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Home , Broadwater Farm, Hampstead Garden Suburb, Lansbury Estate, Norbury Estate, Old Oak and Wormholt, Roehampton

Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations

Abercrombie, L. Patrick 387, 387, 388, 389 Addison, Christopher 73, 76 on Berlin 34 Addison Act, 1919 73–75 Clyde Valley Plan 271–272 Adelaide, Australia 93–94, 132–133 and the 112, 114, Adenauer, Konrad 192 115, 116 Adickes, Franz 125 on Geddes 152, 155, 163 Adshead, Stanley 221, 386–387 on Griffin’s plan for Canberra 225 advocacy planning 315–316, 398–399, regional planning 147, 405–406, 410–411 189–190, 193–199, 194, 201, 259, 260, affordable housing 165, 366, 481–482 262, 264, 265, 366 Africa 218–223 Plymouth 256–257 Alduy, Paul 379 on suburbanization 85 Alexander, Christopher 9, 311–312 West Midlands plan 390 Altshuler, A. A. 397–398 see also Barlow Commission American Institute of Planners (formerly Abercrombie and Forshaw see County of American City Planning Institute) 387–388 Abrams, Charles 38, 181, 281, 304, 344 American Journal of Sociology 37 academic approachesCOPYRIGHTED to planning see American MATERIAL Magazine 37 planning theory anarchism 3, 9, 10, 151–164, 292–294, 301 Ackerman, Frederick 41 see also Kropotkin, Peter Adams, David 258 Anderson, Martin 281, 282 Adams, Thomas 101, 173–175, 176–178, Anson, Brian 317–318 180–181, 188, 190, 389 Anthony, Harry A. 242 Addams, Jane 42, 43, 43, 46–47, 154 architects 455

Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880, Fourth Edition. Peter Hall. © 2014 Peter Hall. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Brasília competition 249 Back to the Land movement 96 Canberra competition 223 Baker, Herbert 213, 213–214, 214, 215, communist influences 255–256 216–217, 218, 219 Community Architecture Group Bakunin, Michael 158 323–324 Balderstone, Andrew ( dislike of 82–83, 83–89 tenant) 271 failure of, at Pruitt–Igoe 287, 288 Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles 140 (LCC) Baltimore 316, 419–422, 421, 423 ­Architect’s Department 52, 53–54, Banfield, Edward C. 397, 512–513 56, 255, 266, 268, 269 Banham, Reyner 121, 312–313, 355 The London Society 189–190 Barcelona 468–469 Soviet urbanists 232–233, 244–245 Barker, Paul 312–313 see also Architectural Association Barlow Commission 88, 89, 119, 193 (AA); Congrès Internationaux Barnett, Dame Henrietta 109, 110, d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM); 110–111, 154 Modern Architecture Research group Barnett, Samuel 42, 95, 104 (MARS); Royal Institute of British Baron, Tom 441 Architects (RIBA); and individual barriadas 303, 304 see also favelas architects Bartholomew, Harland 347–348 Architectural Association (AA) 255, Bassett, Edward M. 60, 61, 62, 349 261–263, 269, 301 Bath 273 Architectural Renewal Committee of Batley, Richard 429 Harlem (ARCH) 315–316 Batty, Michael 388, 390 Architectural Review 263 Bauer, Catherine 41, 179, 180, 181–182, Artisans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Act, 182, 187, 276, 277 1868 (Torrens Act) 23 Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART), Artisans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings San Francisco 378–379, 382, 383 Improvement Act, 1875 (Cross , Essex 70, 76, 77, 116 Act) 23 Bedford , London 352 Ashfield, Albert Stanley, first baron 66–67, 67 Beevers, Robert 96 Asian Development Bank 454 Bellamy, Edward 95–96 Assemblé de Constructeurs pour une Bennett, Edward H. 211–212 Rénovation Architecturale Benoît-Lévy, Georges 122 (ASCORAL) 245 Berger, Bennett 360 Astor, Waldorf, second Viscount Astor Berkeley 311–312 see also Castells, 254, 256–257 Manuel; Kent, T. J., Jr.; Webber, Atkinson, Rowland 459 Melvin M. Atterbury, Grosvenor 134 Berkshire 441 Attlee, Clement 145, 147 Berlin 32, 33, 34–36, 127–128, 129–132, Augur, Tracy 142, 185, 186, 187 212, 229–232, 231, 333 Australia 93–94, 132–133, 223–227 , London 14, 31 automobiles see traffic planning and Betjeman, John 49, 83–84 management Bettman, Alfred 62, 349 autonomous housing 299, 300–301, Beveridge, William 197 305–308, 310–314, 366 Bevin, Ernest 145 AVUS (Automobil-Verkehrs- und , London 82 Übungsstrasse), Berlin 332, 333 Bing, Alexander 165, 173

