August 2020 Access to employment in Central London

Context Report structure It’s easy to think about London – and particularly Central 1. Employment hubs in Central London London – as a city where everything is accessible; where anyone can get from A to B with a tap of their Oyster card. 2. Understanding transport catchments The reality is much more complex than that. London is a city with 9 million residents, all with different needs and 3. Low accessibility neighbourhoods challenges. It’s also a city with complicated physical and 4. Key findings and implications economic geographies. These factors mean that not every resident has equal opportunity to access the employment opportunity that the city offers.

Central London Forward (CLF) have commissioned a study to explore the geographic nature of employment in Central London. The aims of this study were to understand:

• Where key sites of employment – and employment growth – are.

• What the transport catchments look like for these sites – from which neighbourhoods do people struggle to reach these sites?

• For these neighbourhoods, does this manifest in low employment levels and low salaries? What other barriers to employment do people living here face? Covid-19

The data and analysis in this report are all derived from pre-2020 sources, prior to the onset of Covid- 19 and its impacts. The findings identify the socio- economic and geographic challenges experienced across the Central London Forward area, and key analysis and findings. As we emerge from lockdown it is important that any recommendations to improve the accessibility to employment align with the measures being deployed by the London Boroughs, TfL and the GLA. Employment in Central London Employment hubs in Central London

Nine employment hubs were identified as being key employment sites in the CLF area, being based on the following criteria:

• Total jobs

• Absolute employment growth (2010-18)

• Percentage employment growth (2010-18)

Economic Context There were over three million 1. Food and beverage jobs in Inner London in 2018. 2. Retail Seven sectors accounted for 3. Headquarters and over 40% of these, each having management over 150,000 jobs. In 4. Human health activities descending order, these sectors 5. Education are: 6. Financial services 7. Legal & accounting activities

Transport Context Under 40% of households in Public transport accounts for and walking from 35% to close Inner London have access to a approximately 35% of trips made to 40% over the same period. car: people typically rely on in inner London. Private public and active travel modes to transport has declined from 27% get around, particularly at peak of trips to 20% between 2005/06 times. and 2018/19, while cycle trips increased from 2.5% to 4.4% The City of London

Total jobs Job density

348,000 47% 510,000

2010 2018 150,000 jobs per Sector Analysis km2 Most jobs % of Central London sector

Financial services Auxiliary financial 77,800 jobs 55%

Auxiliary financial Financial services 76,500 jobs 47%

Legal & accounting Legal and accounting 56,500 jobs 36% Description The local authority for the City is Key landmarks include St Paul’s the City of London Corporation. Cathedral, the Bank of England, Aligning with the old city walls, the Barbican and Smithfield the City acts as London’s market. Central Business District and has become a byword for financial services. Economic Context The City has the most jobs and Although not the highest buildings over 100m in London, the highest density of jobs of percentage increase since 2008, 15 are in the City; 8 of the 13 any area of London. Finance, the City’s 160,000 additional with planning permission to be accounting and legal services jobs is the largest absolute built are also in the City, account for over 40% of jobs in increase. including the European Trade the area. Major corporations are Centre Tower 1, granted headquartered in the City, The City’s job density is a result permission in May 2020, which including law firms, banks and of its large number of tall will be the tallest building in insurance companies. buildings: of the 33 office Europe when complete. Transport Context The City is well served by public Moorgate, Cannon Street, needs of people walking and transport. The Central, Circle, Blackfriars and Fenchurch Street aims to reduce motor traffic by District, Hammersmith & City, are all national rail terminals. reallocating road space and, in Metropolitan, Northern, and The areas is well served by high many places, prohibiting access Waterloo and City lines all enter frequency bus routes. to motor vehicles. This has been the area, as well as Dockland accelerated by the response to Light Railway and the London The City of London’s 2019 COVID-19. Overground. Liverpool Street, Transport Strategy prioritises the The West End Total jobs Job density

208,000 250,000 20% 2010 2018 115,000 jobs per 2 Sector Analysis km Most jobs % of Central London sector

Retail Film, TV & Music 32,370 jobs 29%

Food & beverage Real Estate 27,900 jobs 19%

HQ & Management Retail 23,000 jobs 17% Description The West End is a loosely bound on its eastern side by the nightlife; Mayfair hosts many defined area but for the boundary of the borough of luxury hotels and restaurants; purposes of this study, it covers Camden. Each of the four areas Fitzrovia is a residential, leisure Fitzrovia, Marylebone, Soho and have a specific character: and office-based area and Mayfair. The whole area fals Marylebone is more residential; includes the BBC’s Broadcasting within the City of Westminster, Soho the centre of London’s House.

Economic Context After the City, the West End has multiple functions – a typical 6- quarter of West End jobs are the most jobs of any area in storey building may have a bar either in the retail or food and London. These jobs are at a in the basement, a shop on the beverage sector, contributing to very high density,. This is not as ground floor and offices above. a significant night time economy. a factor of very tall buildings – Its reputation as London’s only Centre Point is over 100m, cultural hub can be seen in the which is being converted to flats. data: a third of inner London’s It is more related to many of its film, TV and music production medium density buildings having are in the West End and a Transport Context Although only three southern border through Green There are 13 bus routes along Underground stations lie within Park, Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Street and Regent Street the boundaries drawn, together Leicester Square, while the which form the spine of the area. they are served by the Bakerloo, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & Night buses are also very Victoria, Jubilee, Northern and City and Circle lines run through frequent. Central lines. Nearby, the Great Portland Street, to the Piccadilly line runs along the north of the area. Isle of Dogs

Total jobs Job density 58% 97,300 153,000 2010 2018 53,000 jobs per km2 Sector Analysis Most jobs % of Central London sector Financial services Financial services 39,300 jobs 23%

Building & Legal & accounting 18,000 jobs landscape services 16%

Auxiliary financial Security & investigation 15,300 jobs 15% Description The Isle of Dogs is a relatively higher property prices, average 1998, who oversaw conversion young centre for jobs: as late as salaries and building heights to high salary jobs and luxury the 1980s the area consisted of than the rest of the borough. flats including the completion of obsolete docks. It lies within the This is a legacy of it being Canary Wharf’s One Canada borough of Tower Hamlets, but controlled by the London Square in 1991. its character contrasts with Docklands Development much of the borough. It has far Corporation between 1981 and Economic Context The Isle of Dogs hosts similar However, there are almost 3 quality public realm. The area sectors to the City, but with less jobs per km2 in the City for every also acts as a centre for specific variation: over half of area’s jobs 1 in the Isle of Dogs. Despite the industries, such as security and are in financial, legal or number of tall buildings in the investigation and building and accounting services. area, the employment density is landscape services. relative low due to large areas principally due to the historic dock infrastructure and high

Transport Context The growth of the area has been Canary Wharf Group, have south are limited by the river: the dependent on transport. The contributed towards the closest crossing is the Blackwall introduction of the Docklands construction costs of Crossrail to tunnel, which only serves the Light Railway, the Jubilee line increase transport capacity to 108 bus route between and City Airport, have all been the area, particularly with fast Lewisham and Stratford. vital for the area’s growth. links to the City and Heathrow Developers in the area, including Airport. Bus connections to the London Bridge & Bankside

