CACI Political and Cultural Ties with Italy

May the vision and courage of Christopher Columbus :z inspire us all THE NATIONAL I ITALIAN AMERICAN FOUNDATION www.niaf.org

The National Italian American Foundation (N fA F) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving the h eritage of Americans of Italian descent, the nation's fifth largest ethnic group.

The NIAF funds scilOlarships and grants; supports a variety of yout}, programSj researches Italian American history and culture; promotes a positive image of Italian Americans and works towards ending negative and stereotypical portrayals in the media; encourages the teaching of Italian language in U .S. schools; and promotes closer economic, CACI political and cultural ties with Italy. EVER VIGILANT please visit o ur website, www.nia(org, to learn more ahouuhe National Italian American Foundation. Technology That Supports America's Future

CACI provides the IT and network solutions nceded to prevail in texlay's new era of defense, intelligence, and c-govcmmcnt. N!AF www.caci.com 1860 Nineteenth Street NW - Washington. DC 2009-5501 Tel: 202-387-0600 - Fax: 202-387-0800 - www.niaf.org Application for Membership THE NATION'S CAPITAL in the National Columbus Celebration Association CELEBRATES 514YEARS The Association seeks to honor not only the memory of Columbus and his OF DISCOVERY historic achievements in linking the Old World and the New, but also the higher values that motivated and sustained him in his efforts and his trials. Those virtues-faith in God, the courage of his convictions, dedication to purpose, perseverance in effort, professional excellence, and boldness in facing the unknown- are as needed today and in the future.

The Association invites individuals and organizations who identify with our purposes to join with us by filling ot the application below and sending it to the address given. Membership includes a gold plated membership pin, a personal colorful certificate with a beribboned seal, suitable for framing, an invitation to the annual meeting with the right to vote, minutes, newsletters, and your name listed in the program published for the annual celebration. National Patrons will be listed in the annual program book and will be sent a copy of the program book upon request. Visit our web site at (www.columbuscelebration.org)or for additional information call: John Moore at 301-572-5181 or J.P. McCusker at 703-361-6778.

Annual dues (please check the appropriate box): o Organizational member: business, professional non·profit, patriotic, or fraternal...... $75.00 o Individual member ...... $25.00 HONORING THE GREAT o National patron ...... $1 0.00 DISCOVERER Please PRINT name exactly as you wish it to appear on the certificate:

Name ...... CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Address ...... MONDAY OCTOBER 9, 2006

City...... State ...... Zip ...... THE COLUMBUS MEMORIAL Telephone ...... E-mail ...... COLUMBUS PLAZA· UNION STATION Please fill out the application, cut or tear along the right side, or (you may wish to make a copy rather than cutting your program book), and send with your check WASHINGTON, D.C. made payable to. "NCCA. " to : National Columbus Celebration Association SPONSORED BY THE 5034 Wisconsin Ave. NW NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION ASSOCIATION Washington DC 20016-4125 IN COORDINATION WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

80 CELEBRATING CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN THE NA TION'S CAPITAL The Site In th e yea rs following the great 1892 qu adricentennial (400 111 anniversary) ce lebration of the achievements and discoveri es of Christoph er Co lumbus, an effort was laun ched by the Knights of Co lumbus to es tablish a monument in th e nation's capital to the great discoverer. At th eir urging, the COL. CHEV ANDREW MARTIN JOHNSON, CGTJ U. S. Congress pa ssed a law which mand ated a Columbu s Memori al in the The Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem and appropriated $ 100,000 to cover the constru ction costs. A co mmi ss ion wa s estab lished co mposed of th e sec retari es 1200 South Monroe Street (703) 892-4247 of State and War, th e chairmen of the Arlington, VA 222040-42]9 email: amjohn [email protected] I-lou se and Senate Comll1ittees on the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus. With the new Union Station rail terminal co mpleted in 1907 , plans TERMITE AND PEST CONTROL foc used on putting the memorial in the plaza in f ront of this great ed if ice. A fter a seri es of competitions, C & M EXTERMINATORS, INC. sculptor Lorado Z. Taft of Chicago was commiss ioned. His plan envisioned 5507 Landover Road wh at you see thi s day, a monument Hyattsville, MD20784 constructed of Georgia ma rble; a sem i circul ar fountain sixty-six feet broad and forty-four feet deep, and in the • 301-779-1515 center a pylon crowned with a globe supported by fo ur eag les connected by "We Treat Your Home Like We Would Our Own" a garland. A fifteen-foot statue of Columbu s, facin g the U. S. Capitol and wrapped in a med ieva l mant le, sta nd s in front of the pylon in the bow of a ship with its prow extending into LEE Funeral Home the upper ba sin of the fountain and terminating with a winged f igurehead representing democ racy. Flanking Columbus are two sea ted, allegori ca l AND CREMATORIUM figures : To hi s left, representing the O ld World, is a patriarchal figure ne of th e Wa shington M etropo litan Area's Oldest and Fin es t res ting his arms upon a shield and grasping a crumpled map, while to hi s Homes, ow ned and operated by th e Lee Fam ily for over 160 years. ri ght, representing th e New World, is a pre-Columbian figure (American O Established 1836. Bea utiful Chapel. Amp le Park ing Space. Indian) crouching behind hi s crud e shi eld and reac hing for an arrow. On the rear of the large pylon is a double meda llion picturing th e Spa ni sh monarchs LEE Funeral Home, Inc. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabell a. Set at the ex tremes of the ax is of the balu strade are couch ant lions. T hree towering flagpo les ri se behind the 6633 O ld Alexander Ferry Road • C linton , MD 20735 monument representing the hi storic ships of 1492 the Niiia , the Pinta and the 30 1-868-0900 • 30 \-855-0888 Sanla Maria. Classic-columned lampposts in front of Union Station feature 8 125 Southern Maryland Boulevard • Owings, MD 20736 replicas of ships on their cross-ax is near the base moun ts .