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Birch, Eugenie 148 Bucharest 235–236 , UK 36, 57, 258 Buckingham, James Silk 94, 95 Bitter Cry of Outcast London, The building societies 78, 350 13–18, 28 Bullock, N. 265 black Americans 495–519 Bunker, Raymond 93 black British 521–524 Burgess, E. W. 489 Blair, Tony 201 Burnham, Daniel H. 203–211, 204, 212 Blair government (New Labour) 458, Burnham Plan (Chicago Plan) 204, 205, 525–527 207–211 Bluestone, Barry 416 Burns, John 18, 46, 55–56, 57 Boer War (South African War) 34–35 buses 470, 470–471 Bofill, Ricardo 321 Butler, R. A. 197 Bogotá 308 Wall, Newcastle 312 Bolan, Richard 398, 399 By-Pass Variegated planning 81, 81–82, 84 Booker T. Washington Park, Chattanooga 188 Cadbury, George 57, 101 Booth, Charles 28–29, 29, 51, 63, 94–95 California 60, 139, 382, 383, 384, 464, Booth, William 95 480–481 see also Los Angeles; San Booth survey 28–32 Francisco Boston, Massachusetts 281, 316, 351, Calthorpe, Peter 464, 465 419–422, 421, 423, 438 Campbell, Kenneth 272 bottom-up planning 309–310, 398–399, , London 431, 431–434, 435 428, 475–476, 478 Canberra 223–227, 225 Boundary Street estate, 54 Carpenter, Edward 104 Brabazon, Reginald, twelfth Earl of cars see traffic planning and management Meath 29–30, 191 Cassidy, Michael 432 Branford, Victor 160 Castells, Manuel 289, 401, 402, 444–445 Brasília 249–252, 252, 253 Castlefield, 436–437 Brayshay, Mark 256–257 Cataneo, Pietro 94 Brazil 148, 249–252, 252, 253, 469–472, Cavalcanti, Maria 236 470 Cayton, Horace 504 Breheny, Michael 465 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 235–236 Brett, Lionel, fourth Viscount Esher 272, Celebration, Florida 148 318 Cervero, Robert 383 Bristol 460 Chamberlain, Joseph 19 Britain and the Beast 85 Chamberlain, Neville 75, 76, 88, 119, 191 British Raj 212–217, 213, 218, 223, Chandigarh, India 246–249, 247 295–300 Charles, Prince of 323–324, 466 Britz, Berlin 129, 131 Chase, Stuart 168–169 Broadacre City 9, 310, 342–346, 343 Chatham Village, Pittsburgh 140 , London 522–524, 523 Chattanooga, Tennessee 188 Brockway, Fenner 222 Chicago Brodie, John 216 black population 495–496, 500, Bromme, Max 126 504–507 Brown, Denise Scott 355 Chicago Plan 204, 205, 207–211, 209 Brundtland Report 462–463 in 92, 93 Buchanan, Colin 381 Hull House 43–47, 493

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immigrant underclass 43–47, 44, 45, conurbation 161, 162 487–494, 488, 491 Cooke, Philip 404 Charles Tyson Yerkes in 64 Cooley, Charles H. 133–134 Chicago Housing Authority 397, 506 Corbusian architecture Chicago Plan 204, 205, 207–211 America 276–282, 284–289, 290 China 308–310, 451–454 Brasília 249–252, 252, 253 Chirac, Jacques 321 Britain 253–275, 290 Churchill, Winston 259 criticism of 272, 282–283 CIAM see Congrès Internationaux Corbusier see Le Corbusier d’Architecture Moderne Costa, Lúcio 249 Cincinatti, Ohio 62 costs of housing 50, 54, 80, 363 City Beautiful movement cottage homes 74 America 41–42, 46–47, 203–212 Cottage Plans and Common Sense British Raj 212–223 (Unwin) 104–105 British urban renaissance 462 council estates see Canberra 223–227 countryside, people’s claim to 85–87 Europe 227–236 County of London Plan 118, 194–195, city planning, meaning of phrase 5–6 255, 259, 262, 264 Clapson, Mark 147 Covent Garden, London 270, 317–318 Clark, Colin 416 Coventry 138, 257–258 Clawson, Marion 361–362, 363 Creese, Walter L. 187–188, 466 Cleveland, Ohio 206, 328 crime 16–17, 25–26, 457, 486–487, Cold War 255–256, 394 490–492, 493, 497, 503, 505, 507, 510, Coleman, Alice 520 520, 527 see also riots; violence Colonel Light Gardens, Adelaide 93–94, Croly, Herbert 211 132–133 Cross Act, 1875 23 Colonial Development and Welfare Act, Crossman, Richard 267, 273, 274 1940 222 Crow, Austin 193 Commission on Congestion of Population Culpin, Ewart G. 114 (USA) 60 culs-de-sac 56, 72, 138 Commission on Heights of Buildings Cumbernauld, 138 (USA) 61, 348–349 Curitiba, Brazil 148, 469–472, 470 communicative planning theory 411 communism 255–256 Dalton, Hugh 256 community architecture (community Darley, Gillian 79 design) 9, 315–316, 321–324 Daseking, Wulf 473–475, 474, 476 Community Development Agencies Davidson, Thomas 93 (CDA) 314–315 Davis, William M. 171 Community Development Projects Davoudi, Simin 463 (CDP) 417–418 Day, Sir John Charles F. S. 26 computer methodology 394–395 Dear, M. S. 402–403 Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture de Carlo, Giancarlo 301 Moderne (CIAM) 125, 128, 246, 250, de Gaulle, Charles 377 253, 254–255 Delafons, John 200, 274 conservation 273–274 Delano, Frederic 178, 183, 347–348 Consortium Developments Ltd (CDL) Delhi 215 see also New Delhi 441–442 Delouvrier, Paul 377–380

