DOCSLIB.ORG

A Companion to the Latin Language

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Companion to the Latin Language A COMPANION TO THE LATIN LANGUAGE Edited by James Clackson A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication CClackson_ffirs.inddlackson_ffirs.indd iiiiii 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:591:48:59 AAMM CClackson_bindex.inddlackson_bindex.indd 663838 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:40:451:40:45 AAMM A COMPANION TO THE LATIN LANGUAGE CClackson_ffirs.inddlackson_ffirs.indd i 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:591:48:59 AAMM BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. ANCIENT HISTORY A Companion to Catullus Published Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner A Companion to the Roman Army A Companion to Roman Religion Edited by Paul Erdkamp Edited by Jörg Rüpke A Companion to the Roman Republic A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Edited by Daniel Ogden Morstein-Marx A Companion to the Classical Tradition A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf Edited by David S. Potter A Companion to Roman Rhetoric A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to Greek Rhetoric A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Ian Worthington Edited by Daniel C. Snell A Companion to Ancient Epic A Companion to the Hellenistic World Edited by John Miles Foley Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to Greek Tragedy A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Justina Gregory Edited by Philip Rousseau A Companion to Latin Literature A Companion to Archaic Greece Edited by Stephen Harrison Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees A Companion to Ovid A Companion to Julius Caesar Edited by Peter E. Knox Edited by Miriam Griffin A Companion to Greek and Roman Political A Companion to Ancient History Thought Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by Ryan K. Balot A Companion to Byzantium A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language Edited by Liz James Edited by Egbert Bakker A Companion to Ancient Egypt A Companion to Hellenistic Literature Edited by Alan B. Lloyd Edited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss A Companion to Ancient Macedonia A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and Its Tradition Edited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington Edited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C.J. Putnam A Companion to the Punic Wars A Companion to Horace Edited by Dexter Hoyos Edited by Gregson Davis A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman LITERATURE AND CULTURE Worlds Published Edited by Beryl Rawson A Companion to Classical Receptions A Companion to Greek Mythology Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray Edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography Edited by John Marincola CClackson_ffirs.inddlackson_ffirs.indd iiii 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:591:48:59 AAMM A COMPANION TO THE LATIN LANGUAGE Edited by James Clackson A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication CClackson_ffirs.inddlackson_ffirs.indd iiiiii 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:591:48:59 AAMM This edition first published 2011 © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of James Clackson to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the Latin language / edited by James Clackson. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-1-4051-8605-6 (alk. paper) 1. Latin language–History. 2. Latin philology. I. Clackson, James. PA2057.C66 2011 470–dc22 2011009293 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs [ISBN 9781444343366]; Wiley Online Library [ISBN 9781444343397]; ePub [ISBN 9781444343373]; Mobi [ISBN 9781444343380] Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2011 CClackson_ffirs.inddlackson_ffirs.indd iivv 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:591:48:59 AAMM Contents List of Illustrations viii Notes on Contributors x Abbreviations of Ancient Authors and Works xiv Abbreviations of Modern Sources xx Symbols Used xxiv Linguistic and Other Abbreviations xxv 1 Introduction 1 James Clackson PART I Sources 7 2 The Latin Alphabet and Orthography 9 Rex Wallace 3 Latin Inscriptions and Documents 29 James Clackson 4 Latin Manuscripts and Textual Traditions 40 Bruce Gibson 5 Romance Languages as a Source for Spoken Latin 59 Roger Wright PART II The Language 81 6 The Sounds of Latin: Phonology 83 Matthew McCullagh 7 Latin Prosody and Metrics 92 Benjamin W. Fortson IV CClackson_ftoc.inddlackson_ftoc.indd v 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:351:48:35 AAMM vi Contents 8 The Forms of Latin: Inflectional Morphology 105 James Clackson 9 Latin Syntax 118 Geoffrey Horrocks 10 Latin Vocabulary 144 Michèle Fruyt 11 Word-Formation in Classical Latin 157 Michèle Fruyt 12 Latin Particles and the Grammar