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1 $FFRUGLQJWRHPLQHQWVFKRODUVVXFKDV9HQ%KLNNKX%RGKLDQG9HQ7KDQLVVDUR%KLNNKX³$EKLNNKXQLLV HVVHQWLDO´LVDPLV-WUDQVODWLRQKHUHZKLFKVKRXOGUHDG³WKHHVVHQWLDOEKLNNKXQL´RU³WKHEKLNNKXQLZKRKDVUHDOL]HG WKHKHDUWZRRGRUWKHHVVHQFH´²that is the bhikkhuni Arahantas. Despite the mistranslation, this phrase, hand- copied and carried with me in my monastic bag for years, served as a great inspiration.
2 TKHDQDORJ\RU³VLPLOHRIWKHKHDUWZRRG´LVRQHRIWKHPDLQWHDFKLQJVLQWKH7KHUDYDGDQWH[WVLQZKLFKWKH Buddha relates his advice to the Monastic Sangha on the rightful aims and rightful goal of the monastic life. We may see for ourselves where attachment to the lesser gains and the hindrances related here may have bound or hindered WKHLVVXHRIZRPHQ¶VRUGLQDWLRQ,QWKHILUVWVLPLOHPRQDVWLFVZLWKVLQFHUHLQWHQWLRQVDUHHQMRLQHGQRWWRJHWFDXJKW XSLQWKH³ OHDYHVDQGEUDQFKHV RXWHUEDUN LQQHUEDUNDQG VDSZRRGRIWKHKRO\OLIH´ZKLFKDUHHTXDWHG ZLWK³JURZLQJQHJOLJHQWDQGOLYLQJLQVXIIHULQJEHFDXVHRIODXGLQJRQHVHOIDQGGLVSDUDJLQJRWKHUVRQDFFRXQWRI RQH¶VRZQJDLQKRQRUDQGUHQRZQLQWKHPRQDVWLFOLIH RQH¶VRZQDWWDLQment of virtue (precepts, sila RQH¶V own attainment of concentration (samadhi, meditative attainments); or (4) knowledge and vision (nyanadasana). 7KHKHDUWZRRGE\ZKLFKRQHLVIUHHGIURPVXIIHULQJLVKHUHVSRNHQRIDV³SHUSHWXDO´RU³XQVKDNDEOHGHOiverance of PLQGWKDWLVWKHJRDORIWKHKRO\OLIHLWVKHDUWZRRGDQGLWVHQG´ 01 ,QWKHVHFRQGDQDORJ\DWWDFKPHQWWRWKH IRUPHUJDLQVDUHUHYHDOHGDVFDXVLQJ³KDQJLQJEDFN´RU³VODFNHQLQJ´ZLWKLQWKH6DQJKD 01 2WKHUVLPLOHVDUH related to blindly clinging to wrong identity views that are empty of self and of the goal as a palm tree is empty of heartwood (MN.35), and attachment to the five lower fetters of a mind obsessed and thus enslaved by: (1) doubt, (2) adherence to rules and observances, (3) sensual desire, (4) ill will, and (5) personality views which are related to the various above-mentioned tree parts other than the heartwood. Non-DWWDFKPHQWWRWKHVHKLQGUDQFHV WKDWLV³FXWWLQJ WKURXJK´WKHPOHDGVWR³FRQILGHQFHVWHDGLQHVVDQGUHVROXWLRQ´ 01 $JDLQ,EHOLHYHLWZRXOGGRZHOOWRORRN LQWRZKHUHWKHVHKLQGUDQFHVPD\KDYHDFWHGDVVXFKLQWKHLVVXHRIZRPHQ¶VIXOORUGLQDWLRQDQGWKHQE\FOHDUO\ cutting through them, attain confidence and resolution. In the first and final ³6LPLOHVRIWKH+HDUWZRRG´LQWKH Majjhima Nikaya, the Elder Maha Kaccana, praised by the Buddha himself as a master of doctrinal exposition, HQMRLQVLQTXLUHUVQRWWROLVWHQWRDQGUHO\XSRQKHKLPVHOIEXWUDWKHUWRUHO\XSRQ³KHZKRLVYLVLRQKHZKRLV knowledge, he who is the Dhamma, he who is the Holy One, he who is the sayer, the proclaimer, the elucidator of the meaning, the giver of the Deathless, the lord of the Dhamma, the 7DWKƗJDWD´ WKDWLVWKH%XGGKDKLPVHOIZKRLV the Heartwood (MN 18 & MN 133). Thus there is an attempt here in the early sections of this paper to rely upon the consistent words and deeds of the Buddha himself to represent his expressed intention related to the Bhikkhuni Sangha he founded.