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Denby, Elizabeth 265 Euclid v. Ambler 62, 349 Deng Xiaoping 452, 453–454 eugenics 29–30 Depression, the Great 139, 180, 347, 350, 505 Fabian Society (Fabianism) 25, 30–31, deurbanists 341–342 93, 95, 104 digitalization 446–448 Fainstein, Susan 434–435 Docklands, London 425–435, Faire, Lucy 257 427, 456 Faith in the City 524–525 (DLR) 430 Falk, Nicholas 428 Dougill, Wesley 195 Faludi, A. 400 Dowall, David 383 Farley, Reynolds 515–517 Downham, southeast London 76 Farsta, Stockholm 369–371, 370 Downs, A. 397 fascism 227–228 Drake, St Clair 504 favelas 307 see also barriadas Dreiser, Theodore 64 fear of insurrection 24–28, 73, drugs trade, illegal 520 124–125, 204 Duany, Andrés 464, 466 Feder, Gottfried 229 Dublin 189 Federal Highway Act, 1944 348 Du Bois, W. E. B. 496–498, 500 Federal Housing Act, 1949 (US) 285 Dudley Committee 265 Federal Housing Association (FHA) Durban system 218–219 350, 351 Dykstra, Clarence 337 Felton, Monica 145, 255–256 festival marketplaces 419–422 Garden 58, 108–109, 109 , 1951 260–261 East, E. E. 336, 337–338 Fifth Avenue Association 61 42–43, 260, 262, Finland 376 263, 268 Fishman, Leonard 284 economic depression 24, 139, 180, 347, Fishman, Robert 94, 103, 174 350, 415–416, 505 Fogelson, Robert 336 eco-towns 472, 477 Foley, Donald 198–199 Edgeware, London 80 Ford, Ernest 257, 258 Edinburgh 156, 271, 292–294 Forester, John 404–405 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 348 Forest Hills Gardens, New 134, Emscherpark, 477–479 136, 136 and the Octopus 83 Forman, Alan 37 Enterprise Zones 423–425, 438–439, 456 Forshaw, John H. 259, 260, 262, 265 see see also London Docklands also County of London Plan entrepreneurialism 10, 321–324, 423–425, France 120–121, 122, 275, 462 see also 448–449 see also Thames Gateway Marseilles; Paris environment see sustainable urban Frankfurt, Germany 35, 124–125 development Frazier, E. Franklin 500–504, 501 Epstein, D. G. 251–252 Freestone, Robert 94, 168, 199 Erskine, Ralph 312 freeways (motorways) 118, 172, 327, Esher, Lionel Brett, fourth Viscount 330–334, 333, 339–340, 381–382, 384 Esher 272, 318 Freiburg, Germany 472–477, 475 Essex, Stephen 256–257 Frieden, B. J. 307 Etzioni, A. 398 Friedmann, John 399–400

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Frisby, David 128 Glendinning, Miles 269, 271 Fritsch, Theodor 121–122 globalization 444–446, 520 Fry, Maxwell 246, 254–255 Gold, John 254 Fulton, William 466 , 269, 270 Gordon, Peter 464 Gans, Herbert 281, 360–361 Gottdiener, Mark 353 Ganser, Karl 478 Gracie, Vernon 275 Garden Cities of Tomorrow 91, 97 Graham, S. 447 garden city movement 7–8, 79, 92–99, 97 Grant, Nancy L. 188 in Africa 220–221, 222 Graves, Bibb 347–348 in America 133–144, 170, 177 Gravier, Jean-François 376–377 in Australia 132–133 Council (GLC) 318, in Britain 99–104, 105, 106–107, 113, 382, 440 114, 115–119, 144–148, 254–255 Greater London Plan 194, 195–199 criticized by Jane Jacobs 282 Greater London Regional Planning in Europe 120–132, 229 Committee 191–193 in Japan 132 Greenbelt, Maryland 141, 141, 142 in Sweden 366 green-belt cities 140–144 see also garden suburbs green belts 77, 88, 126, 191, 192, 196, garden suburbs 79, 112, 140, 464 199, 363 in America 134, 136, 136, 341, 349 Greendale, Wisconsin 141–142 in Australia 93–94, 132–133 Greenhills, Ohio 141 Ealing Garden Suburb 58, 109 green wedges 162, 196 in Germany 123–124, 124, 129, 131, 131 Greenwood, Anthony 272, 273–274 Garden Suburb 56, Greer, Scott 281, 282 107–108, 109–113, 112, 138 Griffin, Walter Burley 223, 225, 225, Garland, Hamlin 343–344 226, 227 Garnier, Toni 120–121 Gropius, Walter 125, 128 Gaunt, W. E. H. 103 Gruen, Victor 359 Geddes, Patrick 3, 8, 9, 29–30, 151–164, Guerin, Jules 209, 210 153, 170, 188 in Edinburgh 155, 156, 292–294 Haar, Charles M. 315, 482 in India 294–300, 305 Habermas, Jürgen 404–405 Tel-Aviv 137 Hackney, London 520 Germany 35–36, 60, 121–132, 124, 130, Hackney, Rod 321–324 131, 161–162, 192, 228–232, 231, 234, Haig, Robert Murray 174–175 333, 381 see also Berlin; Emscherpark; Hall, John 434 Frankfurt; Freiburg Hall, Peter 312–313, 423–424 ghettos 495, 496, 504–508, 511–514, 522 Hall, Thomas 372, 373 Gibson, A. (Tony) 322 56, 107–108, Gibson, Donald 257–258 109–113, 112, 138 Giddens, Anthony 408, 409 Hansen, Georg 35 Gilbert, Alan 308 Hardie, Keir 93 Ginsburg, Moisei 341–342 Hardinge, Charles, first Baron Hardinge Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 320 of Penhurst (Viceroy of India) 214, Glasgow 68, 269, 270, 271–272, 274, 456 215, 216, 217 Glass, Ruth 77 Hardy, Dennis 79, 99, 101

