.5. Indonesian Affixes which have Declined in Frequency of Occurrence 77 3.5.1. ber- -kan 77 3.5.2. ter- -kan 78 3.6. Javanese Influence on Morphophonemics 78 NOTES 80 CHAPTER IV - THE INFLUENCE OF JAVANESE ON INDONESIAN SYNTAX 85 4. Types of Influence 85 4.1. The Introduction of New Syntactic Constructions 85 4.1.1. saya + Verb -nya 'I think I should (do the action indicated by the verb) to it' 85 4.1. 2. saya + Verb -kannya 86 4.1. 3. Constructions with Nominal Phrases 87 4.1.3.1. Borrowing of the Genitive Marker 87 4.1.3.2. Adjective + -nya, verb + -nya 87 4.1.4. bol ehnya + verb 'the way one (does the action indicated by the verb)' 89 4.1. 5. Saking + (nominal) -nya ...samp ay 'on account of (nominal) ... ' 90 4.1.6. yang + adjective 'do in an (adjective) way' 90 vi Page 4.1.7. Negation + Doubling 92 4.2. New Word Order 93 4.2.1. Noun + Numeral 94 4.2.2. Placement of Forms Meaning 'Very' Following Adjective 94 4.2.3. The Placement of Question Words 94 4.3. Decreasing the Use of Constructions which do not have Javanese Analogues 95 4.3.1. Subject + Predicate 95 4.3.2. The Replacement of Malay barang 98 4.4. Increasing use of Indonesian Constructions Analogous to the Javanese 100 4.4.1. Adjective + sekal i 'very (adjective)' 100 4.4.2. yang ..•'t he one which is ... ' 100 NOTES 102 CHAPTER V - JAVANESE INFLUENCE ON INDONESIAN VOCABULARY 105 5. Types of Influence 105 5.1. Loanwords 105 5.1.1. Loanwords Referring to Javanese Culture 105 5.1.2. Loanwords Referring to Elements of Indonesian Culture in General 110 5.1.2.1. Javanese Forms More Specific in Meaning than the Malay Equivalents 110 5.1.2.2. Javanese Loans with Unchanged Meanings and Exact Malay Equivalents 113 5.1.3. Loanwords Expressing Modern Western Ideas 115 5.1.4. Loanwords having Polite or Impolite Connotations 116 5.1.5. Loanwords Containing Poetical Expressions 116 5.1.6. Loanwords having Humorous Connotations 117 5.1.7. Loanwords Expressing Colloquial Style 118 5.1.7.1. mboq 118 5.1.7.2. koq 118 5.1.7.3. to 118 5.1.7.4. lho 119 5.1.7.5. lha 119 5.1.7.6. Other Words Expressing Colloquiality 119 5.1.8. Loanwords which are Homonymous with Existing Malay Forms 120 5.2. Loanblends 120 5.3. Loanshifts 122 5.3.1. Loanshifts in which Indonesian Changes the Older Meanings 122 5.3.2. Loanshifts in which the Range of Meaning of the Malay Form has been Contracted 122 5.3.3.
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