Nationalism and Democracy (Autumn 2018)

COURSE SYLLABUS

Nationalism and Democracy Core course in the Nationalism Studies program

Draft version, 3 September 2018

Instructor: Daniel Bochsler Nationalism Studies program & Political Science department Central European University

Autumn semester 2018 MA 4 Credits (# ECTS Credits) Pre-requisites : open for students enrolled in Nationalism Studies (core course) and for students enrolled in Political Science & IRES (elective), other programs: previous knowledge of social science methods required

Course hours: Wednesday 11.00-12.40 and 13.30-15.10 Course e-learning site: tbd

Office hours: usually Tuesday 13.30-15.10 & Thursday 14.30-16.10, with occasional exceptions. Only with online appointments: www.bochsler.eu/office.

Course Description Nationalism and Democracy resemble a couple in a stormy marriage. In the origin of (Western) democracies, the two were symbiotic: democracy often implied the imagination of a nation. Vice-versa, nationalism in its historical shape also implies the liberation of the people from authoritarian rule, and the introduction of self-rule. Nevertheless, nationalism today is often characterised as the enemy of (liberal) democracy. In the course of the transition towards democracy, (ethnic) nationalism often appears as a side-product, leading to civic conflicts and/or ethnocracies, rather than democracy.

This course scrutinises the connection of nationalism and democracy. Thereby, it makes a tour d’horizon of several political science perspectives on nationalism. It starts with authoritarian political regimes, and the role of nationalism in the course of the transition towards democracy. It discusses why the introduction of democratic rule can lead to’ mobilisation along ethnic lines, and/or ethnic conflict. It looks at the rise of nationalist parties and populism, both in established democracies and democratising states. It compares democratic citizenship regimes, and relates them to the notion of the nation. And it analyses to what extent public opinions and political cleavages are linked to the nation. Last but not least, the course analyses which models of democracy are best suited for multicultural

1 Nationalism and Democracy (Autumn 2018) societies, looking at political institutions (federalism, power-sharing), as well as at minority rights.

Most of the course is based on empirical studies from contemporary multicultural regimes, qualitative and quantitative, complemented with some readings on historical cases, and theoretical contributions. Some of the class hours will be devoted to research methods in empirical political science/social sciences.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

 Students will be familiar with basic concepts from comparative politics.  Students will be able to distinguish and analyse political regimes and  Get an insight into contemporary shapes and problems of nationalism.  Understand the logic of comparative studies in political science/social science, and being capable of decipher such research  Conduct and write a simple empirical analysis.

Course requirements and assessment

Attendance and active class-room participation (15 %)

Expert for one week or session (20% of the grade) Participants have to prepare for an expert discussion in class (25% of the grade), based on the expert readings and the discussion questions, on which we agree beforehand. (Enrol for an office hour no later than 10 days before your ‘expert week’). Reading lists can be changed, in agreement between the lecturer and the experts. Experts prepare to respond to questions in a cohesive way, but do not prepare a linear presentation (see below). Each expert prepares material for about 15 minutes of discussion. The topic of the expert discussion can overlap with the topic of the paper, which the student writes in the second semester of the seminar. Deadline: Expert discussions take place between week 3 and week 12. There are 1-2 discussants per class. Topics and dates will be assigned in the second week of the semester. To the extent possible, I will try to consider the interests of the students.

Short assignments (15% of the grade)

Assignment 1: problem articulation Problem articulation (200-300 words) on one or several broader questions (will be introduced in first meeting). Deadline: 25 September 2018, 13.00h

Assignment 2: abstract. Outline of the research design of your final paper. Max. 1 page. Containing research question, preliminary case selection, and idea about the hypotheses and empirical materials to be analysed. Deadline: 2 November 2018, 23.59h

Assignment 3: discussant

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Discuss the abstract of one other student, and provide comments to each of the other participants of your group (to be defined) at the feedback sessions. On 7 & 14 November 2018, timetable to be agreed on.

Final paper (50 %) Course participants will submit an empirical, comparative research paper, focused on a topic connecting nationalism and (non-)democracy/democratisation, or related key questions in politics. 5000 words. Deadline to be announced.