79 2 Daniel Burnham, who des igned Union Station, had been the maj or Archbishop Michael J. Curley architect of the 1892- 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Burnham's architecture was so well rece ived in Chicago th at it launched the Knights of Columbus, "City Beautiful" movement, to transform maj or cities, espec ially our nat ion's cap ital, into a seri es of well-landscaped neo-class ica l places, express in g Archdiocese of Washington, co nfidence in our Republic during the 1890 period. Burnham's Columbus Fo untain and Taft's Columbus sta tu e were influenced in part by Frederick Assembly No. 383 MacMonnies' fountain at the World's Columbian Ex hibition. The dedication of the tribute to Columbus took place on June 8, 19 12 in the presence of Pres ident Taft and accompani ed by an elabo rate three-day celebration organi zed by th e Knights of Columbus that brought 46 Years of Proud Service 20,000 Knights and the families to the cap ital, it was repo rted. T hu s bega n the annual Columbus Day ce lebrations at the site.

The Ceremony T hroughout the years fraternal, civic and cultural organization s provided BEST WISHES TO THE leadership for the ceremony. For so me years now, in collaboration with the NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION National Park Service. it has been organ ized annu ally by the National Columbus Ce lebration Assoc iation (NCCA), estab lished in 1989 to plan the COLUMBUS DAY OCTOBER 9,2006 ce lebration in the Quincentenary and THE NEW WORLD SALUTES COLUMBUS ON THE 514TH subsequent years . Appearances of the ANNIVERSARY OF THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY U.S. Military Honor Guard , the serv ice . -

bands, and the K nights of Co lumbus I Color Corps add to the pageantry. LEONARD AND NORA DURSO Read ing of the annu al Presidential Proc lamation, addresses by members of the diplomatic corps- e pecially from Spa in , Italy the Bahamas, and the In Memory of Orga nization of A merican States- the awarding of an a national essay contest prize and read ing of the essay by the winner, and wreath-laying by embassies and many fratern al and patriotic groups, 'Bi{{ 'Borchert Larson, 1(C.L.J. both nati onal and loca l, give interest and co lor to the occas ion, which brings in Color Guard from th e Military District of many attendees from other parts of the Washington country eac h year. T he event is open to Wayne E. Parthun, K.c.L.J. the public free of charge. (For descriptions and ph otograph s of ceremoni es of earlier yea rs, see the web site www.columbuscelebrarion.org[)

