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Cicero's Style MNS-245-albrecht.qxd 03/04/2003 12:13 Page i CICERO’S STYLE MNS-245-albrecht.qxd 03/04/2003 12:13 Page ii MNEMOSYNE BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA BATAVA COLLEGERUNT H. PINKSTER • H. S. VERSNEL D.M. SCHENKEVELD • P. H. SCHRIJVERS S.R. SLINGS BIBLIOTHECAE FASCICULOS EDENDOS CURAVIT H. PINKSTER, KLASSIEK SEMINARIUM, OUDE TURFMARKT 129, AMSTERDAM SUPPLEMENTUM DUCENTESIMUM QUADRAGESIMUM QUINTUM MICHAEL VON ALBRECHT CICERO’S STYLE MNS-245-albrecht.qxd 03/04/2003 12:13 Page iii CICERO’S STYLE A SYNOPSIS FOLLOWED BY SELECTED ANALYTIC STUDIES BY MICHAEL VON ALBRECHT BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2003 MNS-245-albrecht.qxd 03/04/2003 12:13 Page iv This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Albrecht, Michael von. Cicero’s Style: a synopsis / by Michael von Albrecht. p. cm. – (Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum ; 245) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 90-04-12961-8 1. Cicero, Marcus Tullius–Literary style. 2. Speeches, addresses, etc., Latin–History and criticism. 3. Latin language–Style. 4. Rhetoric, Ancient. 5. Oratory, Ancient. I. Title. II. Series. PA6357.A54 2003 875’.01–dc21 2003045375 ISSN 0169-8958 ISBN 90 04 12961 8 © Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands VON ALBRECH_f1-v-ix 3/25/03 11:23 AM Page v v Nec enim semper eodem modo. Quid enim simile habet epistula aut iudicio aut contioni? ‘For I don’t always adopt the same style. What similarity is there between a letter and an oration in court or at a public meeting?’ Cicero, Ad Familiares 9. 21. 1 Sine philosophia non posse effici quem quaerimus eloquentem. ‘The eloquent man for whom we are searching cannot be shaped without philosophy.’ Cicero, Orator 4. 14 This page intentionally left blank VON ALBRECH_f1-v-ix 3/25/03 11:23 AM Page vii vii CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements ................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Chapter One: Differences of Genre ........................................ 11 Orations .................................................................................. 11 Philosophical Treatises .......................................................... 27 Rhetorical Treatises .............................................................. 45 Letters .................................................................................... 52 Poetry ...................................................................................... 72 Official Documents (and Historiography) ............................ 75 An Interim Balance .............................................................. 75 Chapter Two: Nuances of Style Within Individual Works .... 79 Orations .................................................................................. 79 Philosophical Treatises .......................................................... 85 Rhetorical Treatises .............................................................. 92 Letters .................................................................................... 94 Poetry ...................................................................................... 95 Chapter Three: Chronological Development of Style ............ 97 Orations .................................................................................. 97 Philosophical Treatises .......................................................... 114 Rhetorical Treatises .............................................................. 116 Letters .................................................................................... 118 Poetry ...................................................................................... 119 Conclusion .............................................................................. 120 Excursus: Change of Sentence Length ................................ 122 Chapter Four: Consistency in Cicero’s Style .......................... 127 Traditions: Greek and Roman ............................................ 127 Cicero’s Style in the Context of his Age: Cicero’s and Caesar’s Purism .................................................................. 134 Widening the Range of Expression ...................................... 142 The Art of Artlessness: Consistency in Cicero’s Style ........ 144 VON ALBRECH_f1-v-ix 3/25/03 11:23 AM Page viii viii Influence: Some Glimpses .................................................... 146 Conclusion: Cicero and Literary Latin ................................ 157 Chapter Five: Style and Context in the Orations: Selected Analytic Studies ...................................................................... 161 Preliminary Remarks ............................................................ 161 Prooemium I: The De Marcello: Epideictic, Political, and Discourse ............................................................................ 163 Prooemium II: The Pro Rege Deiotaro: Rhetorical Theory and Oratorical Practice ............................................................ 174 Narratio versus Prooemium: The Pro Milone: Levels of Style .... 182 Digressio versus Prooemium: The Pro Archia: The Relevance of an Excursus .................................................................... 198 Peroratio: The Verrine Orations: Cicero and the Gods of Sicily .................................................................................... 206 Conclusion .............................................................................. 215 Epilogue: The De Oratore: Cicero and the Culture of Speech ................................................................................ 219 Postscript .................................................................................... 243 Bibliography ................................................................................ 247 Index ............................................................................................ 275 VON ALBRECH_f1-v-ix 3/25/03 11:23 AM Page ix ix PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hinc enim iam elocutionis rationem tractabimus, partem operis, ut inter omnes oratores convenit, difficillimam. ‘For I shall now discuss style, a subject which, as all orators agree, presents the greatest difficulty.’ Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 8, Prooemium, 13 Cicero is our richest source of classical Latin prose. His orations, treatises, and letters run an astounding gamut of stylistic shades, which defy the common notions of ‘classical monotony’ and ‘dead language.’ A new reading of Cicero might be rewarding for all those interested in the mystery of good style and culture of speech. The author has been fascinated by the subject of this book for forty years. None of its chapters, however, has been published in English. Of course, when reexamining some of his own preliminary studies, he realized that for an international readership all must be completely rewritten in order to reflect the author’s actual state of knowledge, and avoid, as far as possible, the pretentious obscurity of scholarly jargon. To make the text more accessible to younger students and the general reader, Latin and Greek quotations have been translated (Loeb translations have been gratefully used, though not always adopted literally). First drafts of the present book were made when the author stayed in the United States and in the Netherlands as a visiting professor. This book would never have been written, therefore, without the friendship of Karl Galinsky (The University of Texas at Austin, Texas), Christian Habicht (The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey), Anton D. Leeman (The University of Amsterdam), and Gareth Schmeling (The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida). At var­ ious stages of the work, individual chapters were corrected by Allan Kershaw, Rüdiger Niehl, and Francis R. Schwartz. The text of the book benefited from Claudia Nissle’s untiring vigilance and compe­ tence and from the critical remarks of some unnamed referees. Harm Pinkster was kind enough to draw the author’s attention to some interesting problems and publications. The author is deeply obliged to his admired friend and colleague John Velz (The University of Texas at Austin, Texas) for carefully revising the penultimate version. This page intentionally left blank VON ALBRECH_f2-1-9 3/26/03 12:55 PM Page 1 1 INTRODUCTION Ille se profecisse sciat, cui Cicero valde placebit. ‘You should know that you have made real progress, once you come to like Cicero very much.’ Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 10. 1. 112 There has been no comprehensive study of Cicero’s style for many years, and any attempt to fill this lacuna will be a venturesome enter­ prise. The present book is comprehensive in the sense that, though primarily concerned with the orations, it tries to cover all genres and a broad range of stylistic points; however, it is selective in the sense that, instead of attempting to list every linguistic and stylistic feature, it concentrates on what is strategically significant.
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