Grading criteria: - Originality: is there a clear idea behind the paper (and is it followed and answered in the paper)? - Clarity: is the argument well structured? - Case selection and choice of appropriate data: is the selection of the cases and data well explained and convincing? - Fit of theory and empirical analysis: does the design for the empirical analysis fit the theoretical concept to be investigated? - Is the operationalisation clear and valid? - Conduct of the empirical analysis and appropriateness of the conclusions. - Overall structure of the paper: is there a clear golden thread throughout the paper? Does the introduction/conclusion refer to the paper, is the research design written and structured clearly, does it fulfil formal standards, is the structure appropriate?

Late submission: In case of late submissions, three grade points from the final grade of the assignment are deducted for every 12 hours of delay. For instance, submitting 15 hours late leads to a deduction of six points.

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Course programme

I. Nationalism, democracy, and political science

Week 1 (19 September) – Introduction. Nationalism and conflict, and what political science can say about it Political transitions towards democracy and the rise of nationalism. Multiple political science perspectives on nationalism.

Required readings: Snyder, J. (2000). From Voting to Violence. Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York, London: W.W Norton & Company, pp.15-92. (Chapters 1&2) Wimmer, Andreas (1997) 'Who owns the state? Understanding ethnic conflict in post- colonial societies', Nations and Nationalism 3(4): 631-665.

Further readings: Friedman, George. (2017, 1 March 2017). Nationalism and Liberal Democracy. Retrieved 1 June, 2018, from https://geopoliticalfutures.com/nationalism-liberal-democracy/ Mann, M. (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy. Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wald, Kenneth D. and Clyde Wilcox (2006) 'Getting Religion: Has Political Science Rediscovered the Faith Factor', American Political Science Review 100(4): 523-529.

*** II. Does democracy need nationalism? Social and economic prerequisites for the establishment of democracy. The nation and citizen sovereignty.

Week 2 (26 September) – Democracy and the nation Connections between the nation and democracy. The social and economic prerequisites for democratisation.

Required readings: Mill, John Stuart (1861) Considerations on Representative Government. London: Parker, Son, and Bourn. Chapter 16 (available on https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/m/mill/john_stuart/m645r/chapter16.html) Tilly, Charles (1994) 'States and nationalism in Europe, 1492-1992', Theory and Society 23: 131- 146. Przeworski, Adam (2009). “Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions.” British Journal of Political Science, 39(2): 291–321.

Further readings: Connor, Walker (2004) 'The timelessness of nations', Nations and Nationalism 10(1/2): 35-47. Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell, esp. chapters 2-5.

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Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1990. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 46-79. Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959) 'Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy', American Political Science Review 53(1): 69-105. Nodia, Ghia (1992) 'Nationalism and Democracy', Journal of Democracy 3(4): 3-22. Rustow, Dankwart A. (1970) 'Transitions to Democracy. Toward a Dynamic Model', Comparative Politics 2(3): 337-363. Smith, Anthony (1983) Theories of Nationalism. London: Duckworth. Wimmer, Andreas (2002) Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict. Shadows of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Woodberry, Robert D. (2012) 'The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy', American Political Science Review 106(2): 244-274.

Week 3 (3 October) – Identity politics How does politics shape identities in democratic and non-democratic states? The social, cultural, and political basis of identities.

Required readings: Posner, Daniel N. (2004) 'The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi', American Political Science Review 98(4): 529-545. Kertzer, David I. and Dominique Arel (Eds.) (2001) Census and Identity. The Politics of Race, Ethnicity and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (chapter 1). * Varshney, Ashutosh (2007) 'Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict', in Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 274-294). Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Background reading, optional. Gives you an overview of a field you might already be familiar with from other courses from Nationalism Studies.

Expert readings: Kroneberg, C., & Wimmer, A. (2012). Struggling over the Boundaries of Belonging: A Formal Model of Nation Building, Ethnic Closure, and Populism. American Journal of Sociology, 118(1), 176-230. McCrudden, C., & O'Leary, B. (2013). Courts and Consociations. Human Rights versus Power- Sharing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.xi-xiii, 105-137. Snyder, J. (2000). From Voting to Violence. Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York, London: W.W Norton & Company. (Chapter 4) Ndegwa, S. N. (1997). Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination of Two Transition Moments in Kenyan Politics. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 599-616.

Further readings: Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 155-194. Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities. London: Verso. Chandra, K. (2006). What is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter? Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 397-424.

