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Nicht-Identität Als Bezugspunkt Von Bildungsprozessen BJÖRN-PETER PAETOW NICHT-IDENTITÄT ALS BEZUGSPUNKT VON BILDUNGSPROZESSEN EINE INTERKULTURELLE STUDIE ZUM (MAHAYANA-) BUDDHISMUS AUS ERZIEHUNGSWISSENSCHAFTLICHER SICHT vorgelegt als Dissertationsschrift an der Fakultät für Pädagogik der Universität Bielefeld Juni 2004 2 Meinen Eltern 3 4 Inhaltsübersicht 1 Einleitung: Auf der Suche nach Nicht-Identität................................................. 11 2 Identität als Bezugspunkt von Bildungsprozessen ............................................. 24 3 Nicht-Identität und Erfahrung im Buddhismus................................................. 64 4 Europäische Identitätskritik in Pädagogik und Philosophie........................... 215 5 Nicht-Identität als Bezugspunkt von Bildungsprozessen................................. 317 6 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse..................................................................... 471 7 Literatur ............................................................................................................... 497 8 Anhang.................................................................................................................. 519 5 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung: Auf der Suche nach Nicht-Identität .......................................................... 11 2 Identität als Bezugspunkt von Bildungsprozessen....................................................... 24 2.1 Zur Bedeutung (der Vorläufer) pädagogischer Identitätstheorien .................................... 24 2.2 Identität zwischen Autonomie und Emanzipation ............................................................ 34 2.2.1 Frühe pädagogische Identitätskonzeptionen..................................................................... 34 2.2.2 Identität als notwendige Fiktion ....................................................................................... 40 2.2.3 Ich-Stärke und Emanzipation in neueren pädagogischen Konzeptionen.......................... 44 2.3 Zur kommunikationstheoretischen und rationalen Ausblendung des Nicht-Identischen ....................................................................................................... 52 3 Nicht-Identität und Erfahrung im Buddhismus .......................................................... 64 3.1 Problematische Implikationen europäischer Buddhismusrezeption ................................. 64 3.2 Zur Rezeption buddhistischer Quellen.............................................................................. 75 3.3 Grundlagen buddhistischer Theorie und Praxis................................................................ 79 3.3.1 Der historische Buddha und die Entstehung des Buddhismus.......................................... 79 3.3.2 Nicht-Selbst (Anatman) .................................................................................................... 81 3.3.3 Anatman und Soteriologie ................................................................................................ 87 3.3.4 Anatman und Ethik ........................................................................................................... 94 3.3.5 Emanzipatorisch-soteriologische Pragmatik..................................................................... 99 3.3.6 Die Vier edlen Wahrheiten ............................................................................................. 101 3.3.7 Lehrsatz vom Entstehen in Abhängigkeit ....................................................................... 105 3.3.8 Ein psychologisches Modell von (Nicht-) Identität oder zur Dekonstruktion des Selbst im Buddhismus .............................................................. 109 3.3.8.1 Die psychologisch-philosophische Basis des Buddhismus: der Abhidharma................. 110 3.3.8.2 Der Wahrnehmungsprozeß und seine Faktoren.............................................................. 113 3.3.8.3 Befreiung als Läuterung des Bewußtseins...................................................................... 127 3.4 Die Schulen des Buddhismus und ihr Verhältnis zur Nicht-Identität............................. 136 3.4.1 Die frühbuddhistischen Schulen ..................................................................................... 137 3.4.2 Mahayana – das Große Fahrzeug.................................................................................... 152 3.4.2.1 Shunyata – die Leerheit .................................................................................................. 156 3.4.2.2 Nagarjunas Schule des Mittleren Weges (Madhyamaka) oder die Philosophie der Leere (Shunyatavada) ............................................................. 164 7 3.4.2.3 Cittamatra: Die Nur-Geist-Schule................................................................................... 