78 3 Our Cover: Commemorating the sooth Anniversary of the Death of Columbus iCG INSURANCE CONSU LrJNG GROUP In observance of the 500'11 anniversary of the death of Columbus, our cover reproduces what may have been the last likeness o.fColumbus made.fi'o mlife. (In P.o. Box 1776, FRONT ROYAL, VA 22630-0038 fact, it may be the ollly likeness we have o.fhim .fi"Ol11 l(fe. ) It shows th e fi'ont view o.fthe "Christophoro Colombo" medal, made.fi"Oln an original model produced by BENEFITS - BY - DESIGN Italian Guido Mazzoni, presumably six months before Columbus's death in 1506. Mazzoni, who died in 1518, was a medal-maker associated with th e Paduan ANTHONY R. TRINGALE, CLU Naturalists School prominent in northern Italy during the lallerpart o.fColulI1bus 's PRINCIPAL l(fetime. Th e medal displays a reliefpro.file portrait of Columbus at an elderly age, with th e inscription "Christophoro Co lombo " .flanking the image. (The original BUS (540) 622-2244 / FAX (540) 622-2285 medal pictured on the cover was made available by courtesy o.f the Gaellens Family.) The death scene at ValLadolid in Spain, May 20, 1506, is shown below as ESTATE PLANNING depicted in a panelfrom thefamous Colombus Doors o.fthe m.ain entrance to the RETIREMENT STRATEGIES U.S. Capitol. LIFE INSURANCE & ANNUITIES www.ucgbcbefuls.com

W.B. MASKE SHEET METAL WORKS, INC.

Since 1935 AIR CONDITIONING • HEATING • ROOFING (301) 917-2412 www.wbmaske.com BLADENSBURG,MARYLAND

77 4 CHRONOLOGY OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS Gino Marinucci, CPA IN THE LIFE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS [email protected]

Gino Marinucci C.P.A., P.C.

Certified Public Accountants

(Relevant contemporary events are showl! in italics; sorne importallt reClirrellt New Wo rld locatioll s are shown in bo/c({ace italics.) 11303 Amherst Ave, Suite 3 P: (301) 942-2266 1451 - Christopher Columbus is born in Genoa, Italy, the son of Susanna and Wheaton, M D 20902 F: (301) 942-1206 Domenico Colombo, a L igurian weaver and one of the keepers of the city's gates. (Queen Isabella and Amerigo Vespucci arc both born this same year). 1453 - Turks capture Constantinople, kill the Emperor and the thousand-year old Byzantine Empire ends. 1465 - Columbus's first sea voyages to Corsica. 1468 - Gutenberg dies. 1470 - Portuguese discover West African Gold Coast. Sauro' Cu.stotn q'aifot 1473 - Copernicus is born. 1475 - Michelangelo is born. 11004 F r iii' We&~ 1477 - Columbus has moved from Genoa to Lisbon; sa ils to England, Ircland, Iceland and possibly near the Arctic Circle. 1478 - St. Thomas More is born in England. Alterations: Mens· Ladies 1479 - Columbus marries Felipa Moniz Perestrello of Porto Santo in the Madeira Islands. The union gives Columbus a son and heir, Diego. Formal Wear: Rental • Sales 1483 - Martin Luther is born.. ~ 1484 - Columbus approaches King John II of Portugal with a plan for an expedition to seek lands to th e west via a sea route; Columbus and Diego arrive in Palos, Spai n (going 10 the Fran ciscan Monastery La Rabida, ncar Palos) to discuss sponsorship of expedi ti on westward on th e "Ocean Sea." 11051/2 19th Street, N.W. 1485 - Felipa Perestrello dies. Washington, D.C. 20036 1486 - Son Fern ando (Ferdinand) is born of union with Beatriz Enriquez. Joseph A. Sauro 1488 - Bartholomew Diaz rounds th.e Cape orGood Hope. 1492 - The Spanish take Granada, ending the Moorish kingdom in Spain and consolidating the monarchy of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. 202-296-0748 202-296-0216 1492 - April 17: King and Queen of Spa in sign the Santa Fe document defining Fax: 202-296-7588 Columbus's proposed exped ition. 1492 - May 23: King and Queen decree citizens of Palos will be crew members.