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Cooley, Laurence and Jasmin Mujanović (2016) 'Population Politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Reply to Bochsler and Schläpfer', Ethnopolitics 15(5): 487-492. Bochsler, Daniel and Basil Schläpfer (2016) 'The normative trap in ethnopolitical research', Ethnopolitics 15(5): 493-496. Laitin, D. D., & Fearon, J. D. (2000). Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity. International Organization, 54(4), 845-877. Miguel, E. (2004). Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania. World Politics, 56, 327-362. Posner, D. N. (2004a). Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 849-863. Wimmer, Andreas (2017) 'Power and Pride. National Identity and Ethnopolitical Inequality around the World', World Politics 69(4): 605-639.

*** III. Does democratisation lead to nationalist conflict? Political transition and elections and their association with violent ethnic conflict.

Week 4 (10 October) – Transition, mobilisation, conflict Motivations and reasons for ethnic conflict.

Required readings: Refresh: Snyder 2000 chapter 1 (from week 1)

Collier, Paul, & Hoeffler, Anke (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4), 563–595. Toal, Gerard, and Carl T. Dahlman. 2011. Bosnia Remade. Ethnic Cleansing and its Reversal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 20-45. Pešić, V. (1993). The Cruel Face of Nationalism. Journal of Democracy, 4(4), 100-103

Expert readings: Carothers, T. (2002). The End of the Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy, 13(1), 5-21. Cederman, L.-E., Hug, S., & Krebs, L. F. (2010). Democratization and civil war: Empirical evidence. Journal of Peace Research, 47(4), 377–394. Hegre, Håvard, Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. 2001. "Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992." American Political Science Review 95 (1):33-48.??? Horowitz, D. L. (1993). Democracy in Di-vided Societies. Journal of Democracy, 4(4), 18-38. Horowitz, Donald L. (1993) 'Democracy in Divided Societies', Journal of Democracy 4(4): 18- 38.

Further readings: Buhaug, Halvard, Lars-Erik Cederman and Jan Ketil Rød (2008) 'Disaggregating Ethno- Nationalist Civil Wars: A Dyadic Test of Exclusion Theory', International Organization 62: 531-551. Cederman, L.-E., Hug, S., & Wenger, A. (2008). Democratization and War in Political Science. Democratization, 15(3), 509–524.

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Collier, P., & Sambanis, N. (2005). Understanding Civil War, Vol 1 & 2. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Horowitz, D. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkely: University of California Press, pp. 95- 288. Kalyvas, S. N. (2007). Civil Wars. In C. Boix & S. C. Stokes (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 416–434). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Fearon, J. D. & Laitin, D. D. (2000). Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity. International Organization, 54(4), 845-877. Nordlinger, Eric A. 1972. Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University, Center for International Affairs. Sambanis, Nicholas (2004) 'Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War', Perspectives on Politics 2(2): 259-279.

Week 5 (17 October) – Mobilisation in divided and immigration countries Similarities between nationalist mobilisation in ethnically divided countries and immigration countries. Is nationalist mobilisation and populism a threat to democracy?

Required readings: Wilkinson, Steven (2004) Votes and Violence. Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.19- 62. Golder, Matt (2016) 'Far Right Parties in Europe', Annual Review of Political Science 19: 477-497.

Expert readings: Sniderman, Paul M., Louk Hagendorn and Markus Prior (2004) 'Predisposing Factors and Situational Triggers: Exclusionary Reactions to Immigrant Minorities', American Political Science Review 98(1): 35-49. Evans, Geoffrey and Ariana Need (2002) 'Explaining ethnic polarization over attitudes towards minority rights in Eastern Europe: a multilevel analysis', Social Science Research 31(4): 653-680. Bernauer, Julian and Daniel Bochsler (2011) 'Electoral Entry and Success of Ethnic Minority Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: A Hierarchical Selection Model', Electoral Studies 30(4): 738-755. Bustikova, Lenka (2014) 'Revenge of the Radical Right', Comparative Political Studies 47(12): 1738-1765. Lucassen, Geertje and Marcel Lubbers (2011) 'Who Fears What? Explaining Far-Right-Wing Preference in Europe by Distinguishing Perceived Cultural Economic Ethnic Threats', Comparative Political Studies 45(5): 547-574. Abou-Chadi, Tarik (2016) 'Niche Party Success and Mainstream Party Policy Shifts - How Green and Radical Parties Differ in Their Impact', British Journal of Political Science 46: 417-436.