Total jobs Job density 56% 42,500 66,000 2010 2018 76,400 jobs per km2 Sector Analysis Most jobs % of Central London sector

Legal & accounting Legal & accounting 13,900 jobs 9%

Human health Publishing 4,400 jobs 7%

Employment Specialised construction services 6% 4,200 jobs Description The key employment centre for also a key tourist destination Bridge nearby, many visitors are the borough of Southwark, with Tate Modern, Borough attracted to the More London London Bridge includes Market, the London Dungeons estate for a photo opportunity. landmarks such as the More and the Golden Hind all either London Estate and the Shard, within or just outside the area. The area also hosts City Hall, Europe’s tallest building. With the Tower of London is just the headquarters for the Greater Bordering the river, the area is across the river and Tower London Authority. Economic Context As well as the Greater London NHS Foundation Trust, is also a Authority, the More London key employer. Southwark Estate hosts a number of legal Council’s headquarters are on and accounting firms. These Tooley Street, and both News sectors now account for one in International and the Financial five jobs in the wider London Times are headquartered in the Bridge area, more than any area. other sector. Guy’s Hospital, part of the Guy’s and St Thomas’ Transport Context Although London Bridge is the terminal station in London and The area includes the two most only rail or Underground station was recently redeveloped easterly bridges in Central in the area, it provides access to allowing for greater rail capacity London, making it an important both the Northern and Jubilee and permeability through the conduit for buses: 9 routes cross lines as well as Southeastern, station. The redesign won London Bridge and 1 Tower Southern and Thameslink rail multiple architecture awards, Bridge. A further route runs from services. With over 110,000 including the RIBA London 2019 Waterloo to Lewisham along entries and exits in the morning award. Tooley Street. peak, it is the most used Kings Cross Total jobs Job density

13,900

119% 30,500

2010 2018 38,500 jobs per km2 Sector Analysis Most jobs % of Central London sector Employment Publishing services 7% 4,500 jobs

Information Publishing 3,600 jobs services 5%

Food & beverage Employment services 2,400 jobs 4% Description York Way, running on the east Pancras in 2007, Kings Cross and Townshend Landscape side of Kings Cross station, is Central Limited Partnership, Architects masterplan. The the boundary between the consisting of Argent, London & masterplan consisted of 50 new boroughs of Islington and Continental Railways and DHL, buildings (including many Camden: this site straddles the began to develop the area offices), 20 new streets, and 10 two. After the Eurostar terminal according to the Allies & new public spaces, as well as was moved from Waterloo to St Morrison, Porphyrios Associates the restoration of older buildings. Economic Context Of the nine employment hubs, the Guardian, Google, Universal Kings Cross has seen the Music, Louis Vuitton and the Although Kings Cross’ relatively second largest percentage Great Northern hotel are all low job density might indicate increase in jobs over the past based in the area. capacity for further growth, this decade, a result of the is limited by the amount of land redevelopment of land guided by To the southeast of the station, occupied by the railways, canals the Kings Cross Central Limited there is significant student and parks in the area, including Partnership. Camden Council, accommodation, bars and St Pancras Gardens and University of the Arts London, restaurants. Camley Street Natural Park. Transport Context Kings Cross St Pancras acts as Victoria, Piccadilly, Metropolitan, to Holloway, Hackney, the City, a major rail terminus, providing Circle and Hammersmith & City Waterloo, the West End and access to the Eurostar, London lines all serve the station. Camden. North East and East Midlands main lines, as well as more local All 10 bus routes that enter the services including Thameslink. area run along Euston Road and London Underground’s Northern, Pentonville Road, giving access Old Street, Hoxton & Shoreditch Total jobs Job density

59,000 48% 87,000 2010 2018 86,200 jobs per km2 Sector Analysis Most jobs % of Central London sector

Computer services Telecommunications 8,000 jobs 12%

HQ & Management Information 6,800 jobs 11%

Financial Computer services 6,700 jobs 6% Description Bordering the City of London, location, which encouraged a the Old Street area falls within number of start-ups to the area. three boroughs: Islington, Hackney and Tower Hamlets. The 2008 financial crisis resulted in relatively cheap rents given its central London Economic Context Old Street’s nickname “Silicon forged as a centre for start-ups City, London’s centre for Roundabout” references its at the leading edge of London’s financial transactions. involvement in computer and financial technology growth; telecomms services, which KPMG have set up an office to The area also has a thriving differentiates it from the other provide accounting and tax night time economy, with a string areas in this study. Cisco is an advice solely to early-stage of bars and restaurants example of a major telecoms technology companies. The high particularly concentrated on Old company based in the area,. number of financial services jobs Street roundabout and The area’s reputation has been partly reflects its proximity to the Shoreditch High Street. Transport Context Great Northern services run provides access to the London and Stansted Express services. through Old Street to Moorgate; Overground Network; Liverpool Old Street is also served by the Street, on the southern border, is Buses are most frequent along Bank branch of the Northern served by the Central, Shoreditch High Street, Great line, which does not have night Metropolitan, Circle and Eastern Street, City Road and services. Shoreditch High Street, Hammersmith & City lines, as East Road. just to the east of the site, well as TfL Rail, Greater Anglia Paddington Total jobs Job density

19,300 49% 28,741 2010 2018 56,900 jobs per km2 Sector Analysis

Most jobs % of Inner London sector

Health Computer services 5,500 jobs 4%

Computer services Human health 5,400 jobs 3%

HQ & Management Accommodation 3,500 jobs 3% Description Paddington is situated next to station and the canal, where St the Regent’s Canal in the City of Mary’s Hospital is; and to the Westminster. To the south east north of the station, west of the of the station are a number of canal, where Microsoft’s London hotels and restaurants. The operation is based. main employment zones are between Praed Street, the Economic Context St Mary’s Hospital accounts for the canal opposite the hospital. a new ticket hall and public the majority of the health jobs; entrance, along with four levels the hospital is one of four major Similar to Kings Cross, the of retail and restaurant space trauma centres in London. The relatively low jobs density in the and an additional office building. computing jobs are shared area is a result of the amount of The development is likely to between Microsoft and Finastra space allocated to the railway increase the employment to the north west of the station, and canals. Planning permission density in the area. and Cerner Corporation and was granted in 2017 to NCR Limited on the north side of redevelop the station to include Transport Context Paddington is the terminus for served by the Hammersmith & the Great Western Main Line, City, Circle and District lines. Buses in the area are reaching to Bristol, Wales, The Elizabeth Line, once constrained by the railway and Cornwall and Devon, as well as opened, will connect Paddington the canal: all 9 routes run along the Heathrow Express, with Heathrow, the City and Praed Street. Heathrow Connect and TfL Rail Canary Wharf. services to Heathrow. It is Victoria Total jobs Job density

39,200 32% 51,617 2010 2018 79,500 jobs per km2 Sector Analysis Most jobs % of Central London sector