3 ,Q01WKH'KDWXYLEKDQJD6XWWDRU³([SRVLWLRQRIWKH(OHPHQWV´³UHILQLQJJROG´LVUHODWHGWRWKHSXUH bright and malleable equanimity of mind that arises with the abandoning and cessation of clinging to what is coarse DQGORZHUEULQJLQJDERXWWKHDELOLW\WRDFKLHYHRQH¶VKLJKHUJRDODQGSXUSRVH
4 +HUH³PLQLQJIRUJROG´RU³VHHNLQJKLGGHQWUHDVXUH´LVWKHSKUDVHH[SUHVVHGE\WKHWHDFKHU,Q01 this is associated with a person in a burning house seeking and (through eradicating the five lower fetters and GHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHWDLQWV FRPLQJXSRQD³GRRUWRWKH'HDWKOHVV´
5 Women are currently regularly encouraged to aspire to rebirth as men in Southeast Asian Theravadan Buddhist countries. Although the Buddha makes no such statement in the Pali text Suttas that I have ever seen, &RPPHQWDULDOOLWHUDWXUHZKLFKLOOXVWUDWHVZRPHQ¶VELUWKDVNDUPLFDOO\LQIHULRUFRPELQHGZLWKVWURQJEHOLHILQWKH merit of the full ordination together with the current non-ordination status of women, perpetuates this trend. See the end of footnote 15 for an example.
6 Regarding the subject of rebirth, other Commentarial sources would tend towards the drawing of a highly different conclusion on this subject. For example, in the Commentary to MN 141 as paraphrased by Hellmuth +HFNHULQ*UHDW'LVFLSOHVRIWKH%XGGKD S ³«0RJJDOODQDZKHQWUDLQLQJSXSLOVLQWKHVDPHZD\>DV6DULSXWWD@ did not give up concern for them until they had attained arahantship. This was because he felt, as was said by the
23
0DVWHUµAs even a little excrement is of evil smell, I do not praise even the shortest spell of existence, be it no longer than the snap of the fingers¶´$QGLQWKH4XHVWLRQVRI.LQJ0LOHQGD 3DOL-Miln 142), Ven. Nagasena sa\V ³For it KDVEHHQVDLG2.LQJE\WKH%OHVVHG2QH µ-XVW2%KLNNKXVDVDYHU\VPDOOTXDQWLW\RIH[FUHPHQWLVRIHYLOVPHOO so do I find no beauty in the very smallest degree of future life, not even for the time of the snapping of the fingers¶´
7 Here, Mahapajapati Gotami has asked the Buddha how the bhikkhunis should train themselves with regard to the precepts held in common with the Bhikkhu Sangha, to which this reply is given.
8 There are other time-frame theories for the foundation of the Bhikkhuni Sangha, including one year after the first teaching and twenty years after. This is a subject worthy of further research and investigation, as there are VRPDQ\GLVFUHSDQFLHVDQGLQFRQVLVWHQFLHVLQWKH³HLJKWJDUXGKDPPDV´IRXQGDWLRQVWRU\DVWR make it utterly untenable. Logical dating lies at the crux of this matter, particularly but not exclusively related to Vibangha histories of the formation and development of each of the garudhamma-like pacittiya precepts which lead to the conclusion that the story in its present form must be at least largely either a later construction or reconstruction. This leaves many open questions, but the certain knowledge that, at present if Mahapajapati Gotami was actually ordained with eight dhammas of respect, we do not currently know what they originally were. When and how the related bhikkhuni pacittiyas which developed over time came to be backdated to the foundation of the Bhikkhuni Sangha, we also do not know; we only know with certainty that this has happened. When it came to be required that the eight garudhammas should be the subject of the Bhikkhuni Ovada or fortnightly exhortation is also not clear, as the majority of Ovada examples that appear in the Canon do not mention them, but include other Dhamma subject matter.
