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Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: a Summary of the Evidence
Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Summary of the Evidence Michael Hayden, MD; Michael Pignone, MD, MPH; Christopher Phillips, MD; Cynthia Mulrow, MD, MSc Epidemiolgy power to precisely estimate major harms such as gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke.4,5 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including ischemic coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and The results of these first 2 randomized, controlled peripheral vascular disease, is the leading cause of trials were available to the members of the U.S. morbidity and mortality in the United States.1 In Preventive Services Task Force at the time of their 1997, the age-adjusted mortality rate due to 1996 recommendation.4,5 At that time, the Task coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and Force found insufficient evidence to recommend for atherosclerotic disease was 194 per 100,000 people, or against routine aspirin prophylaxis for the equating to more than 500,000 deaths per year.1 The primary prevention of myocardial infarction in estimated direct and indirect costs of CHD and asymptomatic people.6 stroke were $145 billion for 1999.2 Two additional large primary prevention trials Although the benefit of aspirin for patients with were published in 1998, and another was reported in known CVD is well established,3 the question of January 2001.7, 8, 9 In light of the new evidence, the whether aspirin reduces the risk of CVD in people U.S. Preventive Services Task Force sought to without known CVD is controversial. Two early reassess the value of aspirin for the primary randomized trials of aspirin in healthy men, the U.S. -
Goethe, the Japanese National Identity Through Cultural Exchange, 1889 to 1989
Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik pen Jahrgang LI – Heft 1 | Peter Lang, Bern | S. 57–100 Goethe, the Japanese National Identity through Cultural Exchange, 1889 to 1989 By Stefan Keppler-Tasaki and Seiko Tasaki, Tokyo Dedicated to A . Charles Muller on the occasion of his retirement from the University of Tokyo This is a study of the alleged “singular reception career”1 that Goethe experi- enced in Japan from 1889 to 1989, i. e., from the first translation of theMi gnon song to the last issues of the Neo Faust manga series . In its path, we will high- light six areas of discourse which concern the most prominent historical figures resp. figurations involved here: (1) the distinct academic schools of thought aligned with the topic “Goethe in Japan” since Kimura Kinji 木村謹治, (2) the tentative Japanification of Goethe by Thomas Mann and Gottfried Benn, (3) the recognition of the (un-)German classical writer in the circle of the Japanese national author Mori Ōgai 森鴎外, as well as Goethe’s rich resonances in (4) Japanese suicide ideals since the early days of Wertherism (Ueruteru-zumu ウェル テルヅム), (5) the Zen Buddhist theories of Nishida Kitarō 西田幾多郎 and D . T . Suzuki 鈴木大拙, and lastly (6) works of popular culture by Kurosawa Akira 黒澤明 and Tezuka Osamu 手塚治虫 . Critical appraisal of these source materials supports the thesis that the polite violence and interesting deceits of the discursive history of “Goethe, the Japanese” can mostly be traced back, other than to a form of speech in German-Japanese cultural diplomacy, to internal questions of Japanese national identity . -
In Der Defensive Asiens Buddhismus Zwischen Tradition Und Sektenwesen
Dezember 2001 Buddhismus 29 In der Defensive Asiens Buddhismus zwischen Tradition und Sektenwesen Als der Buddha starb, soll er nach werden, ist eine Abstufung der Würden- der großen Konfession Jodo Shinshu oft Auskunft der heiligen Schriften seinen träger nach Rangordnung bereits vor- mit dem Kaiserhaus verwandt. Schülern gesagt haben, er hinterlasse gegeben. Hohe Würdenträger werden keinen Nachfolger, denn seine Lehre nach ihrem Tod in der wiedergebore- Auch der chinesische Buddhismus weist sei sein einziger Nachfolger. Offenbar nen Gestalt gesucht. Doch gibt es in in seinen verschiedenen Richtungen wollte er, der den Menschen die Nichtig- den Nyingma- und Sakya-Traditionen eine derart starke hierarchische Glie- keit ihres Ichs zeigte, keine Hierarchien des tibetischen