PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series A - No.79 PAPERS IN WESTERN AUSTRONESIAN LINGUISTICS No.4 Donald F. Barr Sharon G. Barr Martha A. Martens Michael P. Martens tHo Sirk Barbara Friberg Timothy Friberg edited by Hein Steinhauer Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Steinhauer, H. editor. Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. A-79, iv + 333 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-A79.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A. Wunn EDITORIAL BOARD: D.C. Laycock, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton, M.D. Ross EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender H.P. McKaughan University of Hawaii University of Hawaii David Bradley P. Miihlhl1usler Linacre College, Oxford LaTrobe University Michael G. Clyne G.N. O'Grady Monash University University of Victoria, B.C. S.H. Elbert A.K. Pawley University of Hawaii University of Auckland KJ. Franklin K.L.Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C.Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G. Gillian Sankoff W. Grace Universi� of Hawaii Universityof Pennsylvania M.A.K. Halliday W.A.L. Stokhof Universityof Sydney University of Leiden E. Haugen B.K. T'sou HarVardUniversity CityPol)'technic of Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenbeck Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Leiden L.A. Hercus J.W.M. Verhaar AustralianNational University Divine Word Institute, Madang John Lynch C.L. V oorhoeve, Uruversity ofPapua New Guinea University of Leiden K.A. McElluinon Summer Institute of Linguistics All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies TheAustralian National University G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Australia Copyright © The Authors Maps drawn by Theo Baumann Typeset by Sue Tys Printed by A.N. U. Printing Service First Published 1988 Bound by AdriaticBookbinders Pty Ltd The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publicationwas made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. ISSN 0817-6760 ISBN 0 85883 3832 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page THE FUNCTIONS OF REDUPLI CATION IN DA 'A Donald F. Barr 1-9 DA 'A VERBAL AFFIXES AND CLITICS Donald F. Barr 11-49 DA 'A KINSHIP AND MARRIAGE Sharon G. Barr 51-75 FOCUS AND MOOD IN DA 'A DISCOURSE Donald F. Barr 77-129 PHONOLOGY OF DA 'A, CENTRAL SULAWESI Donald F. Barr 131-151 and Sharon G. Barr PHONOLOGY OF UMA Michael Martens 153-165 NOTES ON UMA VERBS Michael Martens 167-237 FOCUS AND DISCOURSE IN UMA Michael Martens 239-256 "HOW BIG IS YOUR RICE?" - UNITS OF Michael Martens 257-261 MEASUREMENT AMONG THE UMA PEOPLE FOCUS OR ERGATIVITY? PRONOUN SETS IN UMA Michael Martens 263-277 SOME NOTES ON THE INELEGANT GLOTTAL : A Michael Martens 279-281 PROBLEM IN UMA PHONOLOGY and Martha Martens TOWARDS THE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE tilo Sirk 283-302 SOUTH SULAWESI LANGUAGES: POSSESSIVE ENCLITICS IN THE POSTVOCALIC POSITION A DIALECT GEOGRAPHY OF BUGIS Timothy Friberg 303-330 and Barbara Friberg iii Steinhauer, H. editor. Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. A-79, iv + 333 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-A79.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. THE FUNCTIONS OF REDUPLICATION IN DA t A Donald F. Barr 1. INTRODUCTION Reduplication is a very common phenomenon of Austronesian (AN) languages. Numerous articles have examined the function of reduplication in various AN lan­ guages (cf. Gonda 1950, Taylor 1970, Harrison 1973, Johnston 19 77, Ro sen 1977a, 1977b, Ezard 1980 and Mo sel 19 78 , for examples) . In Da 'a (Pakawa) ,1 an AN lan­ guage spoken in Ce ntral Sulawesi (Celebes) , Indonesia, reduplication occurs as well. The purpose of this paper is to outline and illustrate the functions of this process in Da 'a. 2. TYPES OF REDUPLI CATION IN DA'A Languages vary in which part of words may be reduplicated . Some languages reduplicate complete words , including any affixation. others reduplicate word roots , and still others syllables . Mo st languages employ one or more such strategies in reduplication . In Da 'a only the first two kinds of reduplication occur productively , here termed complete and partial reduplication respectively . Syllable reduplication occurs in only a few rare instances and as such is not a productive process in Da 'a. 2.1 Complete redupl ication In Da 'a