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Häring, Hugo 131 house purchase 78–80 Harlem, New York 315–316 Housing, Town Planning etc. Act, 1909 Harris, Britton 397 36, 55–57 Harrison, Bennett 416 Housing Acts (UK) Hartman, Chester 280, 281 1969 272 Harvey, David 409 1974 322 Hasegawa, Junichi 259–260 Housing Acts (US) Hass-Klau, Carmen 381 1949 276–277, 278, 285 Hatfield, UK 146 1954 276–277 Hayek, Friedrich von 414, 416 housing estates see Corbusian architecture; health see public health private housing; public housing; and Hebbert, Michael 114–115, 197 individual developments Hegemann, Werner 162 Housing of the Working Classes Acts Hellerau, Germany 123–124 1885 24, 31 Helsinki 376 1890 31–32 Herman, Justin 280 housing subsidies 36, 76, 267, 272 Heronsgate, Hertfordshire 96 Howard, Ebenezer 3, 7–8, 9, 91–92, Heseltine, Michael 428–429, 441, 449 92, 115 Hess, Alan 358 and the First Garden City Company high-density low-rise buildings 274 101–102, 103 high-rise buildings 260, 264–269, 270, and the Garden City Association (later 271–272, 461, 471 see also Corbusian Garden Cities and Town Planning architecture Association) 99–101, 114, 115 highways see freeways (motorways); Social City 97, 98, 146, 227 parkways; traffic planning and sources of his ideas 92–96, 121–122 management Town-Country vision 85–86, 96–99, Hill, Octavia 294 97, 148, 194 historical interpretation 4, 5, 379 see also garden city movement Historic Districts 466 How the Other Half Lives (Riis) 37–38 Hitler, Adolf 229–230 Hubbard, Phil 257 Hobrecht, James 34 Hudnut, Joseph 128–129 Holden, William 259 Hull House, Chicago 43–47, 493 Holford, Charles 259, 260 Hunter, Robert 47, 48 Holford, William 163, 225, 250, 258, Huntingdon, Henry E. 335 269–270 Hygeia, or the City of Health Holiday Inns 356, 357 (Richardson) 93 Hollamby, Ted 256 Hyndman, H. M. 25–26, 27 Holston, James 250 Home, Robert 219, 221, 289 illegitimacy 502–503, 505, 509, 516–517 Home I Want, The (Reiss) 70 immigrants 36, 37–38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, “Homes Fit for Heroes” 69, 73, 76, 132 134, 135, 487–494, 495 Hong Kong 38, 289, 423–424 impact fees 481 Hoover, Herbert 62 India 212–217, 218, 223, 246–249, Horsfall, T. C. 34, 35–36 294–300, 307–308 Hoskyns, Gareth 459 industrial recession 415–416 see also House and Town Panning Act, 1919 Depression (Addison Act) 73–75 information revolution 444–448, 518

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inner cities 400, 417, 418, 421, 436–437 King, Anthony 86, 217 see also London Docklands Kingsbury, F. J. 37 Inner Urban Areas Act, 1978 418, 428 Kingsmead estate, Hackney 520 insurrection, fear of 24–28, 73, Kingston, Charles Strickland 94 124–125, 204 Krebs, Heinrich 122 Internet see information revolution Krier, Léon 466 Interstate and Defense Highways Act, 1956 Kropotkin, Peter 94, 95–96, 104, 157–160, (US) 347–348 292, 344 interwar years 68–89, 115–119 Krueckeberg, Donald 188 Isard, Walter 392 Kubitschek de Oliveira, Jucelino 249, 250 Italy 227–228, 301 Laindon, Essex 300, 301 Jackson, Alan 78 Lancaster, Osbert 81, 81–82, 83 Jacob, John 517 Landmann, Ludwig 125 Jacobs, Jane 279, 282–284, 313, 330, 409 land values, changes in 363–365, 430 James, Henry 37 Langmead, Donald 94 Jameson, F. Walter 219 Lansbury Estate, Poplar 261 Janowitz, Morris 512 Larkham, Peter 272–273 Japan 132 Larsson, Yngve 367 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard see Las Vegas 355, 355–356 Le Corbusier Latham, Charles, first Baron Latham 197 Jeanneret, Pierre 246 Latin America see Brazil; Mexico (City); Peru Jephcott, P. 275 La Ville Radieuse 241–244, 242, 268 38, 515 LCC see London County Council Joad, C. E. M. 85, 86, 88 Learning from Las Vegas 355–356 Johnson, Donald Leslie 94 Le Corbusier 5, 8–9, 233, 238–245, 239, Johnson, Lyndon B. 314 252, 253, 274, 275 Johnson administration 416–417 Chandigarh 246, 247, 248 Johnson-Marshall, Percy 261 on the deurbanist vision 342 Jones, Barry 484 La Ville Radieuse 241–244, 242, 268 Jones, Ronald 261–262 Unité, Marseilles 239, 275 Jones Beach State Park, New York 331 Lee, Richard 279 460 Kain, John 384 Lees, Andrew 36 Kalamazoo, Michigan 422 Leicester 270 Kampffmeyer, Hans 123 L’Enfant, Pierre 205 Kansas City Country Club 341, 349 Le Play, Frédéric 152, 154 Keay, Lancelot 266 Lerner, Jaime 469–472, 470 Keeble, L. 388, 389 Les Halles, Paris 320–321 Kennet, Wayland 273–274 Garden City 95, 99–104, 105, Kent, T. J., Jr. 388, 390–391, 391 106–107, 146, 311 Kenworthy, Jeffrey 464 Lever, William Hesketh, first Viscount Kenya 222 Leverhulme 386 Kerner Commission 511–512, 513–514 Levittown, Long Island 351–353, 352, Kessler, George E. 341 360–361 Keynes, John Maynard 2 Lewis, Oscar 302–304 Killingworth, Charles C. 515 Lewis, Sinclair 43