Further readings: Beissinger, Mark R. (2002) Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.147-198. Horowitz, D. L. (1993). Democracy in Divided Societies. Journal of Democracy, 4(4), 18-38.

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Pešić, V. (1993). The Cruel Face of Nationalism. Journal of Democracy, 4(4), 100-103 Cederman, L.-E., Hug, S., & Wenger, A. (2008). Democratization and War in Political Science. Democratization, 15(3), 509–524. Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed. Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 2, 3, 4 Brancati, D., & Snyder, J. L. (2013). Time to Kill: The Impact of Election Timing on Postconflict Stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(5), 822–853. Lyons, T., 2004. Post-conflict elections and the process of demilitarizing politics: the role of electoral administration. Democratization, 11(3), pp.36–62.

Bochsler, Daniel and Andreas Juon (2018, 22-25 August) Authoritarian footprints: the transformation of democracy, 1990-2016. Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Hamburg. Canovan, Margaret (1999) 'Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy', Political Studies 47: 2-16. Mudde, Cas and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (2012) 'Populism: corrective and threat to democracy', in Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (eds.) Populism in Europe and the Americas. Threat or Corrective for Democracy? (pp. 205-222). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huber, Robert A. and Christian H. Schimpf (2016) 'A drunken guest in Europe? The influence of populist radical right parties on democratic quality', Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 10: 103-129. Huber, Robert A. and Christian H. Schimpf (2016) 'Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin America', Political Studies 64(4): 872-889. Ruth, Saskia P. and Kirk A. Hawkins (2017) 'Populism and Democratic Representation in Latin America', in R. Heinisch, Oskar Mazzoleni and C. Holtz-Bacha (eds.) Handbook on Political Populism (pp. 255-273). Baden-Baden: Nomos.

*** IV. Democracy and the nation: how to accommodate cultural groups in democracies Is democracy in divided societies possible? What is the most appropriate model for it?

Week 6 (24 October) – Political regimes for divided societies: consociationalism or centripetalism? An introduction to the two prevalent schools about political regimes for divided societies, consociationalism and centripetalism. We compare the consociational type both in democracies and in non-democracies.

Required readings: Lijphart, A. (1969). Consociational democracy. World Politics, 21(2), 207–225. Reilly, Benjamin (2001) Democracy in Divided Societies. Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.1-26.

Expert readings:

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Bochsler, Daniel (2010) 'Electoral Rules and the Representation of Ethnic Minorities in Post-Communist Democracies', European Yearbook of Minority Issues, 2007/8 7: 153- 180. Hänni, Miriam (2017) 'Responsiveness – To Whom? Why the Primacy of the Median Voter Alienates Minorities', Political Studies 65(3): 665-684. Bogaards, M. (2014). Democracy and Social Peace in Divided Societies. Exploring Consociational Parties. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.64-80. (Chapter 4: Non-democratic Consociational Parties) Rothchild, D., & Foley, M. W. (1988). African States and the Politics of Inclusive Coalitions. In The Precarious Balance. State & Society in Africa (pp. 233–264). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc. Boix, C., & Svolik, M. W. (2013). The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships. Journal of Politics, 75(2), 300-316. O'Leary, Brendan (2012) 'The Federalization of Iraq and the Break-up of Sudan', Government and Opposition 47(4): 481-516.