complete reduplication of words is found in which either 1) unaffixed words are completely reduplicated , or 2) roots with affixes are totally redupli­ cated . Examples of these two types are given below : mpu ' u-mpu 'u very totu' a-totu 'a parents; elders eo-eo every day tuja-tuja plants sa-nggani-sa-nggan i once in awhi le sa-mpu 'u- sa-mpu 'u one plant here and there Words which can be completely reduplicated include all countable nouns , numerals with accompanying numeral classifiers , certain adverbs (but not all) and a few verbs. Most verbs do not seem to be able to be reduplicated completely with affixation , but are commonly partially reduplicated . Papers in Western Austronesian linguistics No .4, 1-9. Pacific Linguistics , A- 79, 1988 . Do nald F. Barr 1 © Barr, D.P. "The Functions of Reduplication in Da'a". In Steinhauer, H. editor, Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. A-79:1-9. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-A79.1 ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 DONALD F. BARR 2.2 Partial redupl ication In the second type of reduplication , the root of the word is reduplicated while the affixation is not. This type of reduplication only occurs with verbs and adjectives , not with noun roots . na-sae-sae a long3 long time mo-tesa-tesa talk on and on nipaka-roo- roo rarana calmed his heart down nos i ngga-damba-damba have a good time together naka-kata-kata be very itchy 2.3 Syl lable reduplication ma-sadia-dia be continually ready Let us now examine in some detail the various functions of these types of redu­ plication in Da 'a. 3. REDUPLICATION INDICATING DIFFUSENESS OR INDEFINITENESS We here use the term diffuse to mean a non-specific number greater than one . The effect of reduplication in Da 'a is to mark on verbs and on nouns (countable) the feature diffuse , non-specific , more than one . On certain Da 'a verbs this has the effect of indicating a diffuseness of arguments associated with a given predicate . Some AN languages , such as Indonesian , can indicate mu ltiple or dif­ fuse actors or goals by reduplication of the verb root (Rosen 1977b) . In Da 'a, however, only mu ltiple goals may be thus marked . Mu ltiple actors may be marked by the Da 'a prefixes nos i- (realis form) or mos i- (irrealis form) . In addition to multiple goals reduplication in Da 'a commonly indicates verbal aspect; repeated action or a continuous action or state . The se aspects are thus diffuse in the sense that they indicate not just single , specific actions occur­ ring at only one point in time . Rather they mark actions that are diffused along the time spectrum , occurring either at more than one point on the spectrum (re­ peated action) or extending over a segment of that spectrum (continuous action or state) . With certain verbs of motion reduplication indicates a kind of locative diffuse­ ness in which the direction or goal of the motion is not specific . In certain verbs alternating directions of the motion � shown (e.g. back and forth , up and down) . In others random or indirect , non-specific movement is marked by redu­ plicating the verb root. In addition to these functions of reduplication of verb roots, a reduplicated countable noun becomes diffuse , multiple , no longer single . Also certain que s­ tion wo rds reduplicated mark indefiniteness , non-spec ific concepts . This con­ cept will be examined in some detail in section 3.3. Each of these various functions of reduplication will be illustrated in the following sections . 3.1 Redupl ication of verbs indicating multiple goals A reduplication of certain verb roots can have the meaning of multiple goals of the action, as in the following examples . (Material under discussion underlined.) THE FUNCTIONS OF REDUPLICATION IN DA'A 3 (1) Pade uma-na nom-bag i-bag i mbara-mbara ka ira romba 'a etu. then fa ther-his AF ,REAL-divide-RED thing-RED to they two that Then his fa ther divided his wealth between the two of them (his sons). (2) Uma-na nang-ala rot i pade nomba-bingga-bingga rot i etu ante fa ther-his AF ,REAL-take cake then AF , REAL-break-RED cake that with pal e- na . hands-his His father took some cake and then broke the cake into many pieces with his hands . In both examples above the effect of reduplication is to indicate many goals to the action . In (1) the father 's wealth was divided between two sons , and in (2) the cake was broken into many pieces .