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Liebs, Chester H. 358 Lusaka, Zambia 221–222, 223 Light, William 93–94 Lutyens, Edward 213, 214, 214–215, Lightmoor, Telford 313, 322, 324 216–217, 218, 225, 299 Lilienthal, David 184–185, 186 Lima, Peru 302, 303, 304–305 Mabogunje, A. L. 223 Lindblom, C. E. 397 Macclesfield, UK 321–322 linear cities 120, 452 MacDonald, Thomas H. 347–348 Ling, Arthur 138, 255, 256 MacKaye, Benton 164–165, 167, 170–172, 26, 265–266, 270, 323, 417, 460 185, 186, 330–331 see also Regional Lloyd George, David 73, 76 Planning Association of America local authority housing see public housing Madrid 120 local government 23–24, 31–32, 55–57 Mahoney, Marion 223 Local Government, Planning and Land Mallon, James J. (warden of Toynbee Act, 1980 429, 440 Hall) 42–43, 46 Local Government Act, 1988 31 Malpass, Peter 144–145 Lock, David 313, 441 Manchester 34–35, 435, 436–437, 456, Lodging Houses Act, 1851 24 457, 459–460 see also Logue, Edward C. 279 Manzoni, Herbert 258 Lokjine, J. 401 Marcuse, P. 42 London Margarethenhöhe, Germany 123, 124 the City 259–260, 269 marginality 494 Docklands 425–435, 427, 456 Markelius, Sven 319, 367, 368, 369, 374 East End 42–43, 260, 262, 263, 268 marketing of cities 454–456 interwar period 75–78, 87–89 Marne-la-Vallée 378 regional planning 188–201 Marseilles (Unité) 239, 275 suburbanization 51–54, 63–68 Marsh, Benjamin C. 35, 60 Thames Gateway 449–451, 450 Marsh, George Perkins 171 Urban Task Force report 457–458 Marsh, Jan 79 Victorian 13–32 Marshall, Alfred 35, 94, 95 West End 269–270, 317–318 Martin, Leslie 268 see also garden suburbs; Greater London Marvin, S. 447 Plan; London County Council; and Marxists (-ism) 255–256, 308, individual developments 401–407, 410 London County Council (LCC) 31–32, Marxist theory of history 4, 5, 379 51–54, 76–78, 197, 264–267 Masterman, Charles 35, 53 Architect’s Department 52, 53–54, 56, Matthew, Robert 268 255, 256, 266, 268, 269 Mavor, James 293 London Docklands 425–435, 427, 456 May, Ernst 125–126, 127, 131–132, 233 London Docklands Development Mayer, Albert 246 Corporation (LDDC) 429–432, 434 McAneny, George 61 London Society, The 189–190 McLoughlin, Brian 199 52–53, 63–68, 76–77 Mearns, Andrew 13, 15–18, 28 Longstreth, Richard 334, 357 Mears, Frank C. 294 Los Angeles 9, 328, 334–341, 357–359, 384 Meath, Reginald Brabazon, twelfth Earl of Lubetkin, Bernard 255–256 29–30, 191 Lugard, Frederick, first Baron Lugard media 76, 291, 374 see also individual 219, 295 journals and newspapers

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mega-cities 454 founder member of the RPAA 164–168, Metzendorf, Georg 123 169–170 Mexico (City) 302, 308, 312 and Geddes 163–164 Meyerson, M. 397 on Greater London Plan 196–197 Mill, John Stuart 93 against New York Regional Plan Miller, Donald 179–180 176–178, 180–181 Miller, Max 76–77 on Rotterdam 259 Milton Keynes 147, 148, 256 see also Regional Planning Association Mitchell, Robert 394 of America Mitchell, William 448 Muschamp, Herbert 346 Model Cities Program 314–315 Mussolini, Benito 227–228 Modern Architecture Research group Muthesius, Stefan 269, 271 (MARS) 253, 254–255 Myrdal, Gunnar 503 Modesto, California 348 Monclús, Francisco Javier 468, 469 Nairn, Ian 263, 354 Mond, Sir Alfred 76 Nairobi 218–219, 222, 223 Montague-Barlow, Sir Anderson 88 Nash, John 82 monumental-cities see City Beautiful Nathan, Richard P. 517 movement National Association of Real Estate Boards Morgan, A. E. 184–185, 186–187 (NAREB) 276–277 Morgan, Harcourt A. 184–185 National Resources Planning Board Morgan, J. Pierrepoint 65 182–183, 350 Morgenthau, Henry 204 Nazi urban policy 228–232 Morris, William 90, 96, 256, 292, 293 neighborhood units 134–136, 175, 195, Morrison, Herbert 192, 193, 260–261 226, 229, 376 Mort, Frank 198 neo-Georgian style 115 mortality rates 22, 31, 37, 525 Netherlands 435, 437–438 mortgages 350 Nettlefold, John S. 36, 57, 68 Moscow 233–234 Neville, Ralph 101 Moses, Robert 178, 277–279, 329, Newcastle, UK 270, 457, 460 330, 348 New Deal planning 178–183 see also motorization see traffic planning and Tennessee Valley Authority management New Delhi, India 212–217, 213, motorways (freeways) 118, 172, 327, 218, 223 330–334, 333, 339–340, 381–382, 384 New Earswick, York 100, 105–106, 138 Mount Laurel, New Jersey 481–482 New Haven, Connecticut 279 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 509–511, Newman, Oscar 287, 288–289, 520 516, 517 Newman, Peter 464 Mozart estate, 520 New Society 312–313 Mumford, Lewis 154 new towns attacked by Bauer 181 America 143–144 on Chicago plan 210 Britain 144–148, 189, 194, 198, 199, on crime 486 201, 254–256, 271–272 criticism of Jane Jacobs 283–284 see also garden city movement; satellite criticism of suburbia 353, 354 towns; and individual towns The Culture of Cities 179–180 New Urbanism 464–467 on Forest Hills Gardens 137 new villages 441–442