Further readings: Bird, Karen (2014) 'Ethnic quotas and ethnic representation worldwide', International Political Science Review 35(1): 12-26. Bochsler, Daniel and Edina Szöcsik (2013) 'Building inter-ethnic bridges or promoting ethno-territorial demarcation lines? Hungarian minority parties in competition', Nationalities Papers 41(5): 761-779. Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimmer and Brian Min (2010) 'Why do ethnic groups rebel? New data and analysis', World Politics 62(1): 87-119. Graham, Benjamin A.T., Michael K. Miller and Kaare Strøm (2017) 'Safeguarding Democracy: Powersharing and Democratic Survival', American Political Science Review 111(4): 686-704. Grofman, B. and Stockwell, R., 2003. Institutional design in plural societies: mitigating ethnic conflict and fostering stable democracy. In: R. Mudambi, P. Navarra and G. Sobbrio, eds., Economic Welfare, International Business and Global Institutional Change. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar, pp.102–137. McGarry, J., & O’Leary, B. (2006a). Consociational theory, Northern Ireland’s conflict, and its agreement 2. What critics of consociation can learn from Northern Ireland. Government and Opposition, 41(2), 249–277. McGarry, J., & O’Leary, B. (2006b). Consociational theory, Northern Ireland’s conflict, and its agreement. Part 1: what consociationalists can learn from Northern Ireland. Government and Opposition, 41(1), 43–63. Hartzell, C., & Hoddie, M. (2003). Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 318-332. Hartzell, C., Hoddie, M., & Rothchild, D. (2001). Stabilizing the Peace After Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables. International Organization, 55(1), 183-208. Huber, John D. (2012) 'Measuring Ethnic Voting: Do Proportional Electoral Laws Politicize Ethnicity?', American Journal of Political Science 56(4): 986-1001. Ishiyama, John (2009) 'Do Ethnic Parties Promote Minority Ethnic Conflict?', Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 15(1): 56-83. Lijphart, Arend (1986) 'Proportionality by Non-PR Methods: Ethnic Representation in Belgium, Cyprus, Lebanon, New Zealand, West Germany and Zimbabwe', in

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Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart (eds.) Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (pp. 113-123). New York: Agathon Press. Pospieszna, Paulina and Gerald Schneider (2013) 'The Illusion of 'Peace Through Power- Sharing': Constitutional Choice in the Shadow of Civil War', Civil Wars 15(S1): 44- 70. Roeder & D. Rothchild (Eds.), Sustainable Peace. Power and Democracy after Civil Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Steiner, Jürg. 1981. “The Consociational Theory and Beyond.” Comparative Politics 13 (3): 339–354. Wucherpfennig, J. (2011). Endogenizing Power-Sharing After Ethnonationalist Civil War. Zurich: ETH.

Week 7 (31 October) – Actors’ strategies, and problems of power-sharing regimes and centripetalism Challenges and pitfalls of centripetalism of power-sharing regimes and centripetal institutions: is power-sharing (consociational democracy) compatible with liberal rights? How do political actors react to institutional incentives for moderation?

Required readings: McCulloch, Allison (2014) 'Consociational settlements in deeply divided societies: the liberal- corporate distinction', Democratization 21(3): 501-518. Bochsler, Daniel (2018) Five ways to avoid political moderation. How political actors escape institutional incentives in divided societies. Copenhagen and Aarau: University of Copenhagen, Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau.

Expert readings: Rabushka, Alvin R., and Kenneth A. Shepsle. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies. A Theory of Democratic Instability. Columbus (OH): Charles E. Merrill, pp.62-92 (ch.3) Stojanović, Nenad (2014) 'When non-nationalist voters support ethno-nationalist parties: the 1990 elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a prisonner's dilemma game', Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 14(4): 607-625. Fraenkel, Jon and Bernard Grofman (2006) 'Does the Alternative Vote Foster Moderation in Ethnically Divided Societies? The Case of Fiji', Comparative Political Studies 39(5): 623-651. Byrne, Siobhan and Allison McCulloch (2018) 'Is Power-Sharing Bad for Women?', Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 24(1): 1-12. Juon, Andreas and Daniel Bochsler (2017) The two faces of power-sharing, IPSA workshop "Democratization and Constitutional Design in Divided Societies". Nicosia. Stojanović, Nenad (2006) 'Direct Democracy: a Risk or an Opportunity for Multicultural Societies? The Experience of the Four Swiss Multilingual Cantons', International Journal on Multicultural Societies 8(2): 183-202.

Further readings: Bochsler, Daniel (2013) 'Radicalizing Electoral System Effects on Support for Nationalist Hardliners', Nations and Nationalism 19(1): 21-43.

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Bogaards, Matthijs. 2003. "Electoral Choices for Divided Societies: Multi-Ethnic Parties and Constituency Pooling in Africa." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 41 (3):59-80. Horowitz, Donald L. (1985) Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Mitchell, Paul, Geoffrey Evans and Brendan O’Leary (2009) 'Extremist Outbidding In Ethnic Party Systems Is Not Inevitable: Tribune Parties in Northern Ireland', Political Studies 57: 397-421.