9 Looking at the Pali texts alone, we find reference to the ehi bhikkhuni ordination in both the Vinaya and the 7KHULJDWKD$FFRUGLQJWR9HQ$QDOD\RWKHHKLEKLNNKXQLRUGLQDWLRQLVDOVRUHFRUGHGLQIRXURIWKHRWKHUVFKRROV¶ Vinaya¶VWH[WVDVZHOODVOLQNHGWRVHYHQVSHFLILFEKLNNKXQLVLQWKHAvadanasataka as recorded in Chinese. Skilling has also noted the Avadana references to ehi bhikkhuni ordination. Bhante Sujato claims to have found even further references to bhikkhunis ordained by this method. The use of both the ehi bhikkhuni ordination and the ordination by going for the three refuges would tend to place the foundations of the Bhikkhuni Sasana in the earlier period of the development of the Sangha.
10 The ehi ordination may be significant in that here we find the Buddha himself proactively calling forth quickly enlightened women to lead the Holy Life in his Sangha, without their even asking. We know that early on in the Bhikkhuni Sasana he instructed his Bhikkhu Sangha to give ordination and training to the majority of the women seeking it, and then compassionately adjusted and readjusted the ordination methods, according to the EKLNNKXQLV¶DQGFDQGLGDWHV¶RZQZLVKHVDQGVHQVLELOLWLHV
11 Sitting the bhikkhus on his left hand and the bhikkhunis on his right, the Buddha recommended that all might righly look to those foremost disciples of his Community composed of two halves, the Ubhoto Sangha, and reflect upon their memorable qualities as objects of meditation.
12 The GDLO\UHFROOHFWLRQRIWKH³7HQ*UHDW'LVFLSOHV´DSSHDUVWRDWSUHVHQWEHDQRUWKHUQ%XGGKLVWSUDFWLFHD still living remnant of the livelihood and teachings of the Theravadan (Sthaviravadan or Hinayana) Schools that flowed northwards into Korea, China, Japan and Vietnam, and in earlier periods throughout much of South and Southeast Asia. The Pali texts contain reference to the Thirteen Foremost Bhikkhuni Disciples²the Etadagga Bhikkhuni Savakas. In Thailand we find a number of monuments, temple artworks and images dedicated to these thirteen bhikkhuni arahanta theris as well as the ten great laywomen (upasika) disciples enshrined. Locations LQFOXGHWKH4XHHQ¶V&KHGLDW'RL,QWKDQRQLQ&KLDQJ0DLWKH)RUHPRVW%KLNNKXQL'LVFLSOHVZDOOSDLQWLQJVZLWKLQ the Temple of the Reclining Buddha at Wat Po in Bangkok, and the statuary images of these thirteen foremost bhikkhunis at Wat Songdhammakalyani in Nakhon Pathom. According to Skilling, blessing verses chanted in praise of the thirteen foremost bhikkhuni disciples were composed and recited regularly in the Lanna Thai period. The Pali recollection verse from the $QJXWWDUD1LND\D¶V Ekaka Nipaata Paa.li, Etadagga Vagga, Pa~ncama Vagga follows:
³Etadagga.m, bhikkhave, mama saavikaana.m bhikkhuniina.m ratta~n~nuuna.m yadida.m mahaapajaapatigotamii (Bhikkhus, among my bhikkhuni disciples, Mahapajapati Gotami is foremost for her seniority). Mahaapa~n~naana.m yadida.m khemaa (Khema is [foremost] in great wisdom).
