MASCULINITIES IN FORESTS Masculinities in Forests: Representations of Diversity demonstrates the wide variability in ideas about, and practice of, masculinity in different forests, and how these relate to forest management. While forestry is widely considered a masculine domain, a significant portion of the literature on gender and development focuses on the role of women, not men. This book addresses this gap and also highlights how there are significant, demonstrable differences in masculinities from forest to forest. The book develops a simple conceptual framework for considering masculinities, one which both acknowledges the stability or enduring quality of masculinities, but also the significant masculinity-related options available to individual men within any given culture. The author draws on her own life, building on her long-term experience working globally in the conservation and development worlds, also observing masculinities among such professionals. The core of the book examines masculinities, based on long-term ethnographic research in the rural Pacific Northwest of the US; Long Segar, East Kalimantan; and Sitiung, West Sumatra, both in Indonesia. The author concludes by pulling together the various strands of masculine identities and discussing the implications of these various versions of masculinity for forest management. This book will be essential reading for students and scholars of forestry, gender studies and conservation and development, as well as practitioners and NGOs working in these fields. Carol J. Pierce Colfer is a Senior Associate at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and Visiting Scholar at Cornell University’s Southeast Asia Program, Ithaca, New York, USA. She is author/editor of numerous books, including co-editor of The Earthscan Reader on Gender and Forests (Routledge, 2017) and Gender and Forests: Climate Change, Tenure, Value Change and Emerging Issues (Routledge, 2016). The Earthscan Forest Library Series Editorial Advisers: John L. Innes, University of British Columbia, Canada; John Parrotta, US Forest Service—Research & Development, USA; Jeffrey Sayer, University of British Columbia, Canada; and Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Center for International Forestry Research, USA. This series brings together a wide collection of volumes addressing diverse aspects of forests and forestry and draws on a range of disciplinary perspectives. It is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, professionals, policy-makers and concerned members of civil society. Forest Ecosystem Management and Timber Production Divergence and Resource Use Resilience Russell Warman A New Era for Collaborative Forest Management Policy and Practice Insights from the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program Edited by William Butler and Courtney Schultz Forest Conservation and Sustainability in Indonesia A Political Economy Study of International Governance Failure Maxton Bernice-Lee Masculinities in Forests Representations of Diversity Carol J. Pierce Colfer For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/books/ series/ECTEFL MASCULINITIES IN FORESTS Representations of Diversity Carol J. Pierce Colfer First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Carol J. Pierce Colfer The right of Carol J. Pierce Colfer to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Colfer, Carol J. Pierce, author. Title: Masculinities in forests : representations of diversity / Carol J. Pierce Colfer. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020022564 (print) | LCCN 2020022565 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367403898 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367417000 (paperback) | ISBN 9780367815776 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Forests and forestry—Social aspects. | Forest management—Social aspects. | Masculinity. | Sex role in the work environment. Classification: LCC SD387.S55 C65 2021 (print) | LCC SD387.S55 (ebook) | DDC 363.37/9—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022564 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022565 ISBN: 978-0-367-40389-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-41700-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-81577-6 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC This book is dedicated to those many men in the world’s forests • who conduct their lives with a gentle, loving and respectful spirit; • who use their strength to protect and improve the lives of those around them; • whose intelligence contributes to a better and more equitable world for all. CONTENTS List of figures ix List of tables xi List of boxes xii List of contributors xiii Acknowledgements