Buddhismus auch den derung auf. Doch was ihn und seine etablieren. Doch schon unmittelbar Brauch, dass religiöse Ämter in Fami- Hierarchien von den zuvor genannten nach seinem Tod kam es zu Streitigkei- lien vererbt werden, ein Relikt der Feu- Ländern unterscheidet, ist die Tatsache, ten um Kompetenzen und Führerschaft dalzeit. dass der Buddhismus in China auch in der damals noch jungen buddhisti- vor Mao nicht mit der Staatsmacht schen Religionsgemeinschaft. Heute ist verbunden war. Die aus Indien einge- der Buddhismus sicher die am meisten In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten führte Religion war im konfuzianischen hierarchisch strukturierte Religion der ist das Phänomen zu beobachten, China immer verdächtig und wurde im Erde. Zwar hat es für den Buddhismus dass die offiziellen, historisch Lauf der Zeiten oft verfolgt und unter- als ganzen nie eine dem Papstum ver- oder aktuell meist mit dem Staat drückt. gleichbare Institution mit internatio- verbundenen buddhistischen nalem Wirkungsbereich gegeben. -
Neutrophil Chemoattractant Receptors in Health and Disease: Double-Edged Swords
Cellular & Molecular Immunology www.nature.com/cmi REVIEW ARTICLE Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors in health and disease: double-edged swords Mieke Metzemaekers1, Mieke Gouwy1 and Paul Proost 1 Neutrophils are frontline cells of the innate immune system. These effector leukocytes are equipped with intriguing antimicrobial machinery and consequently display high cytotoxic potential. Accurate neutrophil recruitment is essential to combat microbes and to restore homeostasis, for inflammation modulation and resolution, wound healing and tissue repair. After fulfilling the appropriate effector functions, however, dampening neutrophil activation and infiltration is crucial to prevent damage to the host. In humans, chemoattractant molecules can be categorized into four biochemical families, i.e., chemotactic lipids, formyl peptides, complement anaphylatoxins and chemokines. They are critically involved in the tight regulation of neutrophil bone marrow storage and egress and in spatial and temporal neutrophil trafficking between organs. Chemoattractants function by activating dedicated heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, emerging evidence suggests an important role for atypical chemoattractant receptors (ACKRs) that do not couple to G proteins in fine-tuning neutrophil migratory and functional responses. The expression levels of chemoattractant receptors are dependent on the level of neutrophil maturation and state of activation, with a pivotal modulatory role for the (inflammatory) environment. Here, we provide an overview -
TOBACCO WORLD RETAIL PRICES (Ovor 5,000 Retail PI-ICM)
THE CIGAR AND THE TOBACCO WORLD THE POPULAR JOURNAL TOBACCO OVER 40 YEARS OF TRADE USEFULNESS WORLD The Subscription includes : TOBACCO WORLD RETAIL PRICES (Ovor 5,000 Retail PI-ICM). RETAIL PRICES THE TOBACCO WORLD ANNUAL (Containing a word of Trad* Brand*—with Nam* and Addrau In each cms*). Membership of: TOBACCO WORLD SERVICE JUNE 1935 (With Pott Fnta raplUa In all Trad* difficult!**). The Cigar & Tobacco World HIYWOOO A COMPANY LTD. Dmrr How*, Kin—U 3tr*M, Ontry Una, London, W.C1 trantfc OACM f Baadmur. •trmlnfhtn, Uteanar. ToWfTHM i OffUlfrunt, Phono, LonAon. •Phono I TomaU far M1J Published by THE CIGAR & TOBACCO WORLD HEYWOOD & CO., LTD. DRURY HOUSE, RUSSELL STREET, DRURY LANE, LONDON, W.C.2 Branch Offices: MANCHESTER, BIRMINGHAM, LEICESTER Talagrarm : "Organigram. Phono, London." Phono : Tampla Bar MZJ '' Inar) "TOBACCO WORLD" RETAIL PRICES 1935 Authorised retail prices of Tobaccos, Cigarettes, Fancy Goods, and Tobacconists' Sundries. ABDULLA & Co., Ltd. (\BDULD^ 173 New Bond Street, W.l. Telephone; Bishopsgnte 4815, Authorised Current Retail Prices. Turkish Cigarettes. Price per Box of 100 50 25 20 10 No. 5 14/6 7/4 3/8 — 1/6 No. 5 .. .. Rose Tipped .. 28/9 14/6 7/3 — 3/- No. 11 11/8 5/11 3/- - 1/3 No. II .. .. Gold Tipped .. 13/S 6/9 3/5 - No. 21 10/8 5/5 2/9 — 1/1 Turkish Coronet No. 1 7/6 3/9 1/10J 1/6 9d. No. "X" — 3/- 1/6 — — '.i^Sr*** •* "~)" "Salisbury" — 2/6 — 1/- 6d. Egyptian Cigarettes. No. 14 Special 12/5 6/3 3/2 — — No. -
B1–Proteases As Molecular Targets of Drug Development