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Iddhimantiina.m yadida.m uppalava.n.naa (Uppalavanna is [foremost] in attainment of extra-ordinary psychic powers). Vinayadhraana.m yadida.m pa.taacaaraa (Patacara is [foremost] of Masters of Vinaya). Dhammakathikaana.m yadida.m dhammadinnaa (Dhammadinna is [foremost] in explaining the Dhamma). Jhaaniina.m yadida.m nandaa (Nanda is [foremost] in meditative absorbtion). Aaraddhaviiriyaana.m yadida.m so.naa (Sona is [foremost] in ardent effort). Dibbacakkhukaana.m yadida.m so.naa (Sona is [foremost] in the Divine Eye). Khippaabhi~n~naana.m yadida.m bhaddaa ku.n.dalakesaa (Bhadda is [foremost] in quick penetrative attainment). Pubbenivaasa.m anussarantiina.m yadida.m bhaddaa kaapilaanii (Bhadda Kapilani is [foremost] in fully recollecting past lives). Mahaabhi~n~nappattaana.m yadida.m bhaddakaccaanaa (Bhadda Kaccana is [foremost] in the bases of great supernormal power & higher knowledge). Luukhaciivaradharaana.m yadida.m kisaagotamii (Kisagotami is [foremost] in wearing coarse rag robes). Saddhaadhimmuttaana.m yadida.m sigaalamaataa ti. (Sigalamata is [foremost] LQUHOHDVHWKURXJKWUXVW ´
13 I see no evidence that the Buddha was suspicious about having bhikkhunis, that he tried to limit their QXPEHUVRUWKDWKHWUHDWHGZRPHQ¶VRUGLQDWLRQDVXQLPSRUWDQW5DWKHUWKURXJKRXWWKH9LQD\DZHILQd the Buddha working to protect the Bhikkhuni Sangha from abuse by either deviant monks or laypeople, acting to ensure the bhikkhunis would receive both the material and the Dhamma requisites of the teaching and training that would facilitate their enlightenment.
14 In the absence of access to bhikkhus when there are obstacles, the bhikkhunis are also directed to ordain women alone, with only a message to and from the Bhikkhu Sangha.
15 In addition to the leading masters who have spoken of there being really no wish or need for the bhikkhuni ordination for women, a number of scholars have also brought forth similar reports related to the Thai nuns and the Thai laywomen who have been the subjects of their research. I would like to state here clearly that this has not been my experience. Perhaps this difference in experience comes from the difference in meeting with a fully-ordained female monastic compared to meeting with a lay researcher who might be expected to report what they say, bringing on fear. I will report on the response that arises in meeting the forth devadhuta²the vision of a bhikkhuni, a female samana. Both in the United States and in Thailand, everywhere I have been I have met Thai women who have confessed to me their aspiration to ordain. They speak of approaching family members or elder monks, voicing the wish in their hearts. I have witnessed this personally, both with Western and Asian women, dear friends inspired by WKH%XGGKD¶VWHDFKLQJDQG6DQJKD7KH\DUHUHJXODUO\DQVZHUHGWKDt as women, they may not. Often the possibility is suggested that, if they make merit well and dedicate their hearts to it, they may be reborn in another life as a man, or be reborn in the Sasana of the future Buddha Maitreya, and then be able to ordain, IXOILOOWKH%XGGKD¶VWHDFKLQJ and the Path and thus find liberation. Many women live with this wish, giving up their aspiration in this lifetime. It is a very common story.
16 7KHIROORZLQJLVWKHFULWLFDOFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQZRPHQ¶VPRQDVWLFWUDGLWLRQs that I was asked to make in the year 2003 when in meeting with monastic and lay administrators at Rajavidyalaya Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya Royal Sangha University in Bangkok. At that time, to the disappointment of the table, I was not able to give a balanced, well-informed critical response. This was due to my hesitancy to speak critically (particularly without full information) as well as my newness in Thailand and my then lack of complete FRPSDUDWLYHNQRZOHGJHRIWKH7KDLQXQV¶VLWXDWLRQUHODWHGWo that of the Korean bhikkhunis. This section hopes to remedy that, informed by the first-hand knowledge and understanding that developed in the time following.
17 See Appendix herein. I have been told by Thai researchers and Buddhist academics that the statement ³7KDLODQGKDVQHYHUKDGD%KLNNKXQL6DQJKD´RU³7KDLODQGKDVQHYHUKDGEKLNNKXQLV´WRFXUUHQWNQRZOHGJHPD\EH DFFXUDWHO\DQGFRUUHFWO\VWDWHGDV ³6LQFHWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQWG\QDVW\RI.LQJVWKDWLVsince the beginning of the Ayutthaya Period in the 14th century CE, Thailand has never had a Royally sanctioned and supported Bhikkhuni Sangha with dual ordination´
18 It is a common, shared history. Most of the living Buddhist traditions around the world, at one time or another, have been decimated, or nearly so, and have re-arisen. I know of no tradition that has been exempt. The Southern Theravadan Bhikkhu and Bhikkhuni Sanghas have both been eradicated due to political upheavals, and the
25
Bhikkhu Sanghas of Sri Lanka, Thailand and Burma have been revived with foreign assistance on numerous occasions.
