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Bilingualism and the Latin Language J Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information BILINGUALISM AND THE LATIN LANGUAGE Bilingualism has become since the s one of the main themes of sociolinguistics, but there are as yet fewlarge-scale treatments of the subject specific to the ancient world. This book is the first work to deal systematically with bilingualism during a period of antiquity (the Roman period, down to about the fourth century AD) in the light of sociolinguistic discussions of bilingual issues. The general theme of the work is the nature of the contact between Latin and numerous other languages spoken in the Roman world. Among the many issues discussed three are prominent: code-switching (the practice of switching between two languages in the course of a single utterance) and its motivation, language contact as a cause of linguis- tic change, and the part played by language choice and language switching in conveying a sense of identity. J. N. ADAMSis a Senior Research Fellowof All Souls College, Oxford and a Fellowof the British Academy.He waspreviously Professor of Latin at the Universities of Manchester and Reading. In addition to articles in numerous journals, he has published five books: The Text and Language of a Vulgar Latin Chronicle (Anonymus Valesianus II) () The Vulgar Latin of the Letters of Claudius Terentianus (), The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (), Wackernagel’s Lawand the Placement of the Copula Esse in Classical Latin () and Pelagonius and Latin Veterinary Terminology in the Roman Empire (). © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information BILINGUALISM AND THE LATIN LANGUAGE J. N. ADAMS Senior Research Fellowof All Souls College, Oxford © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CBRU,UK West th Street, NewYork NY –,USA Stamford Road, Oakleigh, VIC , Australia Ruiz de Alarc´on , Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town , South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C J. N. Adams This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Baskerville Monotype /. pt System LATEX ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Adams, J. N. ( James Noel) Bilingualism and the Latin language / J. N. Adams. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardback) . Latin language – History. Languages in contact – Rome – History – To . Latin language – Influence on foreign languages. Latin language – Foreign words and phrases. Bilingualism – Rome – History – To . Code-switching (Linguistics) – Rome. I. Title. PA .A .–dc ISBN © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information To the memory of H. D. Jocelyn – © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information Contents Preface page xix Acknowledgments xxiv List of abbreviations xxvi INTRODUCTION I Introductory remarks; some issues in the study of bilingualism II Bilingualism III Elite´ and sub-´elitebilingualism: anecdotal evidence and its shortcomings III. Non-´elitebilingualism IV Romans, Greeks and others as language learners V Code-switching, interference and borrowing VI A further note on loan-words VII Sources of information VII. Bilingual texts VII. Transliterated texts VII.. Latin in Greek script: introduction VII.. The use of Greek script for Latin as a matter of choice VII.. Latin written in Greek script by possible illiterates in Latin script VII.. Some other scripts VII. Mixed-language texts vii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information viii Contents VII. Texts which implicitly reflect a bilingual situation VII.. Orthographic interference and alphabet-switching VII.. Translations of clich´es, formulae, etc. VIII The authorship of inscriptions IX Pidgins and ‘reduced’ languages X Some concluding remarks Appendix: attitudes to the Greek accent in Latin LANGUAGES IN CONTACT WITH LATIN I Introduction II Oscan, Umbrian, Venetic, Messapic II. Testimonia and literary evidence II. Bilingual texts II. ‘Mixed-language’ texts, ‘Latinised’ Oscan and ‘Oscanised’ Latin (?) II.. Conclusions II. Bilingual areas: some remarks about Pompeii II. Greek and Italic II. Conclusions II.. Latin ‘influences’ Italic II.. Italic ‘influences’ Latin III Etruscan III. ‘Roman’ Etruscan III. Loan-words and calques III. Greeks and Etruscans III. Etruscan and Italic III. Etruscan and Latin: anecdotal evidence III. Inscriptions III. The prophecy of Vegoia III. Conclusions © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information Contents ix IV Celtic (Gaulish) IV. Introduction: loan-words and interpreters IV. Gaulish and bilingual texts IV. Interference from Gaulish IV. Marcellus of Bordeaux IV. The spindle whorls from eastern France IV. Conclusions V Punic V. Introduction V. The early period V. Coins V. Sardinia V. Africa V.. Bilingual texts and names V.. Punic borrowing from and imitation of Latin V.. Miscellaneous V.. Conclusions V. The ‘Latino-Punic’ inscriptions V.. Conclusions V. Bu Njem V. Later literary evidence V. Punic (Phoenician)–Greek code-switching or language mixing V. Conclusions VI Libyan, Berber VII Aramaic VII. Introduction VII. Palmyrenes abroad VII. Palmyra VII. Nabataean © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information x Contents VII. Native speakers of Latin and contact with Aramaic VII. Conclusions VIII Hebrew IX Germanic X Hispanic languages XI Egyptian XII Getic and Sarmatian XIII Thracian XIV Conclusions XIV. Regional Latin and language change XIV. Code-switching XIV. Language death and Romanisation XIV. Bilingual inscriptions XIV. Language learning XIV. Accommodation CODE-SWITCHING I Introduction II Code-switching and imperfect competence III Cicero’s letters III. Introduction III. Critical terms III. Code-switching as a form of coding or exclusion III. Code-switching as distancing or euphemism III. Code-switching and proverbial or fixed expressions III. Code-switching and the mot juste III. Code-switching and medical terminology III. Special cases: the evocativeness of code-switching © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information Contents xi III. The chronology of code-switching in Cicero III. Some concluding remarks IV Solidarity: some inscriptional and other evidence IV. Accommodation as an act of solidarity and as a form of disparagement V Identity V. Identity: language shift across several generations V. Identity: code-switching and names V. Identity: code-switching in names in some other languages V. Identity: filiations V. Identity: official titles VI Code-switching, language choice and power VI. Bilingual transcripts of hearings VI. Code-switching and dates VI. Power: code-switching and passwords and the like VII A special case: code-switching in the subscriptio of letters VIII Code-switching and the expression of bureaucratic information: some remarks on ‘diglossia’ and the language of authority IX Code-switching and the evocation of the exotic X Unmotivated code-switching? XI Further institutionalised code-switching XII Conclusions XII. Code-switching and the notion of the ‘mixed language’ XII. The significance of funerary inscriptions XII. Code-switching and markedness XII. Code-switching and social intention: power and solidarity/ accommodation © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information xii Contents XII. ‘Retention’: some further observations about the code-switching of Roman Greeks XII. Code-switching and gender BILINGUALISM, LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND LANGUAGE CHANGE I Introduction II Borrowing and its diversity III Interference again: a problem of interpretation IV Second-language acquisition and regional variation in language: some introductory remarks V Borrowing and interference: types and case studies V. Phonetic interference: accent V.. Greeks’ Latin: some evidence concerning phonetic interference and accent V.. Some other accents V.. Phonetic interference: Celtic interference in Gallic Latin V. Vocabulary V.. ‘Regional’ loan-words V.. Greek V.. Germanic V.. Hispanic languages V.. Punic and Libyan
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