Public administration Public administration 16,600 jobs 12%

Membership HQ & Management 6,400 jobs activities 5%

Membership Information activities 4% 2,500 jobs Description Victoria and St James’s are in Between the station and To the southeast is the the City of Westminster. The Bressenden Place is the recent Westminster Cathedral area is home to various civil Nova development, a large Conservation area, the centre of service departments which mixed use development that has Roman Catholicism in the UK. dominate the area to the east of changed the local landscape. Victoria station. As a result, this Victoria Palace Theatre and area is relatively quiet outside of Market Hall food & drink also core working hours. surround the station. Economic Context The presence of the majority of administration jobs. increase the density of jobs in major UK Government Civil Private members clubs are also the area, though most of the rest Service departments, UK a major employer in the area. of the area is reasonably built Passport Office and out already. Westminster City Council means The reasonable growth in the public administration provides by area since 2010 is likely to the far the most jobs in the area. continue, with over-site The area accounts for 12% of development at Victoria station a Inner London’s public serious possibility. This will also Transport Context Victoria Station is the terminus Victoria is also a major bus Clapton, Archway, Hampstead for the Brighton Main Line and station, with direct links to Heath, North Finchley, Gatwick Express; Southeastern reaching most Central London Cricklewood, Queen’s Park and services also run into Victoria. Forward boroughs. Destinations Shepherd’s Bush. The Victoria, Circle and District include Hammersmith, lines serve Victoria, and the Roehampton, Tooting, District line also serves St Lewisham, Elephant & Castle, James’s Park. Waterloo, Liverpool Street, High Street Kensington

Total jobs Job density

7,400

124% 16,600 2010 2018 76,600 jobs per km2 Sector Analysis Most jobs % of Central London sector

Computer services Computer services 9,100 jobs 7%

Publishing Publishing 1,400 jobs 3%

Retail Film, TV & Music 1,300 jobs 1% Description High Street Kensington is the department stores operated Church Street hosts a number of second smallest area of focus. there, which have left an antique shops, while the quieter Lying in the Royal Borough of architectural legacy, including streets to the south include Kensington & Chelsea, the high the art-deco Barkers Building. colleges, churches and offices. street has traditionally been a None remain: today’s shops are key retail centre in West predominantly chain stores. London. Three historic Economic Context The majority of jobs in the High specialisation, these computer increase in jobs since 2010 of all Street Kensington area are services jobs are still less than the areas: 124%. computer services jobs. This 10% of all the computer services extreme specialisation is jobs in Inner London. Key Warner and Sony Music are also unusual in the employment companies include Tata headquartered in High Street hubs, which generally tend to Consultancy Services, who Kensington, whilst the frontages accommodate multiple moved there in 2016. This on the high street itself provide a industries. The small size of the largely explains why High Street number of retail jobs. area means that despite this Kensington has seen the biggest Transport Context High Street Kensington has This means there are no direct High Street Kensington serves relatively fewer public transport rail connections anywhere south as a key destination for 12 bus options compared to the other of Sloane Square or north of routes, connecting it to areas employment hubs: High Street Kings Cross. including Hammersmith to Kensington station is on the Aldwych, Clapham Junction to Circle line and the Edgware This means that buses are Golders Green and Chalk Farm. Road branch of the District line. relatively important for the are. Understanding transport catchments Understanding transport catchments

For each of the nine employment hubs, two types of transport catchment were created – one for trips using all public transport modes, and one for journeys made by buses only. The latter is one of the cheapest ways and most flexible ways to travel around London and is an essential service for many residents.

These transport catchments were run for peak time morning services.

Key findings For very short distances, bus-only travel may be faster than utilising other modes. However, for longer-distance journeys travel times by bus are significantly longer. This means that residents who rely on this mode of travel may struggle to access some employment opportunities. Key findings

• ‘Irregular’ catchment shape created by fast potential travel along the London Underground line.

• Central location means the site is accessible to much of the CLF area.

• Importance of the London Overground in providing access to inner city areas.

• Importance of the Northern line in serving South London in particular. Key findings

• Catchment shapes are roughly concentric circles, meaning that areas of a similar distance from The City will have similar journey times. Key findings

• The West End has excellent London Underground links and so can be quickly access from much of the CLF area.

• Travel times from the east are slower – particularly the areas further from the Central, Jubilee and DLR lines. This is exacerbated by the lack of direct access to the southern and eastern branches of the London Overground. Key findings

• Some of the larger central parks (e.g. Hyde Park, Regent’s Park) create irregular catchment shapes as they are larger areas which buses cannot traverse.

• Travel times are slowest from the north and east, but are also relatively slow from the southwest of Wandsworth.

• Journey times are relatively fast around specific bus corridors, such as the A3/A23 (from Lambeth through Brixton to Streatham Hill). Key findings

• Due to the site’s eastern location, journey times are much faster to the east of the CLF area.

• The catchment shapes have an east-west skew, meaning it would be faster to reach the Isle of Dogs from a location to the west of the site than a location of equal distance to the south of north. This is caused by the orientation of the DLR, Central and Jubilee lines. Key findings

• The Isle of Dogs bus catchments are characterised by a lack of access to areas south of the river caused by a lack of river crossings in East London.

• Journey times from southwest London are particularly slow.

• The bus network around Stepney Green and Stepney have a very regular, grid-like structure which means that journeys travelling northwest have relatively slow journey times caused by a lack of direct routes. Key findings

• Trains from London Bridge predominantly serve southeast London providing the area with relatively fast journey times.

• Areas located along the Northern and Jubilee lines benefit from particularly fast journey times to this site.

• The northern and southern fringes of the CLF area have the slowest journey times to this site. Key findings

• Bus journeys northwards in the area adjacent to London Bridge are limited by the available river crossings.

• This has a knock-on effect on journeys further afield. Travelling northwards, journeys are fastest from areas with direct routes across London Bridge such as along the A10 (through Stoke Newington and Tottenham).

• Journey times from the south are not particularly faster, with particularly long journey times from the extremities of Wandsworth and Lewisham. Key findings

• With many underground lines serving Kings Cross directly, journey times to Kings Cross are typically very fast.

• The station also benefits from the Overground line serving the nearby Euston Station.

• The catchments have a slight north-south skew, shaped most of the lines which serve Kings Cross typically running north to south. Key findings

• Many of the bus routes which serve Kings Cross take advantage of long, relatively straight roads which allow for faster bus speeds.

• The bus catchments for Kings Cross have a north-south skew, particularly at the lower journey times. This is because many buses which serve the area travel vertically through the city along roads such as Caledonian Road and Grays Inn Road.

• Journey times from the west are slightly faster than from the east, helped by relatively fast journey times along Oxford Street and Euston Road. Key findings

• The Northern Line is very important for this site, providing fast access from relatively long distances. This is also true – although to a lesser extent – for the Overground.

• Journey times are slowest from the southwestern side of Wandsworth. Key findings

• Journey times are slower to the west and south, limited by river crossing and potentially slow central traffic.

• Key bus corridors include the A10 through Stoke Newington and Tottenham, and the A11 through Bethnal Green. Key findings

• These catchments have an east-west skew which is influenced by the orientation of the Circle, District, Hammersmith and City and nearby Central lines.

• Being located to the west of the CLF area, journey times are predictably poorer from the east.

• Some areas to the west have relatively long journey times to Paddington Basin for their proximity, such as the western side of Wandsworth which would be able to access Paddington directly via the District Line. Key findings

• Bus travel from Paddington Basin is limited by a number of natural barriers, including Hyde Park directly to the south.

• Being located to the western side of the CLF area, journey are slowest from the east, and particularly the south east. Key findings

• Journey times to Victoria are typically longest from the northwest, southwest and southeast.