19 Being in the presence of great Buddhist women and men who are ordained, who have faith and confidence, who have developed knowledge and vision, and who have skill in teaching is beneficial no matter what their tradition or lineage. These beneficent qualities transcend race, ethnicity, national boundaries and sectarianism²this transcendence being a hallmark of the Buddhadhamma Sangha.
20 Thai: tudong, Pali: dhutanga²the austerities or ascetic practices allowed by the Buddha, popularized by the Venerable Maha Kassapa. In Thailand, monastics may undertake a period of time when they take upon themselves one or any number of the thirteen dhutanga practices. In modern-day Thailand, tudong often refers to a monastic undertaking a radically simple and unfettered way of life, walking from place to place, sleeping in the forest, living only off of whatever is received during early morning almsround in whatever locale they happen to be passing through.
21 See Appendix herein.
22 Currently, there are several temples established by foreign Mahayana traditions with resident bhikkhunis in Thailand, including a branch temple from Fo Guang Shan in Taiwan and a Korean bhikkhuni temple. Neither these WHPSOHVQRUWKHLUPRQDVWLFVDUHDIIRUGHGOHJDO³WHPSOH´RU³PRQDVWLF´VWDWXVE\WKH7KDLJRYHUQPHQW
23 Looking at the walls of Wat Po in Bangkok in the Vihara of the Reclining Buddha at the great painting GHSLFWLQJ$VKRNDQGDXJKWHU6DQJKDPLWWD7KHUL¶V DUULYDOZLWKWKH%RGKLWUHHVDSOLQJLQ6UL/DQND4XHHQ$QXOD¶V request for ordination, and her going forth; one might be inclined to believe that in the early Bangkok era in Thailand the Sri Lankan Bhikkhuni Sangha history might have been more well known than it is today.
24 I have heard this affirmed repeatedly by ostensibly well-educated Thai friends. The quote here is from a 7KDLOD\PDQIULHQGUHDGLQJDQGWUDQVODWLQJGLUHFWO\IURPD7KDLFKLOGUHQ¶VSULPHURQ%XGGKLVWKLVWRU\ZKLOHDYLGO\ denying that there had ever been bhikkhunis anywhere outside of India.
25 According to the Thai National Bureau of Religious Affairs statistics for 2550 BE/2007 CE. However, without a formal monastic community or system of ordination, training and support providing documentation, it is very difficult to accurately ascertain the actual number of maechees in the country. So far, only a small percentage RIQXQVKDYHUHJLVWHUHGZLWKWKH7KDL1XQ¶V$VVRFLDWLRQ
26 7KH³1XQ¶V%LOO´DWWHPSWHGWRLQWURGXFHOHJLVODtion that would give official status and support to the maechees in 2004, but failed to pass and was followed by an official letter sent to every temple in the country QRWLI\LQJERWKWKHPRQNVDQGQXQVWKDWWKHQXQVKDGWKHRIILFLDOVWDWXVRI³XSDVLND´± that is, laywomen. Still, like bhikkhus, nuns are not allowed by law to vote. Again in 2007, a second attempt is being made contemporary to this writing to include provision for official status and support for the maechees in the new Thai constitution.
27 Here I am referring to the wearing of the kasaya-colored civara, the saffron patchwork monastic robe, also NQRZQDV³WKH%DQQHURIWKH$UDKDQWV´WR6RXWKHUQ%XGGKLVWWUDGLWLRQVDQGWKH³)LHOGRI0HULW´WRWKH1RUWKHUQ traditions.
28 Such potential becoming ripe and that fruit coming forth largely depends upon conditions. Where the conditions are good there may be great fruit. Where the conditions are not good there may be only a very few people with truly exceptional paramis who are able to grow and develop. Under harsh conditions, like a tree growing out of a crack in a rock, it may be beautiful like a bonsai but stunted, the fruits few and the benefits limited, QRWZLGHVSUHDG7KH%OHVVHG2QHKLPVHOIHXORJL]HG0DKDSDMDSDWL*RWDPLDVRQHVXFK³*UHDW7UHH´6RPHVD\WKDW WKHDQFLHQWEKLNNKXQLVKDGVXFKSDUDPLVDQGWKHEOHVVLQJVRIWKH%XGGKD¶VSUHVHQFHEXWGRXEWWKDWZRPHQWRGD\ can possibly have such quality of merit. I have seen this quality manifest in the contemporary Bhikkhuni Sanghas of Korea and China, where there are certainly still saintly women, excellent examples and teachers, bringing great benefit to our human society and world.