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New York City Pacific Electric Railway 335, 336–337 community design 315–316 Pall Mall Gazette 28 crime 486 Paris 32–34, 122, 152, 207–208, 239–241, marketing of 456 240, 319–321, 376–380, 378, 455 tenements 36–42, 40, 41 Park, Robert E. 488–492, 489, 494 traffic planning and management Parker, Barry 54, 82, 106, 110 117–118, 328–329 Letchworth Garden City 101, 103, 104, 277–279 105, 105, 106–107, 311 zoning 59–63, 173, 175, 348–349 New Earswick, York 100, 105–106, 311 see also New York Regional Plan; Wythenshawe, Manchester 116–118, and individual developments 138, 226 New Yorker 347 Park Hill, 269 New York Regional Plan 42, 173–178, parkways 117–118, 328–329, 331, 180–181, 212 339–340 New York State Commission of Housing Parsons, Kermit 138 and Regional Planning 167, 172–173 partnership, private and public 456–457 New York Times 37 pedestrian malls 422 Nichols, Jesse Clyde 341, 349 people building for themselves see Niemeyer, Oscar 249, 250, 251, 252 autonomous housing; community Nimbyism 384, 463, 483 architecture (community design) Nolen, John 61, 174, 466 People’s Republic of China 308–310, Estate, London 52, 54, 56 451–454 Norris, Tennessee 186–188, 187 see also Pepler, George 75, 192, 193, 256 Tennessee Valley Authority Perlman, Janice 307 North , London 268 Perry, Clarence 133–136, 195 Norton, Charles Dyer 173, 174 Peru 302, 303, 304–307 Nothing Gained by Overcrowding! Peterlee, County Durham 255–256 (Unwin) 71–72, 72, 75, 111 Philadelphia 316, 496–497 460–461 Piccadilly Circus, London 269–270, 317 Pick, Frank 66, 66–68, 88–89 Odum, Howard 171, 498–500 Pittsburgh 279–280 Okhitovich, Moisei 341–342 planners as visionaries 2–5, 7–10, Old Oak Estate, West London 52, 52–53, 54 184–185, 201, 337, 474 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr. 205, 339 planning gain 480–482 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Sr. 46, 118, planning schools and departments 328–329 386–388, 440 Olympia & York (O&Y) 432–434 planning theory 10 Onkel-Toms-Hütte 129, 131, 131 1930–1955 386–391 Osborn, Frederic J. 89, 114, 115, 117, 119, 1965–1975 paradigm crisis 397–401 145–146, 147, 148, 180, 193, 194–195, Marxist approaches 401–407 261, 264, 265, 266, 267 postmodernism 407–411 Our Cities (National Resources Planning systems approach 392–397 Board) 350 vs. practice 411–413 Outlook Tower, Edinburgh 155, 156 see also individual planners and architects Outrage (Nairn/Architectural Review) 263 Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth 464 Overall, John 225 Plymouth 254, 256–257, 273 overcrowding see Nothing Gained by postmodernism 356, 407–411 Overcrowding!; slums Potter (later Webb), Beatrice 24–25, 28

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poverty Paris RER 378, 378–379 Booth Survey 28–32 Stockholm Tunnelbana 368–369, 372, culture of (Oscar Lewis) 302–305 374–375 feminization of 512, 516–517 Rapkin, Chester 394 nineteenth century 17–18, 23, 28–32, rateable values 266–267 38, 47–48 Rau, Johannes 477 twentieth century 416–417, 418, Ravetz, A. 272 525–526 Reade, Charles Compton 132–133 see also slums; underclass Reagan administration 438 Powell, Enoch 417 recession 415–416 see also Depression Power, Anne 457 Reclus, Élisée 157–158, 160 Prescott, John 458, 479 Redcliffe–Maud Commission 199, 200 Price, Cedric 312–313 Redesdale, David Freeman-Mitford, second private housing 78–83 Baron 87 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 158, 160 regeneration see urban regeneration Pruitt–Igoe, St Louis 284–289, 286, Regional Express Rail (RER), Paris 507–508 regional planning 8 public health 15–16, 22, 23, 34–35, 55, 56, Geddes and the anarchist tradition 75, 218–219, 295–300 151–164 Public Health Act 1875 (UK) 23 London 188–201 public (local authority) housing New Deal planning 178–183 America 41–42, 276–277, 278, 284–289, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 506–507 183–188 Britain 51–54, 68–78, 144–145 see also next entry Hong Kong and Singapore 289 Regional Planning Association of America Sweden 366–367 (RPAA) 3, 8, 133, 164–173, 166, 310 see also individual developments end of 179–183 public transport see transport influence on London 188–201 Pudong, Shanghai 452–454, 453 opposition to New York Regional Plan Punter, John 459, 461–462 173–178 Purdom, C. B. 103, 114, 194 The Survey 166, 167–171 Reichmann, Paul 431, 432, 434, 435 Quincy Market, Boston 420, 421 Reiss, Captain Richard 69, 70, 75 Reith, John, first Baron Reith 145, 146, Rabinowitz, F. 398 193–194, 198, 254, 256, 257 race relations 495–496 rents 68–70, 98, 142, 288 racial segregation see segregation, racial Resettlement Administration 140–143 Radburn, New Jersey 139, 165 Reston, Virginia 139, 142, 148 Radburn layout 133, 138–142, 226, 464 revolution, fear of 24–28, 73, 124–125, railways see Pacific Electric Railway; rapid 204 transit systems RIBA see Royal Institute of British Rainwater, Lee 289, 508 Architects rapid transit systems ribbon development 81, 83, 85, 118, 128 BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit System), Richards, J. M. 263 San Francisco 378–379, 382, 383 Richardson, Benjamin Ward 93 Docklands Light Railway 430 Richardson, Harry 464 London underground 52–53, 63–68, Ridley, Nicholas 365 76–77 Riis, Jacob 37–38

