DOCSLIB.ORG

The Last Sea Nomads of the Indonesian Archipelago: Genomic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Last Sea Nomads of the Indonesian Archipelago: Genomic The last sea nomads of the Indonesian archipelago: genomic origins and dispersal Pradiptajati Kusuma, Nicolas Brucato, Murray Cox, Thierry Letellier, Abdul Manan, Chandra Nuraini, Philippe Grangé, Herawati Sudoyo, François-Xavier Ricaut To cite this version: Pradiptajati Kusuma, Nicolas Brucato, Murray Cox, Thierry Letellier, Abdul Manan, et al.. The last sea nomads of the Indonesian archipelago: genomic origins and dispersal. European Journal of Human Genetics, Nature Publishing Group, 2017, 25 (8), pp.1004-1010. 10.1038/ejhg.2017.88. hal-02112755 HAL Id: hal-02112755 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02112755 Submitted on 27 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License European Journal of Human Genetics (2017) 25, 1004–1010 Official journal of The European Society of Human Genetics www.nature.com/ejhg ARTICLE The last sea nomads of the Indonesian archipelago: genomic origins and dispersal Pradiptajati Kusuma1,2, Nicolas Brucato1, Murray P Cox3, Thierry Letellier1, Abdul Manan4, Chandra Nuraini5, Philippe Grangé5, Herawati Sudoyo2,6 and François-Xavier Ricaut*,1 The Bajo, the world’s largest remaining sea nomad group, are scattered across hundreds of recently settled communities in Island Southeast Asia, along the coasts of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. With a significant role in historical trading, the Bajo lived until recently as nomads, spending their entire lives on houseboats while moving long distances to fish and trade. Along the routes they traveled, the Bajo settled and intermarried with local land-based groups, leading to ‘maritime creolization’, a process whereby Bajo communities retained their culture, but assimilated – and frequently married into – local groups. The origins of the Bajo have remained unclear despite several hypotheses from oral tradition, culture and language, all currently without supporting genetic evidence. Here, we report genome-wide SNP analyses on 73 Bajo individuals from three communities across Indonesia – the Derawan of Northeast Borneo, the Kotabaru of Southeast Borneo and the Kendari of Southeast Sulawesi, with 87 new samples from three populations surrounding the area where these Bajo peoples live. The Bajo likely share a common connection with Southern Sulawesi, but crucially, each Bajo community also exhibits unique genetic contributions from neighboring populations. European Journal of Human Genetics (2017) 25, 1004–1010; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2017.88; published online 17 May 2017 INTRODUCTION biodiversity in the world, thus underpinning the Bajo economy based Rapid advances in sea faring technologies in Island Southeast Asia on exploiting marine resources including fish, tortoise shell and sea (ISEA) around 5000 years ago created an intricate network of cucumber. Within Indonesia, the Bajo presence extends over a wide maritime interactions, the leading example being the well-known geographical area (Figure 1). Historically, Bajo were frequently – expansion of Austronesian peoples.1 3 Triggering inter-continental associated with Sulawesi Bugis traders and ship owners12,17 and were maritime connections linking ISEA with East Africa and Remote well known for traveling with their families, even for long-distance 2,4–8 Oceania, these contacts drove exchanges of goods, ideas, cultures journeys reaching as far as New Guinea and Australia.21 The Bajo may fi 9,10 and people around the Indo-Paci cregion. Sea-orientated popula- have mediated westward dispersals into the Indian Ocean, perhaps tions, including sea nomads, emerged from this milieu, dominating even having a role in the Indonesian settlement of Madagascar.22 trade within ISEA for centuries and helping to structure population Although some Bajo communities live far apart today, they still have interactions across Indonesia and beyond. Today, the Indonesian similar social and cultural features, including shared shipbuilding and 11 archipelago hosts ~ 600 ethnic groups, of which only a handful are fishing culture, traditions and myths.17,23,24 Their languages belong to known for their sea-based lifestyles. Some, like the Bugis and Makassar a single subfamily, the Sama-Bajau subgroup on the West Malayo- of Southern Sulawesi,12 are maritime inter-regional traders that arose Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.25,26 This within the framework of regional empires, such as Malay/Hindu subgroup includes at least nine languages,11,18 with its highest diversity Śrīvijaya and Majapahit. However, these groups still have homeland in Sabah (North Borneo) and the Southern Philippines.18 However, territories on land. Far more extreme are ethnic groups that subsist the Sama-Bajau languages of Indonesia are poorly documented, and entirely detached from the land, living their whole lives aboard small fi boats, and as recently as 40 