26
29 Men also inquired on behalf of female relatives.
30 Here, I am particularly referring to firstly the Vinaya imperative or affirmative responsibility that the Sangha has to give ordination to qualified applicants; secondly, to the time imperative that appears in the Vinaya; and thirdly, to the vision of the field, knowing that if no seeds are planted there will be no harvest, however if seeds are planted even in very untilled and minimally moist soil (minimal training or support) still a few of the very strong may grow and in doing so break the earth and attract and hold moisture.
31 Most everywhere I traveled, both in the cities and countryside towns and villages in the north and northeast of Bangkok, for the majority of the male monks, maechees and laypeople, it was the first time they had ever met a woman wearing the civara, the monastic robe. They were greatly respectful of the robe and the monastic livelihood which is normal for Thai people, when not confused by issues and politics.
32 Among other options proposed ± single ordination from the Tibetan Bhiksu Sangha alone would affirm the cultural solidarity of the lineage while dual ordination together with the Chinese Bhiksuni Sangha (or their Vinaya descendants) would be a tremendous gesture of harmony, peace and forgiveness, affirming our common heritage and Dhamma-Vinaya ancestry as Sakyan sons and daughters.
33 As of this endnoting, August 2007, our known numbers have quadrupled, reaching twenty (Mahasangha) with this Vassa. There are eight bhikkhuni wayplaces in the United States: four on the East Coast, three in the West. Plans are underway for the first national Bhikkhuni Sangha gathering for Patimokkha recitation and Vinaya Seminar in November 2007.
34 In fact, there is such an exponential growth of interest in Buddhism in America that we really need more monastics, both male and female, particularly those skilled and practiced in the Dhamma and capable of teaching, to fill the need.
35 Vinaya OLWHUDOO\PHDQV³WRDEDQGRQ´RU³UHPRYH´KLQGUDQFHVQRWWRFUHDWHWKHP:KHQXQGHUVWRRGDQG used rightly, it is meant to support the best opportunity for enlightenment in monastic life, not to prevent or prohibit it. The Vinaya does not recognize sects, nor consider nationalities or robe colors as an obstacle to ordination.
27 !""#$%&'(
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Endnotes to Appendix a A text of Sri Lankan origin taken to China and translated by Sanghabhadra about the time of Buddhagosa. The Chinese translation of the title of this Singhalese Vinaya commentary has been retranslated into Pali as the Sudassanavinayavibhasa. b Ruan Song Pra Thera Bye Prakat Pra Sasana Ni Thang Prathet²p 119 ³Puak dek ni tragoon praman 3,500 buat laew. Khuntida praman 1,500 nang gan buat laew. Pra thera nan dye pradit tan prasasana hye damrong man yu ni kwan suvanabum nan laew doy prakan cha ni. Jam derm ther nan ma chon [p 120] chow suvanabum gau dye thang cheu pauk dek ti gert ni ratchathragoon wa Sonuttara serp ma´ c Although this statement has been attributed to Ashokan son Mahinda Thera in his words to Sri Lankan King Devanampiyatissa regarding his reason for calling for his bhikkhuni sister Sanghamitta Theri and her peers to establish the Bhikkhuni Sangha, it is based upon various quotations from the Tipitaka. As amalgamated and SDUDSKUDVHGEULHIO\IURP$QDOD\R¶V :RPHQ¶V5HQXQFLDWLRQLQ(DUO\%XGGKLVP: Numerous early canonical passages concur with the clear statement given in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta that the Bhikkhuni Sangha is an integral part of Buddhist community, particularly the Lakkhana Sutta and the Pasadika Sutta of the Digha Nikaya. Even those outside the Buddhist order apparently perceived the existence of proficient female Buddhist monastics [bhikkhunis] as indispensable for the completeness of WKH%XGGKD¶V6DVDQD, as in the