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Standard and Non-Standard Latin by Jerome Moran

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Standard and Non-Standard Latin by Jerome Moran Standard And Non-Standard Latin by Jerome Moran eaders would do well to keep in an artificial construct. Which dialect of litteras fatuum esse (‘You aren’t of our Rmind at all times the following ancient Greek, whose Latin [my italics], and bunch, and on that account you jeer at distinctions when reading this article: who is to say with confidence how the the words of poor people. We know standard/classical and non-standard; literary form of these languages you’re mad because of learning.’) native and non-native speaker; literate corresponded to the dialects that people (Petronius). and illiterate. I use ‘second’ and ‘foreign’ spoke on the streets?’ (Greenwood, atque id dicitur non in compitis tantum interchangeably of a language, as any pp. 202–3). neque in plebe volgaria … (‘And that is said distinction that may be made is not ‘… the question of language use in not only at crossroads nor among the relevant in the context of a world in the case of social groups for whom a common people …’) (Gellius). which there were no nation-states (or language is not a second language, but who quod vulgo dicitur ossum, Latine os notions of political correctness). If I are regarded as secondary users of that dicitur (‘What is called ossum in the were to prefer one to the other it would language.’ (Greenwood, p.208). language of the common people, in be ‘foreign’: native speakers of Latin … quid tibi ego videor in epistulis? nonne Latin [i.e. ‘correct’ Latin] is called os’) regarded everyone else but Greek- plebeio sermone agere tecum?… epistulas (Augustine). speakers as foreigners, or, as they called vero cottidianis verbis texere solemus. (‘… Ironically perhaps, only two of these them, barbari. The foreigners came to what do I seem to you in letters? Don’t I extracts (those from Petronius and have a higher regard for Latin than the (seem) to deal with you in the language Augustine) actually contain any (three native speakers of Latin had for their of the plebs? … letters to be sure we words only) of the kind of Latin that their languages; but unlike the British in more usually weave in everyday words.’) authors attribute to the mass of the recent times the latter never sought to (Cicero). people. If you didn’t spot two of them1 impose their language on the former, nor … quae sit cotidiano sermoni that is probably because your experience even to encourage its adoption by them. simillima, quo cum amicis, coniugibus, liberis, of Latin, like most people’s, has not ‘All of the terms used to describe servis loquamur … nam mihi aliam quandam prepared you for such usages. bilingualism, multilingualism, or learning videtur habere naturam sermo vulgaris, aliam It is important for our students to languages introduce metaphors that viri eloquentis oratio (‘… which [the be aware that the kind of Latin they colour the terms of the debate. A mother antecedent is ‘eloquence’] is most like the learn is not the kind that was used by the language, a native language, a first or second sort of everyday language with which majority of Latin-speaking people in the language, a vernacular language, a standard we talk with friends, wives, children, slaves Roman world, and the reasons for this. language, a foreign language … These … for the language of the common It is also important that they have a potent metaphors are reinforced in the people seems to me to have one sort of clearer understanding of the case of classical Greek and Latin, where nature, the speech of the man of relationship (more complex and the languages in question are underwritten eloquence another.’) (Quintilian). complicated than is commonly by powerful myths of cultural priority nam ut transeam quem ad modum vulgo supposed) between the standard Latin that trump the native language.’ (Emily imperiti loquantur (‘For to pass over the that they learn and the non-standard Greenwood, Learning Latin and Greek from way in which the uneducated Latin which, if they have heard of at all, Antiquity to the Present (CUP, 2015), p.201). commonly speak’) (Quintilian). they know by the traditional (and often ‘… the very conception of “Greek” non es nostrae fasciae, et ideo misleading) name of ‘Vulgar Latin’. This and “Latin” as single stable languages is pauperorum verba derides. scimus te prae article is written to help teachers to The Journal of Classics Teaching 19 (37) p.58-63 © The Classical Association 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits Downloaded58 from https://www.cambridge.org/corenon-commercial re-use, distribution,. IP address: and170.106.40.139 reproduction, on 01in anyOct 2021medium, at 09:06:56 provided, subject the tooriginal the Cambridge work is unalteredCore terms andof use, is properlyavailable atcited. The written https://www.cambridge.org/core/termspermission of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2058631018000090 University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work. enable their students to gain this seem to have to do with real differences The difference between the two awareness and understanding. of social classes in the Roman world. As varieties has been expressed by scholars in It is surely not snobbish or we have seen, this is not to say that there many different ways (and more than a disrespectful to say that the kind of were not usages that they had in common, dozen definitions of ‘Vulgar Latin’ alone English used by a university professor including ones ‘borrowed’ by the one have been proposed): Vulgar Latin and (depending on the subject), both in from the other (and it worked both ways). Classical Latin (or derivatives of it); speech and writing, is likely to differ in There is no reason then to suppose standard and non- or sub-standard; elite various ways from that used by (say) an that a person conversant in standard and sub-elite; educated and uneducated; unskilled (so-called) factory worker. Latin, and who normally had recourse to written and spoken; H(igh) and L(ow); Again, the kind of English used by a standard Latin in certain situations, both upper class and lower/under class; respected literary figure will be very written and spoken, would not have been well-off and poor; ‘careful’ and ‘casual’; different from that of a person of the able to communicate easily enough with a formal and informal. Often several of same age who has not learned to read or person who routinely used non-standard these pairs are used to express the write. It would be remarkable if similar Latin, any more than their counterparts difference. None of these distinctions is distinctions of language use, perhaps even in English nowadays (see note 1). (See watertight: as we said, there are usages more marked, did not exist in the ancient also the extract from Quintilian above common to both varieties in all of these world. In fact we know that they did. and in particular the reference to slaves.)2 pairs, though generally speaking the Today we make a distinction between It would be bizarre to suppose otherwise: usages do tend to be found more in one ‘standard’ and ‘non-standard’ English. In they spoke (forms of) the same language, variety rather than the other (the Latin too it is customary to observe a not different languages. Standard Latin in frequency of distribution of a usage distinction between standard and the Classical period was similar enough to across social groups is what distinguishes non-standard Latin. The Latin that we non-standard Latin for the two forms of the varieties). There is sufficient overlap, learn is standard Latin, and non-standard the language to be mutually intelligible. It however, for us to be confident that the Latin is a closed book for most of us. And was a very different story a few hundred varieties belong to a single language yet standard Latin was used by only a years later when the standard had system. small minority of people in the Roman changed little and the spoken language Latin is a continuum. If it is a world; the overwhelming majority used (of both the elite and the ordinary plurality of any kind it is a plurality of non-standard Latin, and most (upwards person) had changed greatly. Standard what social linguists call ‘sociolects’, i.e. of 80% perhaps) males in the Classical written Latin was to become in effect a social dialects, not a plurality of period in Italy (it would have been even foreign language to both of them, and languages or language systems. Actually, higher for women and for people outside learned as such by the elite. Imagine that we may not be in a position to make rigid Italy) could not read or write any kind of standard English nowadays were the technical distinctions here, since, Latin, or indeed any other language. In English of Chaucer (say), and that you extraordinary though it may seem, we spite of this distinction between standard wanted to read and write (or speak) it. It can’t really say what a language is, nor and non-standard varieties of Latin, it is would still be a form of English, but for how it differs from a dialect Many important to realise that they are interacting all practical purposes it would be treated linguists say that there is no difference forms of the same language system, not as a foreign language, or a second and that dialects are languages, whatever separate and discrete languages, as they language at any rate.
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