years ago, living as nomadic seafarers.13–15 an ongoing survey has identi ed at least three unrecognized languages The biggest group, the Bajo (also Bajaw, Bajau or Sama-Bajau),16,17 (Grangé, personal communication). Some of these languages are number approximately one million people, who today live in mutually unintelligible, suggesting that the Bajo diaspora started fi numerous scattered hamlets and villages recently created by the centuries ago, tting with oral tradition. Numerous loanwords indicate fl Indonesian government along the coasts of the Indonesian archi- that the languages spoken by the Bajo were in uenced by neighboring pelago, as well as Sabah in Malaysia, and the Sulu archipelago and ethnic groups with whom the Bajo interacted and socialized, in a South-Western Mindanao in the Southern Philippines.13,18–20 The process called ‘maritime creolization’.24 However, the extent of these geographical distribution of Bajo communities overlaps large parts of social interactions on the genetic composition of Bajo communities the coral triangle, which contains one of the highest rates of marine remains unknown. 1Equipe de Médecine Evolutive, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse UMR-5288, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; 2Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; 3Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; 4University of Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia; 5UFR des Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences Humaines, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France; 6Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia *Correspondence: Dr F-X Ricaut, Equipe de Médecine Evolutive, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse UMR-5288, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse 31000, France. Tel: +33 5 61 14 55 11; Fax: +33 5 61 14 59 79; E-mail: [email protected] Received 3 February 2017; revised 31 March 2017; accepted 13 April 2017; published online 17 May 2017 Indonesian sea nomad genomic origins and dispersal PKusumaet al 1005 Figure 1 Map showing the distribution of Bajo communities across Island Southeast Asia (yellow), together with the location of sampled Bajo villages (red dots) and sampled historically related communities (blue dots). The Bajo have no written history, instead relying on oral tradition, the Samihim in Eastern Borneo (n = 25), the Bugis of Southern Sulawesi especially epic songs, which say little about their early history. (n = 25), the Mandar of Southern Sulawesi (n = 23) and North Maluku Hypotheses about their origins have been drawn from this folklore, individuals from various linguistic groups (n = 14) as comparative populations. as well as linguistic studies and rare records from European sailors This sampling strategy is relevant for the statistical tests that are described from the 16th century onward.16 The Bajo diaspora may have below, both on population structure and admixture. Genome-wide SNP originated in Johor, Malaysia,13 or even Arabia,23 according to oral genotypes were generated using the Illumina Human Omni5 Bead Chip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), which surveys 4 284 426 single- tradition. Brunei and Southern Sulawesi have also been proposed 23,27,28 nucleotide markers semi-regularly spaced across the genome. Genotype data based on other Bajo stories. Linguistic surveys point toward the from previously published Bajo individuals from the Kendari community of 18 Sulu archipelago of the Philippines, and at an earlier stage, to Southern Sulawesi were also included (n = 32).29 New genotyping data have 26 Southeast Borneo. None of these hypotheses have been tested with been deposited at the European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA), which is genetic data. hosted by the EBI and CRG, under accession number EGAS00001002246. Here, we undertake a genomic survey to help clarify the history of A comparative data set was built from 110 worldwide populations compris- Bajo sea nomad populations. We present genome-wide analyses from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Domain Dan Bahasa Pilihan Tiga Generasi Etnik Bajau Sama Kota Belud
    96 Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), Volume 5, Issue 7, (page 96 - 107), 2020 Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) Volume5, Issue 7, July 2020 e-ISSN : 2504-8562 Journal home page: www.msocialsciences.com Domain dan Bahasa Pilihan Tiga Generasi Etnik Bajau Sama Kota Belud Berawati Renddan1, Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz1, Hasnah Mohamad1, Sharil Nizam Sha'ri1 1Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Correspondence: Berawati Renddan ([email protected]) ABstrak ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Etnik Bajau Sama merupakan etnik kedua terbesar di negeri Sabah. Kawasan petempatan utama etnik Bajau Sama di Sabah terletak di Kota Belud di Pantai Barat. Sebagai masyarakat yang dwibahasa, pilihan penggunaan bahasa masyarakat yang beragama Islam ini adalah berbeza-beza mengikut generasi dan domain yang berkemungkinan tidak berpihak kepada bahasa ibunda. Teori Analisis Domain (Fishman) diterapkan bagi mengkaji pilihan bahasa dalam domain khusus oleh peserta kajian dari Kampung Taun Gusi, Kota Belud, Sabah. Kaedah tinjauan dengan soal selidik digunakan untuk mendapatkan maklumat daripada generasi pertama (GI), kedua (GII) dan ketiga (GIII). Nilai min bagi setiap kumpulan dlam domain kekeluargaan menunjukkan bahawa GI dan GII Lebih banyak menggunakan bahasa Bajau Sama manakala GIII lebih cenderung kepada bahasa Melayu. Dalam domain kejiranan, GI memilih bahasa Bajau Sama namun GII dan GIII masing-masing memilih BM. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam domain pendidikan, keagamaan, perkhidmatan dan jual-beli, semua generasi memilih bahasa Melayu. Penemuan yang paling penting ialah generasi muda (GIII) kini sudah beralih kepada bahasa Melayu dalam domain kekeluargaan dan domain awam. Generasi ini bertindak sebagai pemangkin peralihan bahasa yang mendatangkan ancaman kepada daya hidup bahasa Bajau Sama, khususnya dalam domain tidak formal seperti kekeluargaan dan kejiranan.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2011.02128V1 [Cs.CL] 4 Nov 2020
    Cross-Lingual Machine Speech Chain for Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Bataks Speech Recognition and Synthesis Sashi Novitasari1, Andros Tjandra1, Sakriani Sakti1;2, Satoshi Nakamura1;2 1Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan 2RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project AIP, Japan fsashi.novitasari.si3, tjandra.ai6, ssakti,[email protected] Abstract Even though over seven hundred ethnic languages are spoken in Indonesia, the available technology remains limited that could support communication within indigenous communities as well as with people outside the villages. As a result, indigenous communities still face isolation due to cultural barriers; languages continue to disappear. To accelerate communication, speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) technology is one approach that can overcome language barriers. However, S2ST systems require machine translation (MT), speech recognition (ASR), and synthesis (TTS) that rely heavily on supervised training and a broad set of language resources that can be difficult to collect from ethnic communities. Recently, a machine speech chain mechanism was proposed to enable ASR and TTS to assist each other in semi-supervised learning. The framework was initially implemented only for monolingual languages. In this study, we focus on developing speech recognition and synthesis for these Indonesian ethnic languages: Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Bataks. We first separately train ASR and TTS of standard Indonesian in supervised training. We then develop ASR and TTS of ethnic languages by utilizing Indonesian ASR and TTS in a cross-lingual machine speech chain framework with only text or only speech data removing the need for paired speech-text data of those ethnic languages. Keywords: Indonesian ethnic languages, cross-lingual approach, machine speech chain, speech recognition and synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Voice and Split Absolutive Syntax Brodkin
    Philippine Voice and Split Absolutive Syntax Brodkin Philippine Voice and Split Absolutive Syntax Dan Brodkin May 28, 2021 Voice Systems The “Philippine-type” languages of the Philippines, Taiwan, and Indonesia show voice systems. • They have an ‘Agent Voice’ construction, where the external argument is absolutive. av;ext • This contrasts with a ‘Patient Voice’ construction, where the internal argument is. pv; int In many languages, voice also interacts with Ā-extraction and the definiteness of the int. (1) South Sulawesi: the Voice System1 a. Mam-baca=a’ buku. b. U-baca=i iting buku. av-read=1abs book 1eRg-read=3abs that book ‘I’m reading a book.’ ‘I read that book.’ Mandar Across these languages, the absolutive argument (“pivot”) shows systematic hierarchical privilege. This pattern has led to near-consensus that this argument sits above all others in theclause. Guilfoyle et al. 1992; Aldridge 2004; Rackowski & Richards 2005; Hsieh 2020 The Proposal Nevertheless, there is little agreement over the position of the absolutive and the nature of its movement. In today’s talk, I argue for a “High-Licensing” analysis: (Guilfoyle et al., 1992; Brodkin & Royer, 2021) § ¤ 0 ¦The absolutive argument undergoes a-movement to spec,tp as a result of licensing byt . ¥ This view allows these languages to be understood through the lens of “High-Absolutive” syntax. The Licensing Prediction The central insight of this model is that the absolutive argument cannot be licensed belowt0. This logic leads to a systematic prediction about any language which shows this syntax: § ¤ 0 ¦When t is unavailable, such a language must resort to a special strategy to license arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • What Javanese People Do When They Are in Ego Depletion State?