• The area furthest from Victoria – the northeast – does not actually have the lowest travel times relative to its location, aided by the fast Victoria line to Tottenham.

• Victoria is served directly line three underground lines enabling fast travel to a lot of regions which are relatively far away. Key findings

• The bus catchments to Victoria have a slight northwest-southeast skew, meaning people living in the northeast and southwest experience longer journey times relative to their locations.

• This may e related to the site’s location, with the barrier on the Thames to the southwest and Central London traffic to the northeast. Key findings

• Being located to the west of the CLF area, journey times from the east to High Street Kensington are predictably longer.

• The site is directly served by the Central and District lines. While these lines do create fast journey times for those living along them, these effects are not as pronounced as for other lines. This is potentially related to the relatively low frequency of trains on these services. Key findings

• As a general rule, journey times to High Street Kensington are longest from the eastern fringe of the CLF area, particularly the north and south.

• However, journey times to the south and west also increase relatively close to the site, limited to using just a few river crossings.

• Closer to the site, High Street Kensington can be accessed in a short amount of time from east Westminster due to buses being able to use the long, straight A315 along the southern edge of Hyde Park. Low accessibility neighbourhoods Low accessibility neighbourhoods About For the next stage of this analysis, neighbourhoods which had poor levels of accessibility were identified or order to explore the challenges residents of those areas face with regards to accessing employment. Are slow journey times the only barriers, or are there more factors involved? Neighbourhood selection Nine neighbourhoods were identified based on the following criteria.

• Few sites accessible by all public transport modes in sixty minutes.

• Few sites accessible by bus in sixty minutes.

• Few sites accessible by bus in sixty minutes, relative to the neighbourhood’s relative proximity to Central London.

• Much fewer sites accessible by bus compared to all public transport modes in sixty minutes.

• More deprived areas.

• Residential areas.

From these, nine were selected for analysis which represent a broad range of London’s geography.

Neighbourhood profiles

Area profiles were developed of each of the nine Low Accessibility Neighbourhoods. These explore the nature of the neighbourhood to uncover any additional barriers to employment that its residents may face in addition to long journey times.

Four key themes were explored:

Demographics Transport Education & Qualifications Employment Battersea South

About Located in the northwest of the addition to this train line, other borough of Wandsworth, physical barriers include the Battersea South is an area Battersea Park, the River stretching along the northern Thames and the Overground edge of the rail line which runs line running northwest towards between Clapham Junction and Imperial Wharf, Queenstown Road stations. In Transport The area is fairly well connected within 60 minutes. Journey with fast trains into London times by bus to the western Waterloo (9 minutes), Victoria (8 hubs are faster, as at its closest minutes) and many other Battersea South is destinations. However, travel approximately 1.8km from times by bus alone are Victoria and 3.1km from the comparatively poor, with four West End. economic hubs not accessible Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Battersea South

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 16,000 Highest qualification of residents

Population density: 13,900 residents/km² Battersea South (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) CLF Age profile: 60% Battersea South CLF Age

<16 50% 43% 11% 18% 17% 16% 16 - 29 10% 30 - 39 40% 12% 17% 16% 26% 40 - 49 30% 23% 18% 16% 50 - 59 > 60 20% 17% In the 30-40% most deprived areas in England & 9% 10% 9% Wales, which is equal to the CLF average 10% 1% Transport 0%

Travel zone 2

Average monthly travel card cost Bus only; 36% of residents are without a level 3 qualification £81.50 Zone 2 compared with the CLF average of 33% only; £103.70 Zones 1-2; £138.70 Battersea South

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 11,900 Occupation Of those in work:

Battersea South CLF 35%

Battersea South Employed 30% 20% part-time 23% CLF 25% 80% 77% Employed 20% full-time 15% 2% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ 10% Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is about

equal to the CLF average of 2% 5%

occupations Professional occupations Elementary

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate

senior officials senior and directors Managers,

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

occupations trades Skilled

machine operatives machine and plant Process, service occupationsservice

0% customer and Sales

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative Median household income per annum Battersea South; £37,260 CLF; £41,070 Battersea South

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Battersea South has a high population density • Battersea South residents are only slightly less with 2,700 more residents/km² than in the CLF likely to have level 3 and 4 qualifications than on average and so requires a high capacity residents of the CLF overall. public transport network. Employment Transport • Battersea South residents are less likely to work • Assuming an average of two adults per in managerial, professional, associate household, an all-modes zones 1 and 2 season professional and technical careers than CLF ticket would cost each household 8.9% of their residents in general. annual net wages, which is slightly higher than the CLF average of 8.6%. In comparison, a bus • The average household income in Battersea season ticket would cost a Battersea South South is 9% less than the average across the resident an average of 5.2% of their annual CLF area, wages compared to 4.8% for the wider CLF area. These differences are not as pronounced Analysis as in other areas and so are not as likely to be a Battersea South residents are less likely to be in higher key factor in limiting journeys. paid occupations than CLF residents in general and • 4 out of 9 economic hubs cannot be reached correspondingly household earnings for the area are within in hour by bus. These are the sites to the lower. However, the qualifications of residents are not east and north. markedly different from the CLF average suggesting that this is not a key factor. It may be that some of the • Barriers such as the River Thames and transport and demographic related issues are acting as a Battersea Park limit bus routes, meaning their barrier to these employment opportunities. routes can be quite meandering and therefore slower. Downham & Grove Park

About Downham & Grove Park is a suburban area and is comprised large area located in the of a number of large parks and southeastern corner of the open spaces such as Downham borough of Lewisham, just to the Fields and Hither Green southeast of Catford and Hither Cemetery. Green. It is a comparatively Transport The area has two train lines Beckenham Hill into London running through it. A Blackfriars in 29 minutes. Southeastern Line runs from However, as would be expected Grove Park into London Bridge for an area further from Central (23 minutes) Cannon Street (29 London, journey times by bus minutes), and Charing Cross (31 are significantly longer with no minutes). To the west the economic hubs being accessible Thameslink Line runs from within 60 minutes.

Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Downham & Grove Park

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 45,200 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 6,900 residents/km² Downham & (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) Grove Park CLF Age profile: 60% Downham & Grove Park CLF Age

<16 50%

16% 17% 16% 16 - 29 15,700 23% 855,000 30 - 39 40% 13% 17% 16% 28,50016% 2,202,000 40 - 49 15% 16% 30% 26% 17% 18% 50 - 59 24% > 60 20% In the 20-30% most deprived areas in England & 15% 15% 10% Wales, which is slightly more deprived than CLF 10% average of 30-40% 2% 0% Transport Travel zone 3/4 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; 56% of residents are without a level 3 qualification £81.50 compared with the CLF average of Zones 3/4 - Zones 3/4 - 33% 2; £111.27 1; £187.51

Based on a weighted average of residents living in zones 3/4 Downham & Grove Park

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 45,200 Occupation Of those in work:

Downham & Grove Park CLF 35% Downham & Grove Park

Employed 30% part-time CLF 29% 23% 25% 71% 77% Employed 20% full-time

15% 3% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is slightly 10% above the CLF average of

2% 5%

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate

occupations Professional

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

occupations Elementary

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring, occupations

0% trades Skilled

service occupationsservice customer and Sales senior officials senior Median household income per annum and directors Managers, Downham & Grove Park; £34,260 CLF; £41,070 Downham & Grove Park