*** V. Demos and territorial order Citizenship regimes, and territorial organisation of the state

Week 8 (7 November) – Federalism and partition Is federalism or territorial autonomy a solution to ethnic grievances, or is it a first step to separatism? Is partition of states the best sustainable solution to ethnic conflict? We discuss federalism and territorial autonomy in the context of democracies and non-democracies.

Required readings: Roeder, P. G. (2007). Where nation-states come from: Institutional change in the age of nationalism. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press, pp. 203-228. Kaufmann, C. (1996). Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security, 20(4), 136-175.

Expert readings: Caspersen, Nina (2012) Unrecognised States. Cambridge: Polity Press, introduction. Siroky, David S., Sean Mueller and Michael Hechter (2017) 'Cultural legacies and political preferences: the failure of separatism in the Swiss Jura', European Political Science Review 9(2): 303-327. Sambanis, N. (2000). Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature. World Politics, 52, 437-483.

Further readings: Bhavani, Ravi, Donnay Karsten, Dan Miodownik, Maayan Mor and Dirk Helbling (2014) 'Group Segregation and Urban Violence', American Journal of Political Science 58(1): 226- 245. Bochsler, Daniel and Edina Szöcsik (2013) 'The Forbidden Fruit of Federalism. Evidence from Romania and Slovakia', West European Politics 36(2): 442-462. Brancati, D. (2006). Decentralization: Fueling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism? International Organization, 60, 651-685. Cederman, L.-E., Hug, S., Schädel, A., & Wucherpfennig, J. (2013). Territorial Autonomy in the Shadow of Future Conflict: Too Little, Too Late?, Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago. Christin, T., & Hug, S. (2003, 18-21 September). Federalism and Conflict Resolution. Considering Selection Biases. Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Marburg. Erk, J., & Anderson, L. (2009). The paradox of federalism: does self-rule accommodate or exacerbate ethnic divisions? Regional and Federal Studies, 19(2), 191–202.

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Hale, H. E. (2000). The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting. British Journal of Political Science, 30, 31-56. Hale, H. E. (2005). The Makeup and Breakup of Ethnofederal States: Why Russia Survives Where the USSR Fell. Perspectives on Politics, 3(1), 55-70. Jenne, E. K. (2009). The Paradox of Ethnic Partition: Lessons from de facto Partition in Bosnia and Kosovo. Regional and Federal Studies, 19(2), 273-289. Kaufmann, C. D. (1998). When All Else Fails. Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century. International Security, 23(2), 120-156. Kumar, R. (1997). The Troubled History of Partition. Foreign Affairs, 76(1), 22-34. Lacina, B., 2015. Periphery versus Periphery: The Stakes of Separatist War. The Journal of Politics, 77(3), pp.692–706. Laitin, D. D. (2004). Ethnic Unmixing and Civil War. Security Studies, 13(4), 350–365. Roeder, P. G. (1991). Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Moblization. World Politics, 43(1), 196- 232. Rossi, M. (2014). Ending the impasse in Kosovo: partition, decentralization, or consociationalism? Nationalities Papers, 42(5), 867-889. Sambanis, N. and Milanovic, B., 2014. Explaining Regional Autonomy Differences in Decentralized Countries. Comparative Political Studies, 47(13), pp.1830–1855. Toft, M. D. (2003). The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Walter, B. F. (2009). Reputation and Civil War: why separatist conflicts are so violent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Watts, Ronald L. (1998) 'Federalism, Federal Political Systems, and Federations', Annual Review of Political Science 1: 117-137.

Non-territorial autonomies Klímová-Alexander, I. (2007). Transnational Romani and Indigenous Non-territorial Self- determination Claims. Ethnopolitics, 6(3), 395–416. Nimni, E. (2007). National–Cultural Autonomy as an Alternative to Minority Territorial Nationalism. Ethnopolitics, 6(3), 345–364. Villiers, B. De. (2012). Protecting Minorities on a Non-Territorial Basis—Recent International Developments. Beijing Law Review, 03(04), 170–183.

Week 9 (14 November) – Political, cultural and economic inequalities Economic inequalities, cultural and political rights of minorities. How multiple inequalities reinforce each other. The rights of migrants and ‘historical’ minorities in comparison.