76 5 First Voyage: Discovery of the New World (Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola), 1492-1493 .Jmmatulatr Q.Contrption ~brtnr Q.Countil Jao.4944 1492 - August 2: M ass held for Columbus and crew at. Church of Sl. George, mt~trid {If Q.C{llumbia M art yr, in Palos at noon; Co lumbus embarks from Pal os de la Frontera th at day with three ca ravels (NiHa, Pinta, and Santa Maria) and 90 men. Encourages Continued Sponsorship of the Annual Columbus Day Celebration 1492 - October 12: A fter 33 days cross ing th e A tl ant.i c, land is sighted at 2 by the National Columbus Celebration Association in Cooperation with the U. S. Park Service, Capitol Region a. m., and at dawn Columbus lands on th e island of Guanahani in the Bahamas archipelago. On October 27 at ni ghtfall th e shore of Cuba is sighted, and on Council Officers DecembCl' 6 th e three vessels reach th e wes tern end of th e island of Hispani ola, Chaplain Rev. Clement St. Jacques containing the modern Dominican Republic and Haiti. Grand Knight Allen E . Williams Deputy Grand Knight Melvin E, Brown, Sr. J492 - December 24: T he Sa nta Maria runs aground on th e north co as t of Chancellor Sidney Anderson Hispani ola. A fort and tower are constructed and 39 or 40 men left behind in Recorder Arthur H. Robinson this first. settlement, named La Navidad because of th e day of th e acc ident. Financial Secretary Freddie T. Johnson Columbus and the rest leave in th e Nina to rej oin th e Pinta and return to Spain. Treasurer Walter A. Hawkins Advocate Paul M. Washington 1493 - March 15: Columbus return s to Pa los and rece ives a spec ial audience at Warden Benjamin McCall th e Spani sh court in Barce lona. Guards Edward W. Sockwell 1493 - May 4: Pope Alexall der VI establishes a line of demarcation dividing Fred Cade. th e New World between Spain and Port ugal; it will be revised J une 28. Trustees Bernard Alston, Sr. Wilbur Wright • Marcellino C. Borges Second Voyage: Colonization of H ispaniola and Explor ation of Southern Coasts of Cuba, Jamaica, and H ispaniola, 1493-1496 Mother Seton Council #5381 , Lanham, Maryland, A re Proud Sponsors of t he 95th Annual Columbus Dav Celebration! 1493 - September 25: Seco nd voyage leaves Cadiz with 17 shi ps and I Council Officers 2006,2007 I Program and Activity Committee 1200- 1500 co loni sts, including 200 volunt.eers not on salary from Spain, Chaplain Service Program Director youngest brother Diego (G iaco mo, or .l ames, not to be confused with his son of Rev. Jerry Gamrol Fred Raga zzone th e sa me name, wh o, with hi s oth er so n Ferdinand , woul d beco me a page at. Associate Chaplain Church Direclor Deacon Lawrence Murphy J ohn Murray, PGK. FDW court earl y in 1494), and fi ve religious with the mi ss ion of eva ngeliza ti on. Grand Knight Community Direclor 1493 - November 2: Columbus's second expedition arri ves in th e Indies on a Jan Kalshoven Donald Brophy Depuly Grand Kn ighl Council Director Sunday, and he names th e landfall island Dominica. Fred Ragazzone Charles O'Berry, PG K Chancellor Family Director 1493 - November 27: A ft er sailing up th e Leeward Islands, through the Virgin James Agboli Sylvester Ikpi. PGK Island s, along th e so uth shore of Puerto Rico, and th en along the north coas t of Warden Youth Director Kevin Buller J ames Agboli Hispani ola, th e ex pedit.i on arrives at La Navidad. T hey find th e co loni sts dead , Financial Secretary Membership Director th e town and surrounding villages burned to th e ground in vicious retaliati on for John Murray, PGK. FDW Gary An son. PGK. FDW Record er Retention Chairman report ed mistreatment of the Indians by th e garrison. Columbus trea ts kindly the Joseph Corson. PGK, PFN Gary Anson, PG K. FD W Treasurer Scholarship Program Chairman local chief of thi s north west part of Hispani ola, his earlier friend Guaca nagarf, Robert Worlhin glon. PGK, PFN, OW Rodney Oak. PGK. PCP who (apparently ri ghtly) bl ames the attac k on anoth er cac ique (of th e north Advocale Concession Stand Manager George Johnson, PGK. PFN Roberl Worth inglon. PGK. PFN , OW central part of th e island), Caonab6. On December 8 t.h e ex pedition lea ves, Lecturer heading eastward . Later th at month, Columbus is sick, until mid-March. Sylvester Ikppi, PGK Truslee. 3 Year 1494 - Januar y 2: In a so lemn ceremony a new settlement is es tablished about AI Craig. PGK Tru slee. 2 Year Special Projects se venty miles eas t of La Nlividad. It is named Isahela to honor th e queen, and Edward Kin. PGK planned to be a grand capital city. Est.abli shed t.o be within reach of report.ed Trustee, 1 Year Pro· Life Couple Rodney Oak. PGK. PCP Lawrence & Bernadelle Murphy gold mines, it is otherwi se poorly sited near a river that fl ooded and a miasmic Inside Guard Firsl Degree Caplain marsh, and will last onl y a co uple of years. John Crapsi John Murray. PGK, FDW Outside Guard Newsleller Editor 1494 - January 6: On the Feas t of th e Epiphany all att end th e first M ass kn own Joseph Scabis Sera lin Avilia. PGK First Altern ateq Web Master to be offered on the soil of th e Wes tern Hemisphere, celebrated by Fray Buyl Rodney Oak. PG K. PCP Gary An son, PGK. FDW who heads the religious co ntingent. A fterwards, a party of 2 captains and 15-30 Second Alternale Historian Robert Worthinglon, PGK. PFN. OW men and Indian guides set out to find th e mines, in an area se veral dozen mi les Rodney Oa k, PGK. PCP 75 6 '" Nonh Amer-ica

