The Myth of Sovijus and Its Relation to Lithuanian Cultural Memory
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BALTų KULTūR A The Myth of Sovijus and its Relation to Lithuanian Cultural Memory RūTA VALAITYtė Churchill College, University of Cambridge [email protected] Abstract: The article overviews the literature about a medieval, presumably Baltic, myth of Sovijus. The relation of the myth of Sovijus with Lithuanian cultural memory is analysed according to the ideas expressed in the secondary literature. The sum of literature is divided into several phases of research according to their treatment and contextualization of the myth. The phases of revival, integration and reinterpretation of the myth are distinguished. The active research of the myth started in the second part of the 20th century with the works of an exile Lithuanian Greimas and a Russian scholar Toporov, their work constitutes the phase of revival. Starting with late 1980s with the works of Vėlius, Beresnevičius and others myth was being integrated into the larger narrative of medieval Lithuanian history. Over the last decade a tendency of reinterpretation is evident, the Baltic origins of the myth are questioned; more detailed analysis of the original sources has appeared. This case study of the myth of Sovijus illustrates the changing situation of a cultural form in relation to the cultural memory of a nation. Keywords: cultural memory, Lithuania, Baltic mythology, chronographia of Ioanness Malalas, medieval Slavonic literature, myth of Sovijus, cremation. Introduction Cultural memory, according to Assman, is “a collective concept for all knowledge that Cultural memory, according to Assman, directs behaviour and experience in the together with communicative memory forms interactive framework of society and one the collective memory of a group.1 Focus on that obtains through generations in repeated such phenomena as cultural memory and societal practice and initiation.”2 For Assman their construction might offer one of multi- this cultural memory is separate from what ple paths to understanding national identity. he calls communicative memory which re- lates to everyday communications. Cultural 1 Assman, J. Collective Memory and Cultural Identity. New German Critique, 65, p. 129. 2 Ibid, p. 126. 2351-471X ISSN 14 TARPDALYKINIAI KULTūROS TYRIMAI · 2013 · T. 1 · Nr. 1 BALtų KULtūrA memory, in contrast, is formed from fateful, tific, cultural, artistic achievements had to historically important events in the past. be absorbed unnaturally rapidly. Such late The memory of these events is objectivised adoption of European culture led to quick and mediated through texts, rites, monu- Polonisation of elite Lithuanian culture. ments etc.3 This type of cultural memory Lithuanian language remained the language works through the formative and normative of peasants, since mainly religious textbooks impulses that it evokes shapes the common were printed in it. This led to the division of identity of a group. “The concept of cultural a nation, not only socially and politically, but memory comprises that body of reusable linguistically as well. Aleksandravičius and texts, images, and rituals specific to each Kulakauskas have demonstrated how this society in each epoch, whose “cultivation” linguistic division led to the rejection of a serves to stabilize and convey that society’s large part of cultural and historical heritage, self-image. Upon such collective knowledge, since national identity of the modern Lithu- for the most part (but not exclusively) of the anian nation was based on linguistic criteria. past, each group bases its awareness of unity The nobility that used Polish as their ver- and particularity.”4 Rubavičius suggests look- nacular, but identified themselves with the ing at the collective and cultural memory and political body of Lithuanian Grand Duchy the way it contributes to the construction of were excluded from the modern nation.7 national consciousness and identity.5 These cultural peculiarities only reflect The history of a particular nation is sup- the specific evolution of Lithuanian state- posed to form the basis of its shared cultural hood. Having created a large political unit in memory. Lithuanian history that relates to the beginning of 15th century, the sovereignty national identity could be regarded as com- of Lithuania became rather ambiguous after plicated because of several reasons. A promi- the Union with Poland in 1569. The complete nent Lithuanian historian E. Gudavičius loss of statehood and sovereignty under sees Lithuania as the last political unit to Russian empire 1795–1914 and as part of the join the Western European civilization6. Soviet Union up to 1990, also contributed The delayed incorporation into European to the complicated national identity and civilization meant that the European scien- concern over preserving it. The problem- atic stemming from the Soviet occupation 3 Ibid, p. 129. was clearly expressed by Kuzmickas, who 4 Ibid, p. 132. argues that the loss of statehood is trau- 5 Rubavičius, V. Neišgyvendinamo sovietmečio patirtis: matizing for the citizens, because they fall socialinė atmintis ir tapatumo politika. Lietuvių tautos tapatybė: tarp realybės ir utopijos. Ed. S. Juknevičius, into an ambiguous state of an inadequate 8 R. Repšienė, V. Rubavičius. Vilnius: Kultūros, filosofi- or insufficient nationhood. jos ir meno institutas, 2007, p. 12–40. 