of Discourse 176 Caroline Kroon PART III Latin Through Time 197 13 The Historical Background to Latin within the Indo-European Language Family 199 Benjamin W. Fortson IV 14 Archaic and Old Latin 220 John Penney 15 Classical Latin 236 James Clackson 16 Late Latin 257 J.N. Adams 17 Medieval Latin 284 Greti Dinkova-Bruun 18 Neo-Latin 303 David Butterfield PART IV Literary Registers of Latin 319 19 The Language of Roman Comedy 321 Wolfgang de Melo 20 The Language of Latin Epic and Lyric Poetry 344 Rolando Ferri 21 The Language of Latin Verse Satire 367 Anna Chahoud 22 The Language of Roman Oratory and Rhetoric 384 J.G.F. Powell 23 The Language of Latin Historiography 408 Christina Shuttleworth Kraus CClackson_ftoc.inddlackson_ftoc.indd vvii 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:351:48:35 AAMM Contents vii 24 Epistolary Latin 426 Hilla Halla-aho 25 Latin as a Technical and Scientific Language 445 Thorsten Fögen 26 Legal Latin 464 J.G.F. Powell 27 Christian Latin 485 Philip Burton PART V Latin in Social and Political Contexts 503 28 The Social Dialects of Latin 505 James Clackson 29 Latin and Other Languages: Societal and Individual Bilingualism 527 Alex Mullen 30 Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire 549 Bruno Rochette 31 Latin Inside and Outside of Rome 564 Giovanbattista Galdi References 582 Index Locorum 619 Index 627 CClackson_ftoc.inddlackson_ftoc.indd vviiii 66/7/2011/7/2011 111:48:351:48:35 AAMM List of Illustrations Figures 2.1 Etruscan abecedarium from Marsiliana d’Albegna 12 2.2 The Fibula Praenestina 13 2.3 The Forum inscription 14 2.4 The Duenos inscription 16 2.5 The epitaph of Scipio Barbatus 16 2.6 The earliest Latin abecedarium 17 2.7 The Tibur inscription 20 2.8 Dipinto with cursive E and F 21 2.9 Graffito from Pompeii 22 4.1 Simplified stemma showing the relationship of the principal manuscripts of Catullus 43 4.2 MS Canonicianus class. lat. 30, f. 20r., showing Catullus 63.26–56 51 12.1 Sallust, Jug. 95–96.1 189 12.2 Hierarchical structure of Sallust, Jug. 95–96.1 190 15.1 Papyrus fragment of Gallus found at Qasr Ibrim 246 29.1 Bilingual roof-tile from Pietrabbondante 534 29.2 Monument to Regina (RIB I.1065) 544 Tables 2.1 The Classical Latin alphabet 10 2.2. Spelling of velars in Very Old Latin inscriptions 11 2.3 Very Old Latin inscriptions of the seventh to sixth centuries BCE 13 2.4 Comparison of archaic Etruscan and Latin letterforms 19 CClackson_flast.inddlackson_flast.indd vviiiiii 66/8/2011/8/2011 22:07:21:07:21 PPMM List
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Early Latin Introduction – Part 1: Language and Speakers Roadmap
    GIUSEPPE PEZZINI Early Latin Introduction – Part 1: Language and Speakers Roadmap . What is Early Latin? . Who were its users? . When was it spoken/written? . Where? Early Latin – Introduction, Part 1 2 What is Early Latin? . Diachronic variety of Latin . Language spoken by people living in ancient Latium, in the centuries before Christ Ancient Italy Ancient Latium Early Latin – Introduction, Part 1 3 Latin during the Roman Empire Early Latin – Introduction, Part 1 4 Europe in the Middle Ages Europe in the 12th century (Latin as the lingua Europe in the 16th century (Latin as the official franca of culture) language of the Church in the areas marked in orange) Early Latin – Introduction, Part 1 5 Latin in the (post)modern age Early Latin – Introduction, Part 1 6 Classical Latin . Variety codified by grammar(ian)s over the centuries (‘correct Latin’) . Based on a selected number of texts produced in the late 1st century BC (mainly Cicero) . In fact, the text of Cicero printed in modern editions different from the original, having been standardised according to conventions codified only in the following centuries . Latin at the time of Cicero was not a monolithic entity; huge linguistic variety, at all levels (spelling, phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon), exploited by Cicero himself in different texts Early Latin – Introduction, Part 1 7 Classical Latin . Never existed as a ‘real language’ . Not a ‘diachronic variety’ (vs. ‘late republican/imperial Latin’), but rather artificial variety, constrained by standardisation (attested all across the history of Latin, including the ‘early period’) Early Latin – Introduction, Part 1 8 Early Latin vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerarium Egeriae: a Retrospective Look and Preliminary Study of a New Approach to the Issue of Authorship-Provenance