0002093130.INDD 619 3/19/2014 3:11:56 AM 620 Index

Riley, Robert 354 sanitation, in India 295–300 Rio de Janeiro 307 Sassen, Saskia 445–446 riots 496, 500, 505–506, 511–514, satellite towns 522–524, 523, 527–528 Britain 52–53, 68, 70, 75, 76–78, Riverside, Illinois 59, 93 116–119 roads see motorways (freeways); parkways; France 377–380, 378 traffic planning and management Germany 125–126, 127, 230 roadside architecture 355, 355–359, 357 Sweden 368, 369–376, 370, 467 Robert Taylor Homes, Chicago 506–507 Scarman inquiry 522 Robinson, Sir Arthur 116, 119 Schiffer, Jonathan 424 Robson, Brian 457 Schmidt, Robert 123, 161–162, 192 Roche, Fred Lloyd 441–442 Schumacher, Fritz 192 Rodwin, Lloyd 180–181 Schuster Committee report 392, 393–394 , London 77, 267, 268 Scott, A. J. 402–404 Rome 227, 228 Scott, Mel 211 Römerstadt, Germany 126, 127, 130 segregation, racial Ronan Point, East London 272 Africa 218–220, 221, 222 Rooijendijk, Cordula 258–259 America 142, 188, 278, 280, 285, 350, Rookwood, Ralph 465 352–353, 361–362 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (FDR) 140–141, India 295–296 173, 178, 180, 183–184, 185, 186, 347 see also ghettos see also New Deal planning segregation, social 243–244, 248, 251–252, Rotival, Maurice 279 266, 361–362 see also social equity; Rotterdam 258–259, 435, 437–438 working-class housing Rouse, James 419, 420 Seifert, Richard 269 Roweiss, S. T. 403–404 self-build housing 299, 300–301, 305–308, Rowse, Eric 255 310–314, 366 Royal Commission on the Housing of the Sellier, Henri 32, 122 Working Classes 15, 19–24, 20–21, 31 Selznick, P. 186 Royal Institute of British Architects Sennett, Richard 313–314 (RIBA) 36, 80, 263, 323–324 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, (Royal) Town Planning Institute (RTPI) seventh Earl of 20–21, 22 387, 394 Shaler, Nathaniel S. 171 –Northwood, London 57–59 Shanghai 452–454 Ruskin, John 90, 96 Shankland, Graeme 256 Russell Sage Foundation 133, 134 Sharp, Evelyn (later Baroness Sharp) 87, Russia see Soviet Union 263, 265, 266, 273 Sharp, Thomas 78, 85–86, 273 St Helier, London 76 Shaw, C. R. 494 St Louis 284–289, 351 Shaw, George Bernard 25, 31, 93, 102, 144 Salford, UK 435 Sheffield 269 Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, third Shenzhen, China 452 Marquess of 19 Shoreditch, London 54 Sandercock, Leonie 406–407, 411 Shostak, Lee 441 Sandys, Duncan 259–260, 267, 273, 274 Sidenbladh, Göran 367 San Francisco 206–207, 280, 316, Siemensstadt 129, 130 378–379, 382, 383, 419 Silkin, Lewis 145, 198, 255–256

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Simon, Ernest 233 Spain 120, 468–469 Singapore 148, 289 speculative building 64, 68, 79–83, single-person households 479 269–270, 441–442 see also London Sitte, Camillo 107, 466 Docklands; Thames Gateway Skärholmen, Stockholm 369, 371, Speer, Albert 229, 230–232, 231 373, 375 , Liverpool 70 skyscrapers see high-rise buildings, Spence, Basil 269, 270 Corbusian architecture Spence, Thomas 93 Slough, UK 49, 83–84 Spencer, Herbert 93 slum-clearance 18–19, 23, 53, 54, 55, 206, Spengler, Oswald 35 267, 277 Stalin, Joseph 232, 233–235 slums Stalinstadt 234–235 Chicago 43–47, 44, 45, 488, 506–507 Stanley, Albert, first baron Ashfield Edinburgh 293–294 66–67, 67 Glasgow 270 Stead, W. T. 13–15, 28 London 13–18, 14, 53 Stein, Clarence 133, 135, 137–138, 139, Moscow 233, 234 140, 164–165, 168, 180, 188, 359, 416, New York 36–42 464, 466 see also Regional Planning nineteenth century Europe 32–36 Association of America Pruitt–Igoe, St Louis 284–289, 286, Steinberg, Stephen 515 507–508 Stephenson, Gordon 138, 180, Robert Taylor Homes, Chicago 506–507 265–266, 393 see also barriadas; favelas; ghettos Stevenage, UK 138, 146, 256 Smith, Alfred E. 167 Stockholm 138, 319–320, 366–376, Social City (Howard) 97, 98, 146, 227 370, 467 social equity 481–482, 483–484, 525–527 Stokes, Charles 307 Social Exclusion Unit 525–526 Stone, Peter 264 social mobility 526–527 Storper, Michael 409–410 social underclass see underclass Strong, Josiah 37 Society for Promoting Industrial subsidies see housing subsidies Villages 95 Subtopia 263 sociologists 487–511, 512–513, 514–520 suburbanization 50–51, 326, 328 see also individual sociologists American vs. British 362–365 Soissons, Louis de 114, 115, 118 criticism and defence of 83–89, Solly, Henry 95 353–362 Sonne, Wolfgang 232 interwar private housing 78–83 Soria y Mata, Arturo 9, 120 London 51–54, 63–68 Soutar, A. 57, 58 Los Angeles 334–341 Soutar, J. 57, 58 New York 59–63 219–220 Paris 376–380 South African War 34–35 post war boom (US) 347–353 South Downs, Sussex 87 Stockholm 366–376 Southern Regionalists 171 see also Odum, town-planning schemes (UK) 55–59, 68 Howard see also garden suburbs , London 268 subway, New York 59–60 Soviet Union 9, 127, 232–235, 244–245, Sunnyside Gardens, New York 137–138, 165 255, 341–342 Suresnes, Paris 122

