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Chekhov, the Doctor As Dramatist: a Study of the Four Major Plays

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Chekhov, the Doctor As Dramatist: a Study of the Four Major Plays Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1981 Chekhov, the Doctor as Dramatist: A Study of the Four Major Plays Gloria Rhoads Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in English at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Rhoads, Gloria, "Chekhov, the Doctor as Dramatist: A Study of the Four Major Plays" (1981). Masters Theses. 3006. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3006 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 'I' 111;:sts REPRODUCTION CERTIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is rece1vrng a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtalned from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. Date I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because ·��- Date Author m CHEKHOV, THE DOCTOR ASDRAMATIST: - A STUDY OF THE FOUR MAJOR PLAYS (TITLE) BY Gloria Rhoads � THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Masterof Arts in English IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS 1981 YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE ? I/:z,., DATE b1 CHEKHOV, THE DOCTOR AS DRAMATIST: A STUDY OF THE FOUR MAJOR PLAYS BY GLORIA HHOADS B.A. IN FlIBNCH EASTERN ILLINOIS UNlVElllilTY 1973 ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillmen t of the requircmenLs for the degree of Master of Arts in English at Lhe Graduate School of Bas tern I llino.is Uni vc:rH i t.1 CIIARLES'l'ON , I.LL TN OlS 4l0j.QQ StudyinG the relationship of Che�hov's being a doctor to his being a dramatist reveals one reason for the scientifjc objectivity in his writing . Moreover , extensive reading of his letters and notes as well as careful �eadings of his µJays leaves little doubt that he himself considered that his career· as a doc tor had a great impact on the pl�ys he crea ted. Chekhov felt that a writer mus t not beautify reality o�· gloss over it but carefully presen t it as it is . He wrote that the writer mus t ren ounce subjectivity and report tl1c grime of life along with the good; he sugg�sted thut, no mat­ ter h6w unpleasan t the task migh t be, the writer mus t realize that dungheaps are no less a necessary part in a landscap� than the scenic beauty. Briefly, he was convinced that the dramatist should dispassionately witness life, record it honestly, and not judge any part of it. Chekhov set himself to give an accurate pic ture of all of Russian life by delving to its very core. No iota of . Russian life escaped his disc�rning vision as he studied the relationship between will and en vironmen t, freedom and neces­ sity, and man's character and his fa te. As he pursued thiu theme through ordinary , pedestrian characters , Chekhov revealed his judgement against cruelty , sreed, hypocrisy , against whatever degrades man and preven ts him from achieving full stature. Chekhov was most illum�hating when he wrote about doc­ tors, whom he considered moral people , for they do useful work. Being a doctor himself, he was able to draw insightful por­ traits of them--exploiting their shortcomings as well as 2 their virtues . His doctors are fallible human beings first and doctors only second. Chekhov's doctors were helpless to cure their patients , for most suffered from soul sickness rather than actual phys­ ical ailments . To him , soul sickness was largely a matter of self-indulgence and the essential result of individual and societal bumbling. It is only through suffering that his characters can become of service to society . Chekhov believed that the pain of existence could not be overcome although it might be eased. He carefully presented his characters in a state natural to themselves and, in so do�ng, revealed some of hls own admirable personality traits, such as his strong belief in conservation. The key to Chekhov's ob j ectivity is his sensibility to the fact that one's own fate, plus his mistakes , bound with the threads of one's environment, education, heredity , and thousands of circumstantial happenings determine the life of a man. The consciousness that man is created for great thint:s forced Chekhov to deal with everyday pettiness in order to show how incompatible man's daily existence is with his in­ herent possibilities. Chekhov's not ueing a typical, traditional turn-of-the­ century playwright accounts for much of his success today . He did not write to please the critics or the masses, but to satisfy that within himself which said he must portray life as it really is. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction •........... 1 Elements of Concern and Detachment in Chekhov's Drama 4 Doc to-rs . 8 Treatment of Diseases . Jo Curing Moral Malaise • . J9 Objective but Sympathetic View of Mankind 25 Conclusion . 27 Footnotes . • . 29 Bibliography . 1 INTRO.DU CTI ON The main purpose of this paper is to explore the influ­ ence Chekhov's being a doctor had on the style and content of his plays. Such influences include a detached attitud e, a keen perception of detail , an understanding of a doctor's lot , some concern with the treatment of diseases, especially that of moral malaise , and an objective but sympathetic view of mankind. Not only did Chekhov reveal these characteris tics in hls literature but also in his many letters so much so that almost no work about Anton Chekhov can be considered complete without recourse to one or more of his letters. Since he was a volu- minous letter writer who frequently revealed many things about himself and his works in this. mode, it seems only appropriate to begin with the words which Chekhov himself wrote about the realism and objectivity that characterize his artistic con- cerns: The writer is not a pastry cook, a beautician , or an entertainer. How­ ever unpleasant it may be to him, he must conquer his squeamishness, must soil his imagination with the grime of life. He is the same as an ordinary reporter. For chemists there is nothing unclean on the earth. The writer also must be objective, like the chemist; he must renounce everyday subjectivity and know that dungheaps in a land­ scape play a very respectable role and evil passions are just as much part of life as good ones. l 2 Chekhov was not content merely to observe surfaces; 2 his special talent was the ability to penetrate to the core around which the outer life is shaped. 3 At the same time, he sought to achieve the utmost brevity by eliminating anything super- fluous without necessitating an emphasis on advising, instruct- ing, or explaining to establish the clarity and fore� of hiu main topic: the unhappiness of Russian life. Rather, his technique in rendering this unhappiness both convincinr, and striking was to utilize humdrum everyday trifles to evoke "that state of pervasive inner toxicity in which man lives from day to day ."4 In examining everyday life, medicine was a precious tool for Chekhov, writer and doctor, for ob tain ing knowledge of man and his society and as a sclentific �upport for his arLis- c:: tic observation and analysis of material.J The benefits of his medical training and practice unquestionably influeuced his artistic career; they "brought hornc to Chekhov with rC'­ markable fulln·ess the horror of life, the crtielty of nattirc, 6 and the impotence of man." He wrote the following concernin1, the influence of medicine on his writing: It enlarged considerably my circle of observation, enriched my knowledge, the value of which for me as a writer only a doctor can understand; ... and it kept me from making many mis­ takes. Acquaintance with natural sci­ ence, with the scientific method al­ ways kept me on my guard, and I tried� wherever possible, to keep to scien­ tific facts, and where that was im­ possible--preferred not to write at all ....To those men of letters who do no t like science, I don' t belong; and to those who reach all conclusions by their own wits,--I should not want to belong.7 3 Helying on his scien tific objectivi ty, Chekhov expressed the credo of a physician: "My holy of holies is the human body, health , intelligence , talen t, inspiration , love and absolute freedom--freedom from force and fal sehood, no matter how the 8 last two manifest themselves. 11 As a doctor, Chekhov knew that medicine begins with the problem of diagnosis and ends with the problem of treatment; as a writer, he diagnosed the· problem, but said that an artist should not solve the probl em. He should state the problem correctly , transcend the contra­ dictions between social and personal , large and small .9 Chekhov could be neither just a doctor nor just a wri ter; for him, bo th careers had vi tal roles in his life as he explained to a friend in a letter: Medicine is my lawful wife, and lit­ erature ls my mistress.
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