    Linguistics and Literature Studies 7(1): 13-21, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2019.070102 Itinerarium Egeriae: A Retrospective Look and Preliminary Study of a New Approach to the Issue of Authorship-provenance Víctor Parra-Guinaldo American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract One of the most controversial questions with It. Eg.), the travelog of a pilgrim to the Holy Land respect to the Itinerarium Egeriae is its author’s provenance, (Starowleyski 1979), number in the hundreds. Some of and whether this can be determined on linguistic grounds. these, such as Fonda (1966) and Maraval (1982), provide The purpose of this paper is twofold: 1) to provide a central an excellent overview of the different aspects traditionally synopsis and account of previous relevant work that has discussed about the text. The twofold purpose of this paper been conducted on the manuscript; and 2) address one of is: 1) to provide a central synopsis of an updated2 account the most contested and controversial questions with respect of previous work in three areas that are relevant to this to whether its origin can be determined on linguistic paper, namely, the discovery of the manuscript, the date in grounds. In this paper, I revisit this conundrum by which it was originally written, and the provenance of the addressing two major flaws I find in the methodology author; and 2) address one of the most contested and employed to date: 1) the Romanisms sought after are for controversial questions with respect to the It.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Placement in the History of Latin
    Catalan Journal of Linguistics 16, 2017 125-161 Subject Placement in the History of Latin Lieven Danckaert CNRS/Université de Lille 3 [email protected] Received: May 2, 2017 Accepted: July 17, 2017 Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide further support for one aspect of the analysis of Classical and Late Latin clause structure proposed in Danckaert (2017a), namely the diachrony of subject place- ment. According to the relevant proposal, one needs to distinguish an earlier grammar (‘Grammar A’, whose heyday is the period from ca. 200 BC until 200 AD), in which there is no A-movement for subjects, and a later grammar (‘Grammar B’, which is on the rise from ca. 50-100 AD, and fully productive from ca. 200 AD onwards), where subjects optionally move to the inflectional layer. Assuming the variationist acquisition model of language change developed in Yang (2000, 2002a,b), I present corpus evidence which confirms that it is only in the Late Latin period that TP-internal subjects fully establish themselves as a grammatical option. Keywords: Latin; language change; word order; subject placement; grammar competition Resum. La posició del subjecte en la historia del llatí L’objectiu d’aquest article és proporcionar un suport addicional a un aspecte de l’anàlisi de l’estructura oracional del llatí clàssic i llatí tardà proposada a Danckaert (2017a), a saber, la dia- cronia de la posició del subjecte. D’acord amb la proposta rellevant, cal distingir una gramàtica anterior (‘Gramàtica A’, l’apogeu de la qual és aproximadament el període comprès entre el 200aC i el 200dC), en què no hi ha moviment-A per als subjectes, i una gramàtica posterior (‘Gramàtica B’, que sorgeix aproximadament el 50-100dC, i esdevé totalment productiva a partir del 200dC en endavant), on els subjectes es mouen opcionalment a la capa flexional.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Studies in Merovingian Latin Epigraphy and Documents a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Sa
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Studies in Merovingian Latin Epigraphy and Documents A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies by Éloïse Lemay 2017 c Copyright by Éloïse Lemay 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Studies in Merovingian Latin Epigraphy and Documents by Éloïse Lemay Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor Brent Harmon Vine, Chair This dissertation is a study of the subliterary Latin of Gaul from the 4th to the 8th centuries. The materials studied consist in epigraphic and documentary sources. The inscriptions of late antique and early medieval Trier and Clermont-Ferrand receive a statistical, philological and comparative analysis, which results in 1) fine-grained decade- by-decade mapping of phonological and morphosyntactic developments, 2) comparative discussion of forms of importance to the chronological and regional development of Vulgar Latin, and, 3) isolation of sociolectal characteristics. Particular attention is paid to the issue of inscription dating based upon linguistic grounds. This dissertation also approaches papyrus and parchment documents as material cul- ture artifacts. It studies the production, the use, and the characteristics of these docu- ments during the Merovingian period. This dissertation examines the reception that the Merovingian documents received in the later Middle Ages. This is tied to document destruction and survival, which I argue are the offshoot of two processes: deaccession and reuse. Reuse is tied to the later medieval practice of systematized forgery. Systematized forgeries, in turn, shed light upon the Merovingian originals, thanks to the very high level of systematic interplay between base (the Merovingian documents) and output documents (the forgeries).