Abstracts B1–Proteases as Molecular Targets of Drug Development B1-001 lin release from the beta cells. Furthermore, GLP-1 also stimu- DPP-IV structure and inhibitor design lates beta cell growth and insulin biosynthesis, inhibits glucagon H. B. Rasmussen1, S. Branner1, N. Wagtmann3, J. R. Bjelke1 and secretion, reduces free fatty acids and delays gastric emptying. A. B. Kanstrup2 GLP-1 has therefore been suggested as a potentially new treat- 1Protein Engineering, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark, ment for type 2 diabetes. However, GLP-1 is very rapidly degra- 2Medicinal Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark, ded in the bloodstream by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV 3Discovery Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, DENMARK. (DPP-IV; EC 3.4.14.5). A very promising approach to harvest E-mail: [email protected] the beneficial effect of GLP-1 in the treatment of diabetes is to inhibit the DPP-IV enzyme, thereby enhancing the levels of The incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP are released from the gut endogenously intact circulating GLP-1. The three dimensional during meals, and serve as enhancers of glucose stimulated insu- structure of human DPP-IV in complex with various inhibitors 138 Abstracts creates a better understanding of the specificity and selectivity of drug-like transition-state inhibitors but can be utilized for the this enzyme and allows for further exploration and design of new design of non-transition-state inhibitors that compete for sub- therapeutic inhibitors. The majority of the currently known DPP- strate binding. Besides carrying out proteolytic activity, the IV inhibitors consist of an alpha amino acid pyrrolidine core, to ectodomain of memapsin 2 also interacts with APP leading to which substituents have been added to optimize affinity, potency, the endocytosis of both proteins into the endosomes where APP enzyme selectivity, oral bioavailability, and duration of action. -
Code De Conduite Pour Le Water Polo
HistoFINA SWIMMING MEDALLISTS AND STATISTICS AT OLYMPIC GAMES Last updated in November, 2016 (After the Rio 2016 Olympic Games) Fédération Internationale de Natation Ch. De Bellevue 24a/24b – 1005 Lausanne – Switzerland TEL: (41-21) 310 47 10 – FAX: (41-21) 312 66 10 – E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.fina.org Copyright FINA, Lausanne 2013 In memory of Jean-Louis Meuret CONTENTS OLYMPIC GAMES Swimming – 1896-2012 Introduction 3 Olympic Games dates, sites, number of victories by National Federations (NF) and on the podiums 4 1896 – 2016 – From Athens to Rio 6 Olympic Gold Medals & Olympic Champions by Country 21 MEN’S EVENTS – Podiums and statistics 22 WOMEN’S EVENTS – Podiums and statistics 82 FINA Members and Country Codes 136 2 Introduction In the following study you will find the statistics of the swimming events at the Olympic Games held since 1896 (under the umbrella of FINA since 1912) as well as the podiums and number of medals obtained by National Federation. You will also find the standings of the first three places in all events for men and women at the Olympic Games followed by several classifications which are listed either by the number of titles or medals by swimmer or National Federation. It should be noted that these standings only have an historical aim but no sport signification because the comparison between the achievements of swimmers of different generations is always unfair for several reasons: 1. The period of time. The Olympic Games were not organised in 1916, 1940 and 1944 2. The evolution of the programme. -
Role of Extracellular Proteases in Biofilm Disruption of Gram Positive
e Engine ym er z in n g E Mukherji, et al., Enz Eng 2015, 4:1 Enzyme Engineering DOI: 10.4172/2329-6674.1000126 ISSN: 2329-6674 Review Article Open Access Role of Extracellular Proteases in Biofilm Disruption of Gram Positive Bacteria with Special Emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Mukherji R, Patil A and Prabhune A* Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India *Corresponding author: Asmita Prabhune, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India, Tel: 91-020-25902239; Fax: 91-020-25902648; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: December 28, 2014, Acc date: January 12, 2015, Pub date: January 15, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Mukherji R, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Bacterial biofilms are multicellular structures akin to citadels which have individual bacterial cells embedded within a matrix of a self-synthesized polymeric or proteinaceous material. Since biofilms can establish themselves on both biotic and abiotic surfaces and that bacteria residing in these complex molecular structures are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents than their planktonic equivalents, makes these entities a medical and economic nuisance. Of late, several strategies have been investigated that intend to provide a sustainable solution to treat this problem. More recently role of extracellular proteases in disruption of already established bacterial biofilms and in prevention of biofilm formation itself has been demonstrated. The present review aims to collectively highlight the role of bacterial extracellular proteases in biofilm disruption of Gram positive bacteria. -
Venous Thromboembolism
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES MOH/P/PAK/264.13(GU) Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism VTE Ministry of Health Malaysian Society of National Heart Association Academy of Medicine Malaysia Haematology of Malaysia Malaysia STATEMENT OF INTENT These guidelines are meant to be a guide for clinical practice, based on the best available evidence at the time of development. Adherence to these guidelines may not necessarily ensure the best outcome in every case. Every health care provider is responsible for the management options available locally. REVIEW OF THE GUIDELINES These guidelines were issued in 2013 and will be reviewed in 2017 or sooner if new evidence becomes available. Electronic version available on the following website: http://www.haematology.org.my DISCLOSURE STATEMENT The panel members had completed disclosure forms. None held shares in pharmaceutical firms or acted as consultants to such firms (details are available upon request from the CPG Secretariat). SOURCES OF FUNDING The development of the CPG on Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism was supported via unrestricted educational grant from Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals. The funding body has not influenced the development of the guidelines. ISBN 978-967-12100-0-0 9 789671 210000 August 2013 © Ministry of Health Malaysia 01 GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT The development group for these guidelines consists of Haematologist, Cardiologist, Neurologist, Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, Vascular Surgeon, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Anaesthesiologist, Pharmacologist and Pharmacist from the Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia and the Private sector. Literature search was carried out at the following electronic databases: International Health Technology Assessment website, PUBMED, MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews (CDSR), Journal full teXt via OVID search engine and Science Direct. -
Cysteine Proteinases of Microorganisms and Viruses
ISSN 00062979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2008, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 113. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2008. Original Russian Text © G. N. Rudenskaya, D. V. Pupov, 2008, published in Biokhimiya, 2008, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 317. REVIEW Cysteine Proteinases of Microorganisms and Viruses G. N. Rudenskaya1* and D. V. Pupov2 1Faculty of Chemistry and 2Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; fax: (495) 9393181; Email: [email protected] Received May 7, 2007 Revision received July 18, 2007 Abstract—This review considers properties of secreted cysteine proteinases of protozoa, bacteria, and viruses and presents information on the contemporary taxonomy of cysteine proteinases. Literature data on the structure and physicochemical and enzymatic properties of these enzymes are reviewed. High interest in cysteine proteinases is explained by the discovery of these enzymes mostly in pathogenic organisms. The role of the proteinases in pathogenesis of several severe diseases of human and animals is discussed. DOI: 10.1134/S000629790801001X Key words: cysteine proteinases, properties, protozoa, bacteria, viruses Classification and