xiv Glossary xv Foreword: Multiple masculinities shed new light on forest management xviii Susan Paulson 1 Masculinities in forests: here and there, then and now 1 2 [Remembered] American masculinities from my girlhood (1940s–1970s) 24 3 Immersion in rural America: the case of Bushler Bay 45 4 Masculinities and muted gender in Bali and Kalimantan 67 5 Masculinities in conflict in West Sumatra 105 6 Masculinities among ‘the development set’ 141 7 Revisits to old haunts (with Andrew Balan Pierce and Sufiet Erlita) 177 viii Contents 8 The relevance of masculinities for forests and their management 218 Index 231 FIGURES 1.1 The research sites discussed in this book 7 3.0 A Bushler Bay logger harp example 45 3.1 Map of Bushler Bay and surroundings 47 4.0 A Kenyah harp example 67 4.1 Map of East Kalimantan research sites 75 4.2 Map showing cognitive distances between men and women in Long Segar, East Kalimantan, 1980 77 5.0 A Minang harp example 105 5.1 Map of Sitiung, within the island of Sumatra 106 5.2 Time allocation to eight productive activities by sex, Pulai, 1985–1986 120 5.3 Seasonal variation in allocation of labour to upland fields by gender, Sitiung 1, 1983–1984 126 5.4 Division of labour by gender in paddy rice, Sitiung 1, 1983–1984 126 5.5 Division of labour by gender in home gardens, Sitiung 1, 1983–1984 127 5.6 Division of labour by gender in upland fields, Sitiung 5, 1983–1984 127 5.7 Division of labour by gender in home gardens, Sitiung 5, 1983–1984 128 6.0 An international scientist harp example 141 7.0 Map of Ithaca 177 7.1 Self-reported attendance at community meetings, Long Anai and Long Segar, March 2019 197 7.2 Self-reported willingness to speak up at community meetings, Long Anai and Long Segar, March 2019 198 x Figures 7.3 People with whom respondents made decisions about household money in Long Anai and Long Segar, March 2019 199 7.4 Willingness to spend the night at one’s field without one’s spouse, Long Anai and Long Segar, by gender, March 2019 201 TABLES 4.1 Galileo means matrix—cognitive mapping study, Kenyah adults, Long Segar, 1980 78 5.1 Measure of community values and soil management concepts by ethnicity, Sitiung, 1985 112 5.2 Measure of community perceptions of men and soil management concepts by ethnicity, Sitiung, 1985 113 5.3 Ownership and hectarage of Pulai fields, using local field categories, June 1986 121 5.4 Ownership and control of income from the 52 rubber orchards reported in Pulai, June 1985 through May 1986 121 BOXES 3.1 A logger’s chord—breadwinning, independence and differentiation from women 56 4.1 Expeditions among the Iban—those left behind 80 4.2 On good-natured Kenyah men 84 5.1 Religious conflict in West Sumatra 116 5.2 Bathing in the Batang Hari 123 6.1 Anxieties about public speaking 156 7.1 Sexuality among the aged—ruminations from Ithaca 181 7.2 Examples of unflattering and fearful stereotypes about Dayaks from other ethnic groups 201 7.3 The fears of others encountering the Kenyah 202 7.4 Bilung, an excellent hunter from Long Anai, March 2019 204 7.5 A Kenyah woman’s courage 205 7.6 Sexual jealousy among the elderly 207 CONTRIBUTORS Carol J. Pierce Colfer is a cultural anthropologist much of whose work since 1973 has focused on peoples living in forests. She became interested in gender issues earlier still, while in high school (in the early 1960s), and has retained that interest ever since. Sufiet Erlita is in charge of CIFOR’s library and provided valuable help in ana- lyzing the quantitative materials from a March 2019 revisit to East Kalimantan for Chapter 7 . Susan Paulson has spent decades exploring farm and forest management in Andean and Amazonian contexts. She also learns about masculinities, gender and environment by facilitating workshops and collaborative publications, as well as graduate teaching in South America, Europe and currently at the Uni- versity of Florida. Andrew Balan Pierce is an artist, entrepreneur and martial arts expert who splits his time between Bali, Indonesia and Portland, Oregon and has long experience with the Kenyah of East Kalimantan, being half Kenyah himself. His contribu- tion to the book has added a masculine interpretation in Chapter 7 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the writing of this book, I have benefitted greatly from my affili- ation with Cornell University, particularly the Southeast Asia Program and Mann, Olin and Kroch Libraries. The Southeast Asia Program represented a fount of expertise and comparative materials. They contributed financially to my March 2019 field trip to East Kalimantan, and the libraries granted me easy access to abundant literature and resources and to my own fieldnotes, some of which I had already archived there.