    [Show full text]
  • Bilingualism and the Latin Language J
    Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J. N. Adams Frontmatter More information BILINGUALISM AND THE LATIN LANGUAGE Bilingualism has become since the s one of the main themes of sociolinguistics, but there are as yet fewlarge-scale treatments of the subject specific to the ancient world. This book is the first work to deal systematically with bilingualism during a period of antiquity (the Roman period, down to about the fourth century AD) in the light of sociolinguistic discussions of bilingual issues. The general theme of the work is the nature of the contact between Latin and numerous other languages spoken in the Roman world. Among the many issues discussed three are prominent: code-switching (the practice of switching between two languages in the course of a single utterance) and its motivation, language contact as a cause of linguis- tic change, and the part played by language choice and language switching in conveying a sense of identity. J. N. ADAMSis a Senior Research Fellowof All Souls College, Oxford and a Fellowof the British Academy.He waspreviously Professor of Latin at the Universities of Manchester and Reading. In addition to articles in numerous journals, he has published five books: The Text and Language of a Vulgar Latin Chronicle (Anonymus Valesianus II) () The Vulgar Latin of the Letters of Claudius Terentianus (), The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (), Wackernagel’s Lawand the Placement of the Copula Esse in Classical Latin () and Pelagonius and Latin Veterinary Terminology in the Roman Empire (). © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521817714 - Bilingualism and the Latin Language J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Invention of Latin America: a Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race
    The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race MICHEL GOBAT WITH THE PUBLICATION OF Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities in 1983, it has become commonplace among scholars to view nations no longer as things natural but as historical inventions.1 Far less ink has been spilled concerning the formation of larger geopolitical entities such as continents. Many still take their origins for granted. Yet as some scholars have shown, the terms “Africa,” “America,” “Asia,” and “Europe” resulted from complex historical processes.2 The concept of the con- tinent emerged in ancient Greece and guided Europeans in their efforts to dominate other areas of the world, especially from the fourteenth century onward. Non-Eu- ropean societies certainly conceptualized their own geopolitical spaces, but the mas- sive spread of European imperialism in the nineteenth century ensured that the European schema of dividing the world into continents would predominate by the twentieth century.3 The invention of “Latin America” nevertheless reveals that contemporary con- tinental constructs were not always imperial products. True, many scholars assume that French imperialists invented “Latin America” in order to justify their country’s occupation of Mexico (1862–1867).4 And the idea did stem from the French concept of a “Latin race,” which Latin American e´migre´s in Europe helped spread to the other side of the Atlantic. But as Arturo Ardao, Miguel Rojas Mix, and Aims IamverygratefultoVı´ctor Hugo Acun˜a Ortega, Laura Gotkowitz, Agnes Lugo-Ortiz, Diane Miliotes, Jennifer Sessions, the AHR editors, and the anonymous reviewers for their extremely helpful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Spevak Bibliographie
    Olga SPEVAK Le latin archaïque et préclassique 2017 Bibliographie Textes : EAGLE : Electronic Archive of Greek and Latin Epigraphy, base de données en ligne : http://www.edr-edr.it/English/index_en.php Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby, base de données en ligne : http://manfredclauss.de/gb/index.html EDH : Epigraphic Database Heidelberg, base de données en ligne : http://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/home Études spécialisées : ABERSON, Michel, 1994, Temples votifs et butin de guerre dans la Rome républicaine, Rome : Institut suisse de Rome. ADAMS, James N., 2002, « Bilingualism at Delos », dans James N. Adams, Mark Janse et Simon Swain (éds.), Bilingualism in Ancient Society : Language Contact and the Written Text, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 103-127. ADAMS, James N., 2007, The Regional Diversification of Latin (200 BC – AD 600), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. AGOSTINIANI, Luciano, 1982, Le ‘Iscrizioni parlanti’ dell’Italia antica, Florence, L. S. Olschki. ALFÖLDI, Andreas, 1966, « Les cognomina des magistrats de la République romaine », dans Mélanges A. Piganiol, vol. 2, Paris, 709-722. AX, Wolfram, 2011, Quintilians Grammatik : Inst. orat. 1, 4-8. e t ersetz n nd Kommentar, Berlin : De Gruyter. BAKKUM, G., 1994, The second-declension nominative plural in -eis, -es, -is, and the first- declension nominative plural in -as, dans József Herman, Linguistic Studies on Latin : Selected papers from the 6th International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics, Amsterdam, Benjamins, 19-39. BAKKUM, Gabriël, 2009, The Latin Dialect of the Ager Faliscus : 150 Years of Scholarship, 2 vol., Amsterdam, Vossiuspers UvA. BARTONĔK, Antonín et BUCHNER Giorgio, 1995, « Die ältesten griechischen Inschriften von Pithekoussai (2. Hälfte des VIII.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.2 the Government of the Roman Republic