6 Gudavičius, E. Lietuvos kraitis stojant į Europos 7 Aleksandravičius, E., Kulakauskas, A. Carų valdžioje: Sąjungą. Ed. A. Andrijauskas, V. Rubavičius, Na- XIX a. Lietuva. Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 1996, p. 359. cionalinio tapatumo tęstinumas ir savikūra euroin- 8 Kuzmickas, B. Lietuviškasis tapatumas: kultūra ir tegracijos sąlygomis. Vilnius: Kultūros, filosofijos ir valstybė. Nacionalinio tapatumo tęstinumas ir savikūra meno institutas, 2008, p. 16–25. eurointegracijos sąlygomis. Ed. A. Andrijauskas, The Myth of Sovijus and its Relation to 15 Lithuanian Cultural Memory This brief outline of several peculiari- myths exists. Juknevičius discussed the ties of historical development illustrate that role of scientific, social, philosophical, and the cultural and historical sources, which religious myths in modern societies. These potentially could have been introduced as well as other types of myths have an orien- and incorporated into Lithuanian cultural tational function – they guide the behaviour memory, have been consciously avoided of social actors. If identity is concerned, the or unconsciously forgotten. Therefore cur- integrational role of myths is more impor- rently in Lithuania, as a relatively recently tant. They provide common imagery, goals reconstructed country, new symbols, nar- and ideas for a group, and stimulate social ratives and images are being constantly integration.11 It is obvious that myths taken included into the large body of shared from medieval historical sources hardly cultural memory, and by this they are play any active role of social regulation. employed in shaping the collective con- Nevertheless, they can be integrated into a sciousness and national identity of a nation. collective memory of a group, and provide Myths are one of these cultural forms. symbolism and imagery that contribute to Most of the myths analysed in anthro- the formation of collective identity. pological literature are the still “living” The present article aims at analysing the myths that have actual ties with the social myth of Sovijus, known from 13th century world. In such context a statement that historical sources, as a cultural form that myths have the power to regulate actual life can potentially be included into the Lithu- has become almost axiomatic. According anian cultural memory. The author hopes to to Lèvi-Strauss myth “explains the present provide an example of how a cultural form is and the past as well as the future”9. Mircea brought back to “life” and what procedures it Eliade similarly states that in traditional undergoes in such a situation. The historical societies a “living” myth “supplies models complexities mentioned above and the recent for human behaviour and, by that very Soviet occupation makes Lithuanian culture fact gives meaning and value to life.”10 So a particularly vital and open for such inclu- myth is a narrative that has actual power of sions. The changes in the analysis of the myth regulating and controlling the social world, throughout the discussed period indicate the by providing mythical ancestral behaviour relevance of the myth and the extent to which as an example. Naturally, this is the role of this myth was accepted at the time of analy- myth in more traditional societies where sis. This article focuses on such changes that myths are still “living”. In modern socie- indicate a threshold in the general approach ties various other, not necessarily religious, to the myth. Despite some efforts to promote the myth of Sovijus, such as its inclusion in V. Rubavičius. Vilnius: Kultūros, filosofijos ir meno institutas, 2008, p. 174. 11 Juknevičius, S. Mitų reikšmė formuojant tapatumus: 9 Lèvi-Strauss, C. The Structural Study of Myth, in The istorinės patirtys ir dabarties iššūkiai. Lietuvių tautos Journal of Americal Folklore, 1955. vol. 68, no. 270, p. 430 tapatybė: tarp realybės ir utopijos. Ed. S. Juknevičius, 10 Eliade, M. Myth and Reality. New York: Harper and R. Repšienė, V. Rubavičius. Vilnius: Kultūros, Row, 1975, p. 2. filosofijos ir meno institutas, 2007, p. 176. 2351-471X ISSN 16 TARPDALYKINIAI KULTūROS TYRIMAI · 2013 · T. 1 · Nr. 1 BALtų KULtūrA the electronic textbook “Įdomioji Lietuvos angry with his children. He tried to descend Istorija”12, it still remains relatively unknown to Hell. He did not succeed passing through to the broader Lithuanian society. Because of eight gates and only managed to reach the this reason comparative method is applied hell through the ninth ones, with the help only to the academic literature. In order of his son. When the brothers got angry to clarify the development of the approach with him, he resolved to find the father, and to the myth several phases, more or less ventured to Hell. After the father had din- correlating to chronological sequence, are ner with him, he made the bed for him and discerned. Works by Greimas and Toporov dug him under the ground.