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Downham & Grove Park has a high proportion • Residents of Downham & Grove Park are far of both children and retired-age residents which more likely than the CLF average to have no may be a factor behind the area having a higher qualifications, or qualifications of a lower level. than average percentage of part-time workers. Transport Employment • Residents of this area are far less likely to work • Being situated in London Travel Zones 3/4, in managerial, professional, associate residents of Downham & Grove Park pay the professional and technical careers than CLF highest proportion of their earnings to transport residents in general. of any of the low accessibility neighbourhoods, at 13.1% of their household net earnings to • The average household income in this area is travel to zone 1 (assuming an average of two £34,260 which is 30% less than the CLF adults/household). average. • Travelling by bus would significantly lower these Analysis costs to 5.7% of the average annual income. However, bus journeys to all but one of the Downham & Grove Park has a number of issues which economic hubs (London Bridge) take over 90 are limiting journeys for its residents. They typically have minutes, with most of these journeys taking over lower level qualifications than are required for higher double the time that an all-modes trip would. paying jobs resulting in a a significantly lower income than across the CLF area overall. In addition, transport costs into Central London may be prohibitively high, whilst cheaper transport options have such long journey times that they may be unrealistic, especially for the high proportion of residents who may have caring responsibilities. Gipsy Hill

About Gipsy Hill is an area to the south around Gipsy Hill station and of the CLF, and includes parts of Westow Hill, adjacent to the the boroughs of Lambeth, south west corner of Crystal Southwark and Lewisham. It is Palace Park. an almost entirely residential area with some retail land use Transport The area has two train lines No employment hubs are running through it. A Southern accessible within 60 minutes by Line runs from Gipsy Hill into bus. The Isle of Dogs has a London Bridge or Victoria (both journey time by bus which is in 26 minutes). Southeastern nearly three times longer than trains run from Sydenham Hill to by all modes, despite it being Victoria in 15 minutes. the second closest hub to Gipsy Hill (7.7km away).

Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Gipsy Hill

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 12,600 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 7,700 residents/km² (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) Gipsy Hill CLF Age profile: 60% Gipsy Hill CLF Age

<16 50% 43% 14% 17% 16% 16 - 29 4,200 23% 855,000 13% 30 - 39 40% 17% 16% 13%8,400 2,202,000 40 - 49 16% 16% 30% 21% 18% 50 - 59 > 60 20% 17% In the 20-30% most deprived areas in England & 12% 10% 10% Wales, which is slightly more deprived than the CLF 10% average of 30-40% 1% 0% Transport Travel zone 3 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; 38% of residents are without a level 3 qualification £81.50 compared with the CLF average of 33% Zones 3 - Zones 3 - 2; £103.70 1; £162.90 Gipsy Hill

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 8,400 Occupation Of those in work:

Gipsy Hill CLF 35%

Employed 30% part-time Gipsy Hill CLF 24% 23% 25% 76% 77% Employed 20% full-time

15% 3% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is slightly 10%

above the CLF average of 2% 5%

occupations trades Skilled

senior officials senior and directors Managers,

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

service occupationsservice customer and Sales

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate occupations

0% Professional occupations Average household income per annum Elementary

Gipsy Hill; £38,370 CLF; £41,070 Gipsy Hill

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Employment • Like the nearby Downham & Grove Park area, • Perhaps related to their qualifications, the Gipsy Hill has a lower proportion of its residents occupational profile of residents of Gipsy Hill is who are of a working age. fairly similar to the CLF average. They are less likely to work in managerial, professional, associate professional and technical careers Transport than CLF residents in general but these • Being situated in London Travel Zone 3, differences are not as pronounced as for other residents of Gipsy Hill would on average pay sites such as Downham & Grove Park. 10.2% of their household net earnings to travel to zone 1 (assuming an average of two • Despite having a similar education and adults/household) which is 4.5pp higher than occupation profile to the CLF average, the the CLF average. household income in Gipsy Hill is 7% below the CLF average. • Traveling by bus would half travel costs to 5.1% of the average annual income. However, bus Analysis journeys to all of the economic hubs take over Gipsy Hill experiences similar barriers to transport as the 60 minutes with five taking over 90 minutes. nearby Downham & Grove Park area, although the problems are less extreme here. Gipsy Hill residents are Education & Qualifications less likely to have higher level qualifications than CLF residents overall and subsequently are less likely to have • The qualifications of residents in this area do higher paying jobs. Transport costs take up a significant not dramatically differ from the CLF average, amount of their earnings, while cheaper bus journeys although residents are slightly less likely to have have prohibitively long journey times. a level 4 qualification and more like to have a level 1, 2 or no qualification. Isle of Dogs South

About The Isle of Dogs South is an three sides by the River area to the south of the borough Thames. The Isle of Dogs South of Tower Hamlets to the south of is an almost entirely residential Canary Wharf and to the north area with some small retail sites. of Greenwich. It is bounded on Transport The Bank-Lewisham branch of Isle of Dogs economic hub are the DLR runs through the middle very fast, while journeys to the of the Isle of Dogs South central and western sites are reaching the City in just 16 much slower. This pattern is minutes. Canary Wharf exacerbated for bus journeys underground station is 1.5km where the site’s peninsula from Mudchute station and location contributes to long provides fast access to Central journey times due to indirect London via the Jubilee line. routes. Journey times to the adjacent Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Isle of Dogs South

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 21,000 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 10,500 residents/km² Isle of Dogs (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) South Age profile: CLF 60% Isle of Dogs South CLF Age 52% <16 50% 10% 9% 19% 17% 16% 16 - 29 30 - 39 40% 14% 17% 16% 22% 40 - 49 26% 18% 16% 50 - 59 30% > 60 20% In the 50-60% most deprived areas in England & 14% Wales, which is significantly less deprived than the 9% 10% 7% 7% CLF average of 30-40% 1% Transport 0% Travel zone 2 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; 29% of residents are without a level 3 qualification £81.50 Zone 2 compared with the CLF average of 33% only; £103.70 Zones 2 - 1; £138.70 Isle of Dogs South

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 15,600 Occupation Of those in work:

Isle of Dogs South CLF 35% Isle of Dogs Employed 30% South 16% part-time 23% CLF 25% 84% 77% Employed 20% full-time

15% 2% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which about equal 10%

to the CLF average of 2% 5%

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

service occupationsservice customer and Sales

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate

occupations Professional occupations secretarial and Administrative

senior officials senior and directors Managers, occupations

0% trades Skilled

occupations Elementary Median household income Isle of Dogs per annum South; £45,780

CLF; £41,070 Isle of Dogs South

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Being an inner-city area, a larger proportion of • Residents of the Isle of Dogs South are 13% the Isle of Dogs residents are of working age more likely to have a level 4 or higher than the CLF average. qualification than the CLF average, and are less likely to have lower level qualifications Transport Employment • The Isle of Dogs South is adjacent to the Isle of • Residents of this area are far more likely to work Dogs economic hub and as such residents can in professional occupations than the CLF benefit from extremely short journey times to average. They are also slightly more likely to this area of around 20 minutes by both bus only work in managerial, associate professional and and all travel modes. administrative roles. • Journey times by bus exceed sixty minutes to • Their household income of £45,780 is higher all but two of the economic hubs, and are than the CLF average. particularly long for the more western of the hubs. Analysis