    1.2 The Government of the Roman Republic Standard 1.2: The Government of the Roman Republic Describe the government of the Roman Republic and the aspects of republican principles that are evident in modern governments. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History and Social Studies) [8.T1.2] FOCUS QUESTION: How did the Government of the Roman Republic Contribute to the Development of Modern-Day Democracy? The Roman Forum was the center of the public sphere in Rome. Much of Rome's political process took place here. "Roman Forum from Palatine Hill" by Chalaph is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. The Roman Republic lasted from 509 to 27 BCE. Its system of government included features that are part of the United States government today, notably its processes for political decision making based on mutually agreeable compromise (Watts, 2018, p. 7). At the same time, Rome during the Republic and the Roman Empire, had many undemocratic features, including a rigid class system, slavery, and the sanctioning of everyday violence. Additionally, women could not attend or vote in political assemblies nor hold any political office. So, what did liberty, government, and democracy mean and for whom did they exist during the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire? Building Democracy for All 1 "Roman Forum, Rome, Italy" by Eustaquio Santimano is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 The modules for this standard explore this question by examining the role of Roman government in Roman society and Roman engineering; the widespread presence of slavery in Roman society as well of the resistance of slaves (both in the ancient world and in North America) to their oppression; and the lasting impact of the Latin language on the English language and the words we use to discuss citizenship, government and politics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Latin in Ancient Rome
    Activitydevelop The Power of Latin in Ancient Rome How did the spread of Latin influence power in ancient Rome? Overview Students investigate how the geographic spread of an impactful human system—language— influenced power in ancient Rome. For the complete activity with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.org/activity/power-latin-ancient-rome/ Program Directions 1. Activate students’ prior knowledge. Ask: Have you ever been in a situation where you didn’t understand the language being spoken? Invite volunteers who are comfortable doing so to share their experiences with the class. As a class, discuss the common themes that are most likely to come up: feelings of discomfort, confusion, and not being understood (loss of power). Then ask: What would it feel like to be heavily influenced to adopt a language other than English? What would it feel like if the most popular activities and places in the United States today were conducted in or marked with the language of another, currently existing country? Explain to students that, in this activity, they will learn about how the spread of Latin influenced power in ancient Rome and consider how it impacted people in the invaded cities and towns. 2. Have students read about the spread of Latin in ancient Rome. Distribute a copy of the Latin in Ancient Rome worksheet to each student. Divide students into pairs and have pairs work together to read the passage and answer the questions in Part 1. Review the answers as a whole class. Ask: In your own words, describe Romanization. (Romanization is the spread of Roman customs, dress, activities, and language.) How was Latin different for different economic classes? (They had different versions of the language: Vulgar and Classical.) 1 of 6 How do you think the invaded cities and towns felt about switching to Roman customs and language? (Possible response: They probably felt pressured to do so, from both the government and the military, instead of a desire to do so on their own.) 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin Literature