Catalytic Mechanism papain and related peptidases showed that the catalytic of Cysteine Proteinases residues are arranged in the following order in the polypeptide chain: Cys, His, and Asn. Also, a glutamine Cysteine proteinases are peptidyl hydrolases in residue preceding the catalytic cysteine is also important which the role of the nucleophilic group of the active site for catalysis. This residue is probably involved in the for is performed by the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue. mation of the oxyanion cavity of the enzyme. The cat Cysteine proteinases were first discovered and investigat alytic cysteine residue is usually followed by a residue of ed in tropic plants. -
Proefschrift-Banne-Nemeth.Pdf
Stellingen behorende bij het proefschrift Venous thrombosis following lower-leg cast immobilization and knee arthroscopy From a population-based approach to individualized therapy 1. A prophylactic regimen of low-molecular-weight-heparin for eight days after knee arthroscopy or during the complete immobilization period in patients with casting of the lower leg is not efective for the prevention of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. -this thesis- 2. For patients with a history of venous thromboembolism who are undergoing surgery or are treated with a lower leg cast, the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism is high. -this thesis- 3. Estimating the risk of venous thromboembolism risk following lower leg cast immobilization or following knee arthroscopy is feasible by using a risk prediction model. -this thesis- 4. A targeted approach, by identifying high-risk patients who may beneft from a higher dose or longer duration of thromboprophylactic therapy, is a promising next step to prevent symptomatic VTE following lower leg cast immobilization or knee arthroscopy. -this thesis- 5. The best treatment strategy to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism following lower leg cast immobilization or following knee arthroscopy is yet to be determined. 6. Prognostic models are meant to assist and not to replace clinicians’ decisions. Accurate estimation of risks of outcomes can enhance informed decision making with the patient. -Adapted from PLoS Med 10(2): e1001381- 7. The frst developed prediction model is not the last. 8. Voor de dagelijkse klinische praktijk is het essentieel dat onderzoeksresultaten op de juiste manier worden geïnterpreteerd en toegepast. Om dit te waarborgen is een intensievere samenwerking tussen epidemiologen en dokters aan te raden. -
Serine Proteases with Altered Sensitivity to Activity-Modulating
(19) & (11) EP 2 045 321 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 08.04.2009 Bulletin 2009/15 C12N 9/00 (2006.01) C12N 15/00 (2006.01) C12Q 1/37 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 09150549.5 (22) Date of filing: 26.05.2006 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Haupts, Ulrich AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR 51519 Odenthal (DE) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • Coco, Wayne SK TR 50737 Köln (DE) •Tebbe, Jan (30) Priority: 27.05.2005 EP 05104543 50733 Köln (DE) • Votsmeier, Christian (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in 50259 Pulheim (DE) accordance with Art. 76 EPC: • Scheidig, Andreas 06763303.2 / 1 883 696 50823 Köln (DE) (71) Applicant: Direvo Biotech AG (74) Representative: von Kreisler Selting Werner 50829 Köln (DE) Patentanwälte P.O. Box 10 22 41 (72) Inventors: 50462 Köln (DE) • Koltermann, André 82057 Icking (DE) Remarks: • Kettling, Ulrich This application was filed on 14-01-2009 as a 81477 München (DE) divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (54) Serine proteases with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances (57) The present invention provides variants of ser- screening of the library in the presence of one or several ine proteases of the S1 class with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances, selection of variants with one or more activity-modulating substances. A method altered sensitivity to one or several activity-modulating for the generation of such proteases is disclosed, com- substances and isolation of those polynucleotide se- prising the provision of a protease library encoding poly- quences that encode for the selected variants.