• The River Thames – which bounds the site on The Isle of Dogs South is without a lot of the challenges three sides – is a factor behind slow journey facing the other sites. Its residents typically have higher times as vehicles must take a more meandering qualifications, work in highly skilled occupations and have route to the site. higher earnings than the CLF average. The issue that the area faces is relates to its geography creating significant • Above average wages and being located in variance in its travel times. While residents can easily travel zone 2 means that residents pay a very reach the Isle of Dogs economic hub, as well as other low proportion of their wages to travel; 5.6% for more eastern hubs, the central and more western hubs a zones 1 & 2 travel card. are more difficult to reach, limiting the employment choice for residents. Northumberland Park

About Northumberland Park is an area leisure spaces, such as on the north west border of the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium. borough of Haringey. Although There are numerous industrial predominantly a residential and business parks to the east area, Northumberland Park has of the site between significant retail land use – Northumberland Park and the particularly along the High Road Lea Valley. – as well as industrial and Transport London Liverpool Street can be the West End are the closest reached via the London economic hubs. With the Overground (23 minutes from exception of Kings Cross – the White Hart Lane) or Greater most northern of the economic Anglia trains (14 minutes from hubs – the remaining hubs all Northumberland Park). By take at least sixty minutes to journey time King’s Cross and reach by bus. Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Northumberland Park

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 27,900 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 9,600 residents/km² Northumberland (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) Park Age profile: CLF 60% Northumberland Park CLF Age

<16 50%

13% 17% 16% 16 - 29 25% 13% 30 - 39 40% 17% 16% 14% 19% 40 - 49 29% 18% 16% 50 - 59 30% 16% > 60 20% 20% In the 10-20% most deprived areas in England & 13% 13% Wales, which is significantly more deprived than the 9% 10% CLF average of 30-40% 1% Transport 0% Travel zone 3 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; 56% of residents are without a level 3 qualification £81.50 compared with the CLF average of 33% Zones 2 - 3; Zones 1 - £103.70 3; £162.90 Northumberland Park

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 18,600 Occupation Of those in work:

Northumberland Park CLF 35% Northumberland Employed 30% Park 23% part-time 37% CLF 25% 63% 77% Employed 20% full-time

15% 4% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is 10%

significantly above the CLF average of 2% 5%

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

occupations trades Skilled

occupations Elementary

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

senior officials senior and directors Managers, machine operatives machine

0% and plant Process,

service occupationsservice customer and Sales

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate

occupations Professional Median household income per annum

Northumberland Park; £27,860 CLF; £41,070 Northumberland Park

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Northumberland Park is a relatively very • Residents of Northumberland Park are 55% deprived area, falling in the 10-20% most less likely to have a level four or higher deprived parts of England & Wales – the most qualification than the CLF average and almost deprived location in this study. twice as likely to have no qualifications. Transport Employment • Due to connections to the fast Victoria Line via • Compared to the wider CLF area, residents of Tottenham Hale, the sites which are closest by this area are twice as likely to work in journey time to Northumberland Park are Kings elementary, processing, plant and machine Cross and the West End. operative and skilled trades occupations. They are more than 50% less likely to work in • With the exception of Kings Cross, all of the managerial, professional and associate economic hubs are at least a 60 minute bus professional occupations. journey away, with those furthest to the west and east (High Street Kensington, Victoria, Isle • Households in Northumberland Park have the of Dogs) having the longest journey times. lowest incomes of the areas investigated, earning 32% less than the CLF average. • Due to low household incomes, residents in Analysis Northumberland Park pay the highest proportion of their income to transport – 14% for an all- Having to pay 14% of their household net income for an modes zones 1&2 ticket, or 7% of a bus only all modes travel card is undoubtedly a significant factor ticket (almost as high as some of the other sites’ limiting journeys in Northumberland Park. Without the all modes ticket). qualifications needed to work in higher skilled and higher paid occupations, it’s likely many residents are limited to local, lower paid employment. Roehampton

About Roehampton is an area at the barriers to non-active transport westernmost end of the borough modes. It is a predominantly of Wandsworth. It is bounded on residential area although notably three sides by the large open includes Roehampton University spaces of Richmond Park, and Queen Mary’s Hospital on Barnes Common and Putney Roehampton Lane. Heath which act as significant

Transport The closest station to the area is economic hubs can be reached Barnes which is just 200m to the in 40-60 minutes by all modes north of the site, but is 2.6km whilst bus journeys – particularly from the southernmost end. to the eastern and northern Southwest trains from Barnes hubs – are far longer, often reach London Waterloo in 22 nearing or exceeding double the minutes. The majority of journey time. Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Roehampton

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 19,300 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 8,200 residents/km² (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) Roehampton Age profile: CLF 60% Roehampton CLF Age <16 50% 14% 16 - 29 21% 17% 16% 10% 30 - 39 40% 17% 16% 12% 32% 26% 40 - 49 17% 18% 16% 50 - 59 30% > 60 20% 17% 18% In the 30-40% most deprived areas in England & 11% Wales, which is equal to the CLF average 9% 10% 1% Transport 0% Travel zone 3 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; 37% of residents are without a level 3 qualification £81.50 Zones 2 - 3; compared with the CLF average of 33% £103.70 Zones 1 - 3; £162.90 Roehampton

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 13,300 Occupation Of those in work:

Roehampton CLF 35%

Roehampton Employed 30% 23% part-time 32% CLF 25% 68% 77% Employed 20% full-time

15% 2% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is about 10%

equal to the CLF average of 2% 5%

occupations Elementary

service occupationsservice customer and Sales

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

occupations trades Skilled

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

senior officials senior and directors Managers, occupations 0% Professional Median household income per annum Roehampt on; £35,560 CLF; £41,070 Roehampton

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Roehampton has a relatively low population • Whilst residents of Roehampton are less likely to density with a generally younger profile than the have level 4 qualifications than the CLF average CLF average. they are more likely to have level 3 qualifications. Transport While they are also more likely to have no or level 1 or 2 qualifications, these differences are • Roehampton has the longest average journey not as pronounced as for some of the other sites. times to the economic hubs of all of the sites which we have investigated. At 57 minutes, the Employment average journey time is significantly longer than • Compared to the wider CLF area, residents of the CLF average of 39 minutes. Roehampton are far less likely to work in managerial, professional and associate • Using all modes, 3 of the 9 economic hubs are professional jobs and are much more likely to not accessible within 60 minutes using all work in sales, customer service and elementary modes while none of the hubs are accessible occupations. within 60 minutes by bus. Analysis • The majority of trips must begin with at least a bus journey to the nearest station as most of the Residents of Roehampton are more likely to have lower site doesn’t have fast access to a station. skilled and lower paid jobs than the CLF average. However, this is disproportionate to their qualification • Being situated in zone 3 with earnings 13% profile. It is more likely that the geography and transport below the CLF average, Roehampton residents provision of the area act as a key barrier to accessing would pay 11% of their net wage towards a work as the area has poor access to rail services and is zones 1-3 travel card – the third highest of all isolated by large parks on three sides. sites. Surrey Quays