    Latin Literature By J. W. Mackail Latin Literature I. THE REPUBLIC. I. ORIGINS OF LATIN LITERATURE: EARLY EPIC AND TRAGEDY. To the Romans themselves, as they looked back two hundred years later, the beginnings of a real literature seemed definitely fixed in the generation which passed between the first and second Punic Wars. The peace of B.C. 241 closed an epoch throughout which the Roman Republic had been fighting for an assured place in the group of powers which controlled the Mediterranean world. This was now gained; and the pressure of Carthage once removed, Rome was left free to follow the natural expansion of her colonies and her commerce. Wealth and peace are comparative terms; it was in such wealth and peace as the cessation of the long and exhausting war with Carthage brought, that a leisured class began to form itself at Rome, which not only could take a certain interest in Greek literature, but felt in an indistinct way that it was their duty, as representing one of the great civilised powers, to have a substantial national culture of their own. That this new Latin literature must be based on that of Greece, went without saying; it was almost equally inevitable that its earliest forms should be in the shape of translations from that body of Greek poetry, epic and dramatic, which had for long established itself through all the Greek- speaking world as a common basis of culture. Latin literature, though artificial in a fuller sense than that of some other nations, did not escape the general law of all literatures, that they must begin by verse before they can go on to prose.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Missing Years
    Cambridge University Press 0521671779 - Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire Josiah Osgood Excerpt More information Introduction: missing years As a youth, the future emperor Claudius set out to write the recent history of Rome and, with initial encouragement from Livy, then the greatest living historian, produced an account that began with the assassination of Julius Caesar. Some were less supportive. Claudius’ mother, Antonia, and grandmother, Livia, repeatedly criticized his efforts; he could not write as frankly as he wished. Thus warned, Claudius left in his final version the assassination and its immediate aftermath, but omitted everything that 1 happened in the civil wars that followed: an eloquent silence. This book is in one sense an effort to recover what Claudius left out and why. Its reader will have to face up to the killing squads, the land confiscations, the famine, the propaganda, the agonizing dilemmas of these years. But I have not set out to write the kind of political narrative Claudius would have produced. For if the emperor has been one inspiration, another has been Vergil, whose first and ninth Eclogues exemplify how civil war swept through the lives of ordinary Italians during Claudius’ missing years. My work too aims to retrieve the men and women who fought and endured the bloody struggles that beset the Roman world under the triumvirate of Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. It is all too easy in writing about these years to focus only on high politics and constitutional questions, and the results become depressingly top-heavy.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleeve, Marigold, Comp. TITLE Suggestions for the Classical Shelves of a School Library
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 044 989 EL 002 025 AUTHOR Colehourn, R., Comm.; Cleeve, Marigold, Comp. TITLE Suggestions for the Classical Shelves of a School Library. INSTITUTION Joint Association of Classical Teachers, Oxford (England) . REPORT NO JACT-Pap-No-3-Rev PUB DATE Mar 68 NOTE 14p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC -$0.P0 DESCRIPTORS Ancient History, Archaeology, Architecture, *Bibliographies, *Classical Languages, Classical Literature, *Greek Literature, History, Instructional Program Divisions, *Latin Literature, Library Material Selection, Literary Criticism, Literary History, *Reference Books ABSTRACT This bibliography is suggested for use by students and teachers of Latin, Greek and ancient civilizations. Entries are compiled under the headings of: (1) bibliographies and journals including bocklists, periodicals, and hooks for teachers; (2) reference works in literature, mythology, history and antiquities, and language; (3) texts and anthologies; (4) commentaries on Greek and Latin classics;(5) translations; (6) literary history and criticism;(7) ancient history; (P) Roman 71ritain; (9) archaeology, antiquities, and society:(10) architecture and art including works on Greece, Rome, and Fturia; (11) philosophy and science;(12) the legacy of antiquity;(1?) later Latin, (14) fiction; and (15) nonfiction for younger pupils. Data on publisher and price are included for the approximately 550 entries. (RL) U.S. DEPAIITFAENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION P. WELFARE OFFICE OFEDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF The Joint Association of Classical Teachers VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES. SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY SERVICE AND INFORMATION BUREAU. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE CLASSICAL SHELVES OF A SCHOOL Paper No.
    [Show full text]