181 3.4.2.4 Ethik des Mahayana........................................................................................................ 188 3.4.3 Vajrayana: Zum Aufweis des Nicht-Identischen im Identischen ................................... 195 3.4.4 Einheit und Vielfalt des Mahayana und Mahayana-Vajrayana ...................................... 201 3.5 Buddhistische Meditation als verkörperte Reflexion...................................................... 206 4 Europäische Identitätskritik in Pädagogik und Philosophie .................................... 215 4.1 (Pädagogische) Revisionen des Identitätsbegriffs in der (Post-)Moderne: Zur Verlagerung des Selbst ins Narrative....................................................................... 215 4.1.1 Exkurs: „Das Postmoderne Wissen“ oder vom Ende des Meta-Diskurses..................... 217 4.1.2 Der Sprachspieler oder das Subjekt als „Superzeichen“................................................. 227 4.1.3 Narrative Identität ........................................................................................................... 238 4.1.4 Personale Identität: eine unendliche Geschichte?........................................................... 245 4.2 Nicht-Identität und Erfahrung in der europäischen Philosophie..................................... 250 4.2.1 Exkurs: Charakteristika neuzeitlicher Identität............................................................... 250 4.2.2 Adorno: Zur Rehabilitierung des Nicht-Identischen....................................................... 257 4.2.2.1 Zur immanenten Kritik am identifizierenden Denken .................................................... 259 4.2.2.2 Der Vorrang des Objektes............................................................................................... 262 4.2.2.3 Versöhnung als Ergebnis gesellschaftlicher Veränderung.............................................. 266 4.2.2.4 Denken in Konstellationen.............................................................................................. 269 4.2.3 Merleau-Ponty: Zur Rehabilitierung des Leiblichen ...................................................... 273 4.2.3.1 Zwischen der Philosophie und den Wissenschaften ....................................................... 273 4.2.3.2 Zur „Unmöglichkeit vollständiger Reduktion“ als Ziel der phänomenologischen Methode....................................................................................... 276 4.2.3.3 Leiblichkeit als Vermögen des Zur-Welt-Seins.............................................................. 281 4.2.3.4 Nicht-Identität als Anonymität und Transzendenz inkarnierten Bewußtseins................ 287 4.2.3.5 Phänomenologie als eine unabschließbare Bewegung.................................................... 295 4.2.3.6 Die offene Struktur leibhaftiger Sprache ........................................................................ 297 4.2.4 Fragmente einer offenen Hermeneutik ........................................................................... 304 5 Nicht-Identität als Bezugspunkt von Bildungsprozessen .......................................... 317 5.1 Einleitende Überlegung zum Verhältnis von Buddhismus und (Erziehungs-) Wissenschaft ..................................................................................... 317 5.1.1 Zwischenergebnis der Untersuchung.............................................................................. 317 5.1.2 Verstehen des Nichtsprachlichen: Zum (sprachlichen) Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Meditation................................................................................... 322 5.1.3 Zur Verwendung und (bildungstheoretischen) Bedeutung von „Nicht-Identität“ ...................................................................................................... 332 8 5.2 Nicht-Identität als Erkenntnistheoretisches Bildungsmoment........................................ 337 5.2.1 Bildungstheoretische Reflexionen zur Nicht-Identität im Anschluß an Merleau-Ponty und Adorno und im Übergang zu buddhistischer Theorie und Praxis.......................................................................................................... 339 5.2.1.1 Bildung als sprachliche Dekonstruktion (Selbst-) identifizierenden Denkens ............... 339 5.2.1.2 Bildung als Wendung zur Leiblichkeit als Ausgangspunkt transrationaler Entwicklungsprozesse............................................................................. 354 5.2.2 Nicht-Identität oder die psychologische Struktur der Einsichtsmeditation im Verhältnis zu Identitätsbildungsprozessen................................................................. 370 5.2.3 Meditation als erkenntnisgerichtete Einheit von Rationalität und Erfahrung................. 390 5.2.4 Zum bildenden Charakter der (Einsichts-)
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