Mahavaccagotta Sutta of the Majjhima Nikaya, were we find the wanderer Vaccagotta, soon to enter the Buddhist Sangha and become an AraKDQWDSURFODLPLQJWKDW ³If, in this teaching, only the Reverend Gotama and the bhikkhus were accomplished, but there would not be accomplished bhikkhunis, then this Holy Life, wouOGEHGHILFLHQWLQWKDWUHVSHFW´²(sace ... imam dhammam bhavañc' eva Gotamo aradhako abhavissa bhikkhu ca ... no ca kho bhikkhuniyo aradhika abhavimsu, evam idam brahmacariyam aparipuram abhavissa ten' angena.) The degree to which the existence of the bhikkhunis is integral to the welfare of the Buddha Sasana is highlighted in Samyutta Nikaya 16.13: ³EKLNNKXEKLNNKXQL\RXSDVDNDXSDVLND\RVDWWKDULGKDmme ... sanghe ... sikkhaya ...samadhismim sagarava viharanti sappatissa. Ime kho ... pañca dhamma saddhammassa hitiya asammosaya anantaradhanaya samYDWWDQWL´ The conditions that lead to the duration of the Dhamma after the Buddha has passed away are treated in the Anguttara Nikaya which states these requisite conditions to EHWKDW³the four assemblies be respectful towards the Teacher, the Teaching, the Community, the training and towards each other´²(bhikkhu bhikkhuniyo upasaka upasikayo satthari ... dhamme ... sanghe ... sikkhaya... aññamaññam sagarava viharanti sappa issa. Ayam kho ... paccayo yena Tathagate parinibbute saddhammo cira hitiko hoti.) According to the Dakkhinavibhanga Sutta, from the perspective of merit, a gift given to the Ubhoto Sangha comprised of both bhikkhus and bhikkhus is superior to that given to the Bhikkhu Sangha alone, thus the absence of the Bhikkhuni Sangha would result in a deficiency of the Order as a recipient of gifts. Finally, in Samyutta Nikaya 42.7 we find that, in addition to being treated as superior recipients of offerings, the bhikkhus and bhikkhunis are reckoned together when it comes to receiving teachings, as they constitute the supeULRUILHOGIRUWKH%XGGKD¶VLQVWUXFWLRQV² ³seyyathapi ... khettam aggam evam eva mayham bhikkhu-bhikkhuniyo´ d Samantapasadika 62-63. e The translation of these texts into Thai was commissioned by Ven. Dhammananda Bhikkhuni in July 2007. f Skilling²Nuns of Southeast Asia g IQWKH%XGGKD¶VWHDFKLQJDSHUVRQULJKWO\EHFRPHVD%UDKPDQ KRO\ QHLWKHUE\ELUWK-caste nor by gender, but rather by their own virtuous and noble deeds.
38 h Due to the distinctive double circle breast motif i The author here wonders whether this may have been a drawing of the fabled royal Ayutthayan princess who secretly fled the palace life to be ordained as a bhikkhuni and live the monastic life against the wishes of her father the King. j The eminent teacher of Burmese Master Mahasi Sayadaw, 0LQJXQ-HWDYDQ6D\DGDZ¶V &(UHDVRQHGSURSRVDO for the reestablishment of the Bhikkhuni Sasana in Burma (although not accepted at that time) thus seems to have followed upon no more than 139 years lapse of the Southeast Asian Bhikkhuni Sangha. k See www.thaibhikkhunis.org ± Yasodhara 0DJD]LQH³EDFNLVVXHV´ l Entrance to the Vinaya I, pgs 4-5 on fulfilling conditions (sampatti) for ordination. Thai version published in 1903. m Entrance to the Vinaya III, pg 268. Thai version published in 1921, English in 1983. n Entrance to the Vinaya IIISJ ³´ o According to Mahachula, until that time Chinese Mahayana traditions in Thailand still had both Bhikkhu and Bhikkhuni Sanghas in Thailand, but with the establishment of these laws, they voluntarily gave up their practice of ordaining women. p 0DQ\RIWKHVHZRPHQKDYHEHHQDZDUGHGDV³2XWVWDQGLQJ:RPHQLQ%XGGKLVP´LQREVHUYDQFHRIWKH8QLWHG 1DWLRQ¶V,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RPHQ¶V'D\DWWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVLQ%DQJNRN7KHLULQIRUPDWLRQPD\EHDYDilable through Outstanding Women in Buddhism Awards Secretary General Dr. Tavivat Puntarigvivat or Founder Venerable Rattanavali Bhikkhuni.
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