Required readings: Cederman, Lars-Erik, Nils B. Weidmann and Kristian S. Gleditsch (2011) 'Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison', American Political Science Review 105(3): 478-495. Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship. A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.10-33. van Cott, D. L. (2006). Dispensing Justice at the Margins of Formality. The Informal Rule of Law in Latin America. In G. Helmke & S. Levitsky (Eds.), Informal Institutions and Democracy (pp. 249-273). Baltimore (MA): The Johns Hopkins University Press.

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Expert readings: Herbst, Jeffrey. 1989. "Racial Reconciliation in Southern Africa." International Affairs 65 (1):43-54. Gubler, Joshua R., and Joel Sawat Selway. 2012. "Horizontal Inequality, Crosscutting Cleavages, and Civil War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 56 (2):206-32. Østby, Gudrun. 2013. "Inequality and political violence: A review of the literature." International Area Studies Review 16 (2):206-31. Koopmans, Ruud and Ines Michalowski (2017) 'Why Do States Extend Rights to Immigrants? Institutional Settings and Historical Legacies Across 44 Countries Worldwide', Comparative Political Studies 50(1): 41-74.

Further readings: Østby, Gudrun, 2008. Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict: Evidence from 55 Developing Countries, 1986-2003. World Bank Publications. Stewart, F., 2008. Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Stewart, F., 2000. Crisis Prevention: Tackling Horizontal Inequalities. Oxford Development Studies, 28(3), pp.245–262. Østby, Gudrun. 2008. "Polarization, Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Civil Conflict." Journal of Peace Research 45 (2):143-62. Vogt, M. (2017). Colonialism, Elite Networks, and the Origins of Ethnic Power-Sharing. ETH Zürich.

Week 10 (21 November) – Citizenship and voting rights How do democracies define their citizens? How do citizenship rights reflect the idea of the nation? How do states include diasporas and co-ethnics across the borders?

Required readings: Vink, Maarten Peter and Rainer Bauböck (2013) 'Citizenship configurations: Analysing the multiple purposes of citizenship regimes in Europe', Comparative European Politics 11(5): 621-648. Jackson Preece, J. (2011). Diversity And Co-Existence In International Society: The Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations In Historical Perspective. In F. Palermo & N. Sabanadze (Eds.), National Minorities in Inter-State Relations (pp. 29-44). Leiden: Brill.

Expert readings: Bauböck, Rainer (2005) 'Expansive Citizenship: Voting beyond Territory and Membership', PS: Political Science and Politics 38(4): 683-687. Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism Reframed. Nationhood and the national question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, def. chapter. Smith, Rogers M. (2017) 'Citizenship and Membership Duties toward Quasi-Citizens', in Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Bauböck, Irene Bloemraad and Maarten Vink (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Further readings: Brubaker, Rogers (1995) 'National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External Homelands in the New Europe', Daedalus 124(2): 107-132. Caramani, Daniele and Florian Grotz (2015) 'Beyond citizenship and residence? Exporing the extension of voting rights in the age of globalization', Democratization 22(5): 799-819. Howard, Marc Morjé (2005) 'Variation in Dual Citizenship Policies in the Countries of the EU', International Migration Review 39(3): 697-720. Cederman, Lars-Erik, Kristian S. Gleditsch, Idean Salehyan and Julian Wucherpfennig (2013) 'Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War', International Organization 67(2): 389-410. Laitin, D. D. (1998). Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, esp. chapters 1-2. Mabry, T. J., McGarry, J., Moore, M., & O'Leary, B. (Eds.). (2013). Divided Nations and European Integration. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press. Mylonas, H. (2012). The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. van Houten, P. (1998). The role of a minority's reference state in ethnic relations. European Journal of Sociology, 39(1), 110-146. Weiner, M. (1971). The Macedonian Syndrome. An Historical Model of Interna-tional Relations and Political Development. World Politics 23(4), 665-683.

Week 11 - no meeting

*** VI. The international system and domestic politics

Week 12 (5 December) – Peacebuilding missions, transitional justice International intervention during and after civil wars; transitional justice: how do international actors and institutions affect domestic politics and democracy. The different modes of transitional justice - international and domestic courts, truth commissions.