About Surrey Quays is an area in East line into London Bridge to the London, to the north of the south west. The area includes borough of Lewisham. The site significant industrial land use is bounded by the River Thames such as Convoys Wharf and the to the east and the mainline rail Timberyard Deptford. Transport Surrey Quays overground The lack of river crossings in the station has direct links to inner area has a detrimental impact city destinations including north and east bound journey Shoreditch and Hoxton. Nearby, times by bus, with only three Canada Water underground economic hubs being accessible links into Canary Wharf and within 60 minutes. This is Central London whilst Deptford particularly noticeable for trips to mainline station has direct the Isle of Dogs which is directly trains to London Bridge (6 to the east of Surrey Quays. mins). Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Surrey Quays

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 29,000 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 10,500 residents/km² (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) Surrey Quays Age profile: CLF 60% Surrey Quays CLF Age

<16 9% 50% 17% 16% 16 - 29 10% 19% 30 - 39 41% 13% 17% 16% 40% 26% 40 - 49 23% 18% 16% 50 - 59 30% > 60 In the 20-30% most deprived areas in England & 20% 17% Wales, which is slightly more deprived than the to the 10% 11% 10% CLF average of 30-40% 10% 1% Transport 0% Travel zone 2 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; £81.50 38% of residents are without a level 3 qualification Zone 2 only; compared with the CLF average of 33% £103.70 Zones 1-2; £138.70 Surrey Quays Employment

Population aged 16-64: 21,700 Occupation Of those in work:

Surrey Quays CLF 35%

Surrey Quays 30% Employed part-time 23% 23% 25% CLF 77% 77% Employed 20% full-time 15%

3% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ 10% Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is slightly above the CLF average of 2% 5%

0%

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

occupations trades Skilled

service occupationsservice customer and Sales

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

senior officials senior and directors Managers,

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

occupations Elementary

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate occupations Median household income per annum Professional Surrey Quays; £35,510 CLF; £41,070 Surrey Quays

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Surrey Quays has an about average population • As with many of the other sites, residents of density for the CLF area with a generally Surrey Quays are less likely than the CLF younger age profile. average to have level 4+ qualifications and more Transport likely to have levels 1, 2 or no qualifications. • Compared to many of the other areas, Surrey Employment Quays does not have very poor journey times. • Residents are less likely to work in managerial, However, when considering its fairly central professional or associate professional roles, and location its journey times by bus are relatively being particularly more likely to work in poor. elementary occupations.

• In particular, journey times by bus to the Isle of • Surrey Quays residents’ median earnings are Dogs economic hub are over three times longer 13.5% below the CLF average. than reaching the same site by all travel modes. This disproportionately long journey time to a Analysis site adjacent to Surrey Quays may prevent Interestingly, Surrey Quays has a very different story to residents from accessing vital local work. the adjacent Isle of Dogs South area. Household • Being located in zone 2, residents of Surrey earnings are lower, as too are the proportion of residents Quays pay on average the lowest proportion of with higher level qualifications and higher skilled jobs. their income for travel – 7.2% for an all modes While qualifications undoubtedly pay a role in the jobs travel card. However, this is still nearly double available to residents, it may also be that not having low- the proportion that they would need to pay for a cost access to the nearby Isle of Dogs economic hub is bus-only travel card (4.2%). preventing residents from accessing the same opportunities which nearby, north-of-the-river residents can. Wapping

About Wapping is a small site just east Shadwell Basin. The area is of Central London in the bounded to the south by the borough of Tower Hamlets. It River Thames and north by the includes the area just to the Ornamental Canal. It is a mostly north of Wapping Station and residential area with some includes the area around shopping and leisure facilities. Transport Wapping Station is served by Liverpool Street. For such a the London Overground with centrally located site its journey trains running serving inner city times by bus are markedly slow and suburban areas between – four economic hubs are not Highbury and Islington, accessible within an hour and Clapham Junction, Crystal most journeys by bus would Palace and West Croydon. It is take almost double the time of also served by buses which link journeys utilising all modes. the area to St. Paul’s via Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Wapping

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 2,800 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 19,400 residents/km² (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) Age profile: Wapping CLF Wapping CLF Age 60% 52% <16 9% 50% 17% 16% 16 - 29 10% 18% 30 - 39 15% 17% 16% 40% 21% 40 - 49 18% 16% 50 - 59 27% 30% > 60

In the 40-30% most deprived areas in England & 20% 16% Wales, which is slightly less deprived than the to the 7% 8% 9% CLF average of 30-40% 10% 1% Transport 0% Travel zone 2 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; £81.50 31% of residents are without a level 3 qualification Zone 2 only; compared with the CLF average of 33% £103.70 Zones 1-2; £138.70 Wapping

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 2,100 Occupation Of those in work:

Wapping CLF 35%

Employed 30% 20% Wapping CLF 23% part-time 25% 80% 77% Employed 20% full-time

15% 2% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ 10% Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is about

equal to the CLF average of 2% 5%

occupations Elementary

service occupationsservice customer and Sales

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

occupations Professional

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

senior officials senior and directors Managers, occupations 0% trades Skilled Median household income per annum Wapping; £46,090

CLF; £41,070 Wapping

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Wapping has the highest population density of • Residents of Wapping are 12% more likely to any of the sites, with 19,400 residents/km² and have a level 4+ qualification, and are less likely to so requires a high capacity public transport have all other levels of qualification. network. Employment Transport • Residents of Wapping are much more likely to • Being located in travel zone 2, Wapping has work in professional occupations and much less fairly fast journey times to all of the economic likely to work in elementary, skilled trades, hubs when travelling by all modes. The story is caring leisure and other service occupations very different when travelling exclusively by bus – 4 of the 9 sites are not accessible within a 60 • Their median household earnings are 12% minute journey time, which is fairly surprising for above the CLF average. such as centrally located site. Analysis • Two of the sites which are relatively close to As a very centrally located area Wapping does not Wapping but have long journeys times are experience the same level of accessibility issue as some King’s Cross and the West End. These are both of the sites located further from Central London. Like with less than 5km away from Wapping, meaning it residents of the nearby Isle of Dogs, the issue is that for would probably be quicker to walk to these sites such a central location Wapping does not offer as many than get the bus. choices of work destination as other comparable sites. • Due to its location in zone 2 as well as relatively While journey times to the eastern hubs are fast, the high household earnings, residents of Wapping central and more western hubs are more difficult to would spend the lowest proportion of their reach, limiting the employment choice for residents. wages on travel – 7.2% (all modes). Worlds End

About Worlds End is an area in the and Battersea Bridge. It is a south west of the borough mostly residential area although Kensington Chelsea, running is in close proximity to the along the north bank of the affluent retail area of the King’s Thames between Imperial Wharf Road.