    “Toward sustainable healthy lives to promote well-being for all at all ages” WHAT JAVANESE PEOPLE DO WHEN THEY ARE IN EGO DEPLETION STATE? Nuke Martiarini Semarang State University, Faculty of Education, Psychology Department A1 Building 2nd Floor, Sekaran Campus, Gunungpati, Semarang, Central Java [email protected] (Nuke Martiarini) Abstract The results before (American research), conducted by Baumeister and Heatherton (1996) showed that when individuals depleted then more destructive. More specific, the behaviors are less normative. The purpose of this study was to determine how adult people, with background Javanese culture (which is different from the norms of Western culture) in expressing themselves when they are depleted. The study involved six informants experienced fatigue caused by the emergence of externally problems in long term. Data retrieved by using in-depth interviews. Before analyzed, researcher did data triangulation by checking the consistency of the answers, discussion with colleagues and informants. Furthermore, data is proceed in a phenomenological analysis, in order to obtain specific themes. The findings showed that the conditions of impulsive verbal appear on informants, while the impulsive behavior also appear but not shown in front of people who stimulate and did not lead to be a destructive action. In these conditions "self-restraint" in principle "munggah-mudhunke rasa" is used all of informants to control themselves. Keywords: ego depletion, Javanese people Presenting Author’s Biography Nuke Martiarini. I am a lecturer in psychology department. My major is cross cultural psychology. I am interested to explore about ego depletion accross culture, like what causes, how people express themselves in ego depletion state, and how to overcome ego depletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Lands, Indigenous Community and the Future of Sustainable Community Development: Dayak Community in Ensaid Panjang, Sintang, West Kalimantan
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 23, Issue 2, Ver. 9 (February. 2018) PP 14-20 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Lands, Indigenous Community and the Future of Sustainable Community Development: Dayak Community in Ensaid Panjang, Sintang, West Kalimantan Markus1, Zaenal Fanani2, Wike3, Luchman Hakim4 1Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Kapuas University, Sintang. Jl. Oevang Oeray, Sintang, West Kalimantan, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental Science, Graduate Program, Brawijaya University, East Java, Indonesia 2Facuty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University, East Java, Indonesia 3Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, East Java, Indonesia 4Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, East Java, Indonesia Corresponding Author: Luchman Hakim: [email protected] Abstract : The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between forest and indigenous community in Kalimantan Island, and how local institution was build to maintain the harmonious relationship between human and environment in Dayak community. This paper will describing some important external factor which are contribute to the changes of socio-cultural aspect of recent Dayak community in Ensaid Panjang. Result of the study shows that external aspects significantly influence the living system of indigenous community in Ensaid Panjang, and it is potently disturb the survival of the indigenous community to the future. The central government policy contribute significantly to the indigenous system. Forest disturbance and changes in long house (Rumah Betang) culture and tradition has been influence the community status. Transmigration programs has introduced new culture to the indigenous community in Ensaid Panjang, while central government in land ownership has decrease the access of indigenous community to forest resources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bungku-Tolaki Languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia
    The Bungku-Tolaki languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia Mead, D.E. The Bungku-Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. D-91, xi + 188 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1999. DOI:10.15144/PL-D91.cover ©1999 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), John Bowden, Thomas E. Dutton, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board.