Required readings: Luttwak, Edward N. (1999) 'Give War a Chance', Foreign Affairs 78(4): 36-44. Walter, Barbara F. (1997) 'The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement', International Organization 51(3): 335-364. Snyder, Jack and Leslie Vinjamuri (2003) 'Trials and Errors. Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice', International Security 28(3): 5-44.

Expert readings: Hartzell, C., Hoddie, M., & Rothchild, D. (2001). Stabilizing the Peace After Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables. International Organization, 55(1), 183-208. Doyle, M. W., & Sambanis, N. (2000). International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis. American Political Science Review, 94(4), 779-801. Wantchekon, Leonard (2004) 'The Paradox of 'Warlord' Democracy: A Theoretical Investigation', American Political Science Review 98(1): 17-33. Cobban, H. (2006, 17 February 2006). Think Again: International Courts. Foreign Policy, p. 22.

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Dancy, G., Kim, H., & Wiebelhaus-Brahm, E. (2010). The Turn to Truth: Trends in Truth Commission Experimentation. Journal of Human Rights, 9, 45-64.

Kim, H. J., & Sikkink, K. (2010). Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prose- cutions for Transitional Countries. International Studies Quarterly, 54(4), 939-963. Theidon, K. (2006). Justice in Transition: The Micropolitics of Reconciliation in Postwar Peru. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(3), 433-457. Ingelaere, B. (2009). Does the truth pass across the fire without burning? Locating the short circuit in Rwanda's Gacaca courts. Journal of Modern African Studies, 47(4), 507-528.

Further readings: On international interventions, peacebuilding, and domestic politics. Bochsler, Daniel, Adis Merdžanović and Davor Petrić (2014) Enforced cooperation. A model of international intervention in divided polities, CEEISA conference. Cluj. Doyle, M. W., & Sambanis, N. (2006). Making War and Building Peace. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press, any chapter. Donais, T. (2012). Peacebuilding and Local Ownership: Post-Conflict Consensus-Building. Abingdon: Routledge. Fortna, Virginia Page, and Lisa Morjé Howard. 2008. "Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Literature." Annual Review of Political Science 11:283-301. Mukherjee, B. (2006). Does Third-Party Enforcement or Domestic Institutions Promote Enduring Peace After Civil Wars? Policy Lessons From an Empirical Test. Foreign Policy Analysis, 2, 405-430. Sisk, T. D. (2008). Peacebuilding as democratization: findings and recommendations. In A. K. Jarstad & T. D. Sisk (Eds.), From War to Democracy (pp. 239-259). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Walter, B. F. (1999). Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, Democratization, and Commitments to Peace. International Security, 24(1), 127-155. Papagianni, Katia. 2008. Power Sharing, transitional governments and the role of mediation. Oslo: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.

On transitional justice: Binningsbø, H. M., Loyle, C. E., Gates, S., & Elster, J. (2012). Armed conflict and post- conflict justice, 1946–2006. A dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 49(5), 731-740. Kim, H. J. (2012). Structural determinants of human rights prosecutions after democratic transition. Journal of Peace Research, 49(2), 305-320. Laplante, L. J., & Theidon, K. (2007). Truth with Consequences: Justice and Reparation in Post-Truth Commission Peru. Human Rights Quarterly, 29(1), 228-250. McCrudden, C., & O'Leary, B. (2013). Courts and Consociations. Human Rights versus Power- Sharing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, chapter 3. Olson, T. D., A., P. L., & Reiter, A. (2010). Transitional justice in the world, 1970-2007: Insights from a new dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 47(6), 803-809. Olsen, T. D., Payne, L. A., Reiter, A. G., & Wiebelhaus-Brahm, E. (2010). When Truth Commissions Improve Human Rights. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 4, 457- 476. Samii, C. (2013). Who wants to forgive and forget? Transitional justice preferences in postwar Burundi. Journal of Peace Research, 50(2), 219-233.

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Sikkink, K., & Booth Walling, C. (2007). The Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America. Journal of Peace Research, 44(4), 427-445. Sikkink, K., & Kim, H. J. (2013). The Justice Cascade: The Origins and Effectiveness of Pro- secutions of Human Rights Violations. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 9, 269- 285. Taylor, L. K., & Dukalskis, A. (2012). Old truths and new politics: Does truth commission 'publicness' impact democratization. Journal of Peace Research, 49(5), 671-684.

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