Transport The closest station to Worlds northwest. The site benefits End is Imperial Wharf where from relatively fast journey times trains run between Clapham to the majority of economic Junction and Stratford via north hubs, although journey times by London. The closest station with bus to the more eastern sites – links to Central London is and in particular the Isle of Dogs Fulham Broadway, – are all above an hour. approximately 500m to the

Journey times to Employment Hubs 160 All modes 140 Bus 120 100 80 60 40 20 Journey Journey (minutes)time 0 The Isle of The West High Street Kings London Old Street, Paddington The City Victoria Dogs End Kensington Cross Bridge Hoxton & Basin Shoreditch Worlds End

Demographics Education & Qualifications

Population: 4,000 Highest qualification of residents Population density: 13,500 residents/km² Worlds End (CLF = 11,200 residents/km²) Age profile: CLF 60% Worlds End CLF Age

<16 50% 16 - 29 24% 17% 17% 16% 30 - 39 40% 14% 17% 16% 34% 13% 40 - 49 17% 15% 18% 16% 50 - 59 30% > 60 19% In the 10-20% most deprived areas in England & 20% 12% Wales, which is significantly more deprived than the 10% 11% 10% to the CLF average of 30-40% 1% Transport 0% Travel zone 2 Average monthly travel costs Bus only; £81.50 40% of residents are without a level 3 qualification Zone 2 only; compared with the CLF average of 33% £103.70 Zones 1-2; £138.70 Worlds End

Employment

Population aged 16-64: 2,600 Occupation Of those in work:

Worlds End CLF 35%

Worlds End Employed 30% 26% 23% part-time CLF 25% 74% 77% Employed 20% full-time

15% 5% of working age residents were Universal Credit/ Jobseekers Allowance claimants, which is more than 10% double the CLF average of 2%

5%

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

occupations Professional occupationsservice customer and Sales

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

senior officials senior and directors Managers,

occupations Elementary

occupations trades Skilled occupationsservice other and leisure Caring, technical occupationstechnical 0% and professionalAssociate Median household income per annum Worlds End; £37,340 CLF; £41,070 Worlds End

Key factors limiting journeys

Demographics Education & Qualifications • Worlds End is the second most deprived of all • Residents of Worlds End are 26% less likely to of the sites. have a level 4+ qualification than the CLF average, and more likely to have all other levels • 41% of residents are over 60 or under 16. of qualification. Transport Employment • Journey times to the western economic hubs • Worlds End has a slightly different occupation are fast by both bus only and all modes, buoyed profile to comparable areas. While residents are by Worlds End inner location and proximity to 20% more likely to work in managerial the District Line with direct links to Paddington occupations, they are 32% less likely to work in Basin, Victoria and High Street Kensington. professional occupations. For most of the other sites, the patterns in these two fields have been • The eastern sites take much longer to reach – broadly similar. particularly by bus, with the Isle of Dogs nearly 2 hours away. Analysis

• Residents would need to pay 8.9% of their Located between the Thames and a famously affluent £37,340 household wage to be able to take part of London, Worlds End is a really interesting and advantage of the fast all-modes travel times. complicated area. The fact that its occupation profile is so different to most of the other sites suggests that there • It is worth noting that Worlds End is adjacent to is some specific barrier preventing residents from some of the most affluent areas in London accessing professional careers in particular. While which may skew the household earnings data education is likely to be a factor, it may also be that somewhat, and it is likely that the financial transport is either prohibitively expensive or time reality for some residents is much starker than consuming for residents to access these careers, this. particularly at low or entry level positions. Key findings and implications Key findings In comparison to the wider CLF area, low accessibility neighbourhoods are more likely to…

Have more children and young adults Pay a higher % of their earnings for transport

Low accessibility CLF neighbourhoods Age • 10% of household earnings (CLF average <16 8.6%) 13% 16 - 29 21% 17% 16% • 8.7% of London living wage (CLF average 11% 30 - 39 8.4%) 17% 16% 14% 21% 40 - 49 • 10.7% of UK minimum wage (CLF average 16% 20% 18% 50 - 59 10.4%) > 60

• 5.3% of household earnings (CLF average Be less qualified 4.8%) NVQ/ • 6% of London living wage (CLF average equivalent Low accessibility 6.2%) CLF level neighbourhoods • 7.4% of UK minimum wage (CLF average 1 7.7%) 10% 12% 14% 13% 2 11% 14% 12% 3 13% 47% 54% 4+

Other Key findings In comparison to the wider CLF area, low accessibility neighbourhoods are more likely to… Be a Universal Credit or Jobseeker’s Work in lower earning occupations Allowance claimant (slightly) Occupation 5% Poor journey 30% times sites 4% 25% CLF 3% 20% 15% 2% CLF average 10%

1% 5%

service occupationsservice customer and Sales

occupations Elementary

machine operatives machine and plant Process,

senior officials senior and directors Managers,

technical occupationstechnical and professionalAssociate

other service occupationsservice other and leisure Caring,

secretarial occupations secretarial and Administrative

occupations trades Skilled occupations 0% 0% Professional

Have a lower household income These patterns are not uniform across these sites, with each facing individual challenges and barriers to accessing employment opportunities. £37,560 £41,070 Low accessibility CLF median neighbourhoods wage median wage Policy implications

Geographical barriers Through routes It’s easy to think of London as a city where everything is Journeys that require travel across Central London by accessible, but geographical barriers play a huge part in bus often require people to interchange or encounter the city’s transport story. Large parks, railway lines and slower times due to congestion. Trips made by water courses can act as major barriers for active and underground or rail lines which traverse the city are less bus-based travel for sites such as Surrey Quays. likely to encounter these issues.

Transport costs Dispersal of Central London Travelling by all modes can be prohibitively expensive, London’s transport network is structured to serve the limiting some residents to bus-only travel. Working city’s historic ‘core’ around the Central Activities Zone. patterns and earnings may impact residents’ ability to Economic hubs outside of this – such as High Street take advantage of season tickets. Kensington – do not benefit from as many services connecting them to as much of London. If the city’s Slow bus journey times employment evolves into a more dispersed landscape, Many of the low accessibility neighbourhoods have very the transport network will need to evolve in turn. slow journey times by bus relative to their location and other modes. Improving these could increase the jobs Transport Capacity available to many. The CLF is a very densely populated area and requires a high-capacity transport network to match this. In many Active travel cases, the services which connect its neighbourhoods to Some of the sites – particularly those closer to Central employment sites have already travelled through London – are within walking/cycling distance of at least suburban London and beyond. Ensuring there is capacity some of the economic hubs. In some instances, walking for CLF residents to use the transport network is a crucial or cycling to work would be faster than getting the bus element in allowing them to access employment. and cheaper. Introducing measures to encourage residents to walk or cycle to work could open up new opportunities for them. Policy implications

Boundary bias Many of the neighbourhoods identified as having poor journey times sit adjacent to or across borough boundaries. A holistic approach to tackling employment access is needed.

Education Residents of many of the sites are less likely to have the qualifications needed to access many employment opportunities which is an essential issue to address.

Place-based solutions All sites face different challenges and a one sized fixed all approach will ignore local nuances. For example, the challenges which face Surrey Quays and Roehampton, are very different and require different solutions. Data sources

All data has been normalised to a 250m ‘hexcell’ level which allows for the comparison of areas without any bias created by statistical and administrative geographies. Data has been allocated to hexcells by an area-weighted average. Data has been collected at the smallest geography possible, in the year closest to 2018.

• Population estimates (2018) Office for National Statistics.

• English Indices of Deprivation (2019) Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.

• Qualifications (2011) Office for National Statistics.

• Jobseeker’s Allowance/Universal Credit Claimant Count (2018, 12-month average) Office for National Statistics.

• Modelled household income estimates for small areas, London (2012-13) Greater London Authority.

• Occupation (2011) Office for National Statistics.