    [Show full text]
  • Inequality of Opportunities Among Ethnic Groups in the Philippines Celia M
    Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas Inequality of Opportunities Among Ethnic Groups in the Philippines Celia M. Reyes, Christian D. Mina and Ronina D. Asis DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2017-42 The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute. December 2017 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 18th Floor, Three Cyberpod Centris – North Tower, EDSA corner Quezon Avenue, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines Tel Nos: (63-2) 3721291 and 3721292; E-mail: [email protected] Or visit our website at https://www.pids.gov.ph Inequality of opportunities among ethnic groups in the Philippines Celia M. Reyes, Christian D. Mina and Ronina D. Asis. Abstract This paper contributes to the scant body of literature on inequalities among and within ethnic groups in the Philippines by examining both the vertical and horizontal measures in terms of opportunities in accessing basic services such as education, electricity, safe water, and sanitation. The study also provides a glimpse of the patterns of inequality in Mindanao. The results show that there are significant inequalities in opportunities in accessing basic services within and among ethnic groups in the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Difference of Mesiodistal Tooth Size Ratio Using Bolton Analysis For
    Sriwijaya Journal of Dentistry (SJD) Volume 1 Issue 1 2020 : 13-22 https://jurnalkedokteranunsri.id/index.php/SJD/index The Difference of Mesiodistal Tooth Size Ratio Using Bolton Analysis for Palembang and Toba Batak Ethnicities Vida Irena Phelia1*, Arya Prasetya Beumaputra1, Indri Seta Septadina2 1Dentistry Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia 2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia *Correspondence author email: [email protected] Abstract Introduction. Bolton's analysis is often used to determine discrepancy in tooth size. Mesiodistal size of teeth in each race & ethnicity is different, resulting in a different ratio of mesiodistal teeth size. The mesiodistal tooth size ratio is very important in determining the orthodontic treatment plan so that a good occlusion can be achieved as the end result of treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the ratio of mesiodistal teeth size between Palembang and Batak Toba ethnic according to Bolton's analysis. Methods. This is a cross-sectional analytic study. The number of participants was 60 subjects divided into 2 groups, Palembang and Batak Toba ethnicity (n=30). All samples consisting of the maxilla and mandible study cast from each participant then were measured the mesiodistal size ratio of the teeth using Bolton's analysis with Sliding Caliper. The data were analyzed using an independent T-test. Results. The results of this study indicate that there is no significant difference between the ratio of mesiodistal tooth size according to Bolton's analysis of the ethnic Palembang and Batak Toba both in the anterior ratio and the overall ratio.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Preliminary Observations on Prosody and Information Structure in Austronesian Languages of Indonesia and East Timor Nikolaus P
    Chapter 11 Some preliminary observations on prosody and information structure in Austronesian languages of Indonesia and East Timor Nikolaus P. Himmelmann Universität zu Köln This chapter provides a brief overview of what is known about prosody and information structure in the Austronesian languages of Indonesia and East Timor. It emphasizes the fact that the prosodic systems found in these languages appear to differ substantially from the better known systems found in languages such as English and German and finds thattodate there is little evidence that prosody plays a major role in conveying information-structural distinctions. Of major import in this regard appears to be the fact that many Austronesian languages in the area appear to lack lexical stress as well as lexical tone. Consequently, intonational phrases lack (postlexical) pitch accents, the tonal inventory being restricted to a smallish number of edge tone combinations on the intonational phrase level plus a single boundary tone on the level of intermediate phrases. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of a major exception to these generalisations, i.e. the group of (Austronesian) West New Guinea languages that show a bewildering variety of tonal and stress-related distinctions. 1 Introduction Apart from some varieties of Malay, the prosodic systems found in Indonesian and East Timorese languages have not been investigated in detail to date. Still, from what is known from Malayic varieties1 and the few studies on other languages that have been published (in particular, Stoel 2006 on Javanese and Himmelmann 2010 on Waima’a) it seems likely that prosodic prominence does not have a major role to play in marking information- structural categories.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendices and Heferences
    Section V Appendices and Heferences A sub-adult female Sumatran orang-utan cif the dark, Southern type. 417 Section V: appendices and references A sub-adult male Sumatran orang-utan, apparently of mixed descent. 418 APPENDIX 1 TABLEXXVII List of vernacular names of the orang-utan (after Yasuma, 1994 and pers. dos.). Vernacular name Ethnic or cultural identity; [region) Hirang (utan) Kayan He/ong lietiea Kayan and Kenyah; [Modang, Long Bleh] Kaheyu Ngadju; Southern groups, [east Central Kalimantan] Kahui Murut; [Northern west Kai. groups, south Sarawak] Keö, Ke'u, Keyu, or Ma'anyan and Bawo; Southern groups, [Kanowit, South-Kal. prov. Kuyuh. and east of S. Barito] Kihiyu Ot Danum; [north Centr. Kai. prov.] Kisau or Kog'iu Orang Sungai; Northern groups, [east-Sabah] Kogiu Kadazan; Northern groups, [north Sabah] Koju Punan: Northern groups, [S. Blayan] Kuyang, Kuye . Kenyah, Kayan and Punan: [Apo Kayan, Badung, Bakung, Lepok Jalan, Lepok Yau, S. Tubuh, S. Lurah, Melap, lower S. Kayan] Maias Bidayuh, lban and Lun Dayeh; [Sarawak north of G. Niut, north West or Mayas Kai. prov., north Sarawak and north East Kai prov.; also western Malayu; West-Kalimantan prov.] Dyang Dok Kenyah; [Badeng, 5. Lurah] Drang Hutan modern lndonesians, islamized dayaks; transmigrants [lndo-Malay or Drang-utan archipelago] and Dusun [North Sabah] Tjaului townspeople [Balikpapan, Samarinda] Ulan!Urang Utan islamized Dayaks and coastal Kenyah; [Tidung regency, northeast- Kalimantan] Uraagng Utatn Benuaq, Bahau and Tunjung; [S. Kedangpahu, along S. Mahakam] also transmigrants [western East-Kalimantan] Uyang Paya .. Kenyah; Apo Kayan, [north East Kai. prov.] Mawas Batak, Malays; [Sumatra] and the Batek [in W.