0002093130.INDD 621 3/19/2014 3:11:56 AM 622 Index

Survey before Plan 155–157, 214 town planning, meaning of phrase 5–6 sustainable urban development 10, 169, Town Planning in Practice (Unwin) 107 462–467, 465, 483–484 Town Planning Institute (TPI) see Royal Sweden 380 see also Stockholm Town Planning Institute systems approach 392–397, 398, 411 Town Planning Review 387 town-planning schemes 68, 80 Tallamy, Bertram D. 348 Toynbee Commission, 1892 95 Tallon, Andrew 459 , London 42–43 Tampines, Singapore 148 Traffic in Towns 381 Tapiola, Helsinki 376 traffic planning and management 135–137, Taut, Bruno 131 172, 327–334, 347–348, 365–366, Taylor, Nigel 393, 405, 411 380–384, 467 technology 161, 165–167, 168–169, 172, Hampstead Garden Suburb 111 344–345, 444–448 see also transport London 195–196, 366 Tel-Aviv 137 Los Angeles 334–341 telecommunications 344, 444–448 New York 117–118, 328–329 Telford New Town 313, 322, 324 trams 53 Tenement House Commissions (USA) transport 9, 51, 52–53, 63–68, 76–77 38, 39–41, 60 Curitiba’s buses 470, 470–471 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) sustainable urban developmment 463, 183–188 464, 467 Tensta, Stockholm 372–373, 374 see also Pacific Electric Railway; rapid Tewdwr-Jones, Mark 412 transit systems; traffic planning and Thames Gateway 449–451, 450 management Thatcher, Margaret 324, 431 Tressenow, Heinrich 123 Thatcher government 382, 439–440, Tripp, Alker 195, 366 441–442, 456–457, 483, 524 Tube see underground rail systems theory see planning theory Tudor Walters report 70–73, 75 Thomson, James 13 Tugwell, Rexford G. 140–143, 143, 186, Thoreau, David 171 278, 343, 347–348 Thrasher, F. M. 492–493 Turner, John 9, 301–302, 304–308 Three Magnets diagram 96, 97 Tillingham Hall, Essex 442 underclass Times, The 19, 27, 28 American immigrant 487–494 Tokyo 132 black Americans 276–277, 495–519 top-down planning 145, 199, 200 in Britain 521–528 Torrens Act, 1868 23 underground rail systems , London 523, 527–528 see also London 52–53, 63–68, 76–77 White Hart Lane estate Stockholm 368–369, 372, 374–375 , 52, 54 see also rapid transit systems tourism 419–422, 436, 447 Unité, Marseilles 239, 275 Town and Country Planning Acts Unwin, Raymond 71 1932 81, 88, 193 cottage homes 72, 74 1947 273, 362–363, 390 Hampstead Garden Suburb 54, 103, 1971 480 110, 111–113 1990 449 influenced by William Morris 292 Town and Country Planning Association influence in America 137–138 (TCPA) 263, 313, 324, 465 influence in Europe 122, 123, 125

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influence on New Urbanists 466 Victorian London Letchworth Garden City 54, 101, 103, Booth poverty survey 28–32 104–105, 105, 106–107, 311 fear of violence and insurrection 24–28 London regional planning 188, Royal Commission on the Housing of the 191–193, 194, 196 Working Classes 15, 19–24, 20–21, against modern architecture 127 31 New Earswick, York 54, 100, slums 13–18, 14 105–106, 311 Vidal de la Blache, Paul 155, 157 Nothing Gained by Overcrowding! Vietnam War 319, 510 71–72, 72, 75, 111 Vigar, Geoff 382 on one-class estates 78 Village of Euclid et al v. Ambler Realty Co. satellite towns 75, 115, 116, 119 62, 349 Tudor Walters committee 70–73, 74, violence 25–28, 486–487 see also riots 75, 115 urban acupuncture 472 Wagner, Martin 127–129, 131 urban decay 457 Wagner Act, 1937 276 Urban Development Action Grants , Edward Gibbon 93 (UDAGs) 438–439 Walker, Herbert 68 Urban Development Corporations Ward, Colin 275, 289, 301, 313 (UDCs) 429, 456 Ward, Peter 308 urbanism 232–233, 244–245 see also Ward, Stephen V. 120, 256, 265, 456 Corbusian architecture Warren, Sir Charles 27, 28 Urban Land Institute (ULI) 276–277 Washington DC 205–206 urban quality 454–457 Watling, northwest London 76, 77 urban regeneration (renewal, Weaver, Robert 143 revitalization) 10–11, 200, 276–282, Webb, Beatrice (née Potter) 24–25, 28 316–317, 449, 454–457, 457–462 Webb, Sidney 93 Boston and Baltimore 419–423, 421 Webber, Melvin M. 354–355, 383, 395, Enterprise Zones 423–425, 396, 399 438–439, 456 Weller Court, Liverpool 323 London Docklands 425–435, Wells, H. G. 326–327 427, 456 Welwyn Garden City 113, 114, 115, Manchester 435, 436–437 118, 146 Rotterdam 437–438 Whitaker, Charles Harris 165 Thames Gateway 449–451, 450 White Hart Lane estate, Tottenham 52, urban sociology 488–494 54, 76 Urban Task Force 457–459, 468, Whitnall, G. Gordon 328, 337 469, 479 Wibberley, Gerald 263–264 urban transportation planning 394–395 Wigan, UK 274 Urban Villages Group 466 Willenhall Wood, Coventry 138 Williams-Ellis, Clough 83, 85, 88 valley sections 154, 155, 157, 170–171 Willmott, Peter 263 Vällingby, Stockholm 369–371, 370, 375 Wilson, Hugh 138 Vance, James E. 354 Wilson, William J. 514–515, 516, 519 Veblen, Thorstein 43 Wilson government 200, 417 Veiller, Lawrence 39–41, 47–48, 62 Women’s Housing Sub-Committee 72–73 Venturi, Robert 355–356 Wood, Edith Elmer 41 Verney Commission 35 Woolf, George 280

0002093130.INDD 623 3/19/2014 3:11:57 AM 624 Index

working-class housing Wurster, Catherine Bauer see Bauer, Catherine interwar Britain 68–78 Wythenshawe, Manchester 70, 115, London suburbs 51–54 116–119, 138, 226 Royal Commission on (1885) 19–24 Victorian London 13–19, 31–32 Yamasaki, Minoru 285 World Financial Center 432 Yelling, James 18 World War One 35, 68–70, 190 Ye Longfei 452 World War Two 76, 197, 245, 278, Yerkes, Charles Tyson 64–66, 65 300–301 Young, Michael 263 Wormholt estate, 76 Young, Terence 77 Wright, Frank Lloyd 9, 310, 341, 342–346, 343 Zangwill, Israel 293–294 Wright, Henry 133, 137–138, 165, 167, zoning 59–63, 173, 175, 348–349, 376, 172–173, 188 481–482

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