    [Show full text]
  • Austronesian Diaspora a New Perspective
    AUSTRONESIAN DIASPORA A NEW PERSPECTIVE Proceedings the International Symposium on Austronesian Diaspora AUSTRONESIAN DIASPORA A NEW PERSPECTIVE Proceedings the International Symposium on Austronesian Diaspora PERSPECTIVE 978-602-386-202-3 Gadjah Mada University Press Jl. Grafika No. 1 Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281 Telp./Fax.: (0274) 561037 [email protected] | ugmpress.ugm.ac.id Austronesian Diaspora PREFACE OF PUBLISHER This book is a proceeding from a number of papers presented in The International Symposium on Austronesian Diaspora on 18th to 23rd July 2016 at Nusa Dua, Bali, which was held by The National Research Centre of Archaeology in cooperation with The Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums. The symposium is the second event with regard to the Austronesian studies since the first symposium held eleven years ago by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences in cooperation with the International Centre for Prehistoric and Austronesia Study (ICPAS) in Solo on 28th June to 1st July 2005 with a theme of “the Dispersal of the Austronesian and the Ethno-geneses of People in the Indonesia Archipelago’’ that was attended by experts from eleven countries. The studies on Austronesia are very interesting to discuss because Austronesia is a language family, which covers about 1200 languages spoken by populations that inhabit more than half the globe, from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island (Pacific Area) in the east and from Taiwan-Micronesia in the north to New Zealand in the south. Austronesia is a language family, which dispersed before the Western colonization in many places in the world. The Austronesian dispersal in very vast islands area is a huge phenomenon in the history of humankind.
    [Show full text]
  • Chopsticks As a Typical Dayak Borneo Weapon
    Chopsticks as a Typical Dayak Borneo Weapon Hamid Darmadi {[email protected]} IKIP PGRI Pontianak Abstract: The ancestors of the Dayak tribe who live amid dense forests and inhabited by various wild animals, inspire and motivate the Dayak tribe to make reliable weapons that are not only able to protect themselves from the fierce forest life, but also able to sustain the existence of the Dayak tribe as a whole . The ferocious wilderness of Borneo island has tapered the determination and enthusiasm "Dayak ancestors make" Typical "weapons called" chopsticks. "Chopsticks are made of iron wood (ironwood). Chopsticks have a length of 1.5 to 2cm. The best size for a chopstick Chopsticks consist of three main parts, namely: Chopsticks, chopsticks (damak) and chopsticks (spear made of selected iron tied to the end of the chopsticks). Chopsticks that rely on this blowing power, has a shooting accuracy of up to 200 meters, effective shooting distance of 25 to 30 meters to "typical" which makes the chopstick gun deadly because at the end of the dam is spiked / smeared poison in the form of gum ipuh and a mixture of deadly animals that are said to have no antidote. with the advent of Technology and Knowledge, chopsticks began to be rarely produced as weapons of war, but more at p production as a sports tool to clot and order. Keywords: Typical Dayak Weapon Chopsticks 1 Introduction 1.1 Background for making Chopsticks Weapons Living amidst a dense forest with tree trees that looms high and is inhabited by various wild and wild animals, has inspired Dayaks to make weapons that are not only able to protect them from the fierce forest life, but also able to sustain their lives both materially and moral.
    [Show full text]