'V J\The) Caribbean Region qcniglits of Cofum6us . ("' Baha ",\ls () , \ Atlantic Our £a4!J of'llictoT!J Council # 11487 Ocean ~urks and Caicos

0 .. c. 'District of eoCum/JiIl Isabela Ca!jroan Puerto British ~ ir!!i n Is. Islands_ '" H' I U.S. Ul rgln I s . Congratufations ami 'Best wishes Angui 11a ~ I ,-!9£!-, '/ .. 'L---f .. Antigua & e • j ar a 'Most Successful St. Hi t t s &: Nev is- ~ BarLuda Ja rrt a~ Montserrat" ~ coium6us'Day Cefe6ration Dominican Guadeloupe Re public Doro inica\l Council Officers 2006-2007 Mart in ique l::l St. Luc iad Barbados Chaplain, Rev. Paul D. Lee Warden, Patrick A. Burke St. Vincent. b Me x i ~o a . Grand Knight, James E. Lonergan Inside Guard, Fred Rosario Central Aroenca Neth erlands Deputy Grand Knight, Fidel R. Blanca Outside Guard , Michael P. Nangle Aruha , en~ i lies Grenada' Chancellor, Nelson M. Morais Trustee. Robert E. Minendlortf, tPGK <4 T~~idad& Recorder, Darrin P. Sobin Trustee, Malcolm B . Holiensteiner. PGK • ~ Tohago Treasurer. Thomas M. Strike Trustee, Carl A. Linden SouthAmerica Advocate, Stephen C. Schott L-....:,______Rnancial Secretary, Raymond S. Honda, PGK distant, return ing on January 20 with some gold in hand. Several hundred men take sick by the end of Jan uary, and soon half the population arc laid low. Columbus himself will be sick aga in in April for eigh t days. 1494 - February 2: W ith provisions spo iled by ra in and humidity, Columbus orders twelve ships baek to Spa in under A nto ni o de Torres, his second in command, with a request that three or fo ur be returned with food, med icines, Prince George's Council clothing, work an imals, and 100 miners. 1494 - March: Columbus leads a party of 500 men to the area of the mines and Congratulates erec ts a fort, nam ing it Santo Tomas. A ft er ret urning to lsabela he learn s that the nati ve King Caonab6 plans to attack the fo rt. Columbus sends 400 men to deter th e Indians, and a sma ll amount of bloodshed res ults. At lsabela in this peri od The National COlumbUS. there is much dissension, and even rebellion. Unfortu nately the colony had bee n Day Celebration KD"~ set up by the crown with a fragmentation of the authority Columbus had on th e Association I first voyage. He has to arrest the comptroller, who had sc hemed to make off with ,. severa l ships and a load of gold; to th reaten to withhold rations from workers who don't work; and to dea l with th c hidalgos who refuse to do manual labor On Its 95th Annual Columbus (req ui red due to th e general sickness) and resent orders from thi s foreigner. 1494 - April 25: Leaving his broth er Diego in charge, Columbus takes an Day Ceremonies exped ition to ex plore neighboring lands . He visi ts Cuba, thinking it a peni ns ula, October 7,2006 and, for th e first time, Ja maica, and will be gone fi ve months. 1494 - June 7: Treat), of To rdesillas between Spain and Portugal moves the Pope's 1493 line of demarcation 600 miles west,folfowing Co lumbus's Rev. Msgr. Joaquin A. Bazan --- Chaplain suggestion before he left Spain tha t the Pope's original specifications be treated Hugh B. O'Donnell --- Grand knight as f!,u idefi nes forfitrther negotiations .. 1494 - June: D uring th e Admiral's absence, his deares t broth er, Barth olomew, John Landicho --- Deputy Grand Knight arri ves at lsabela with three ca ravels and supplies, j oining broth er Diego there. During the Admiral's prolonged absence, th ere is a rebe l I ion of lndians beca use of th e behav ior of M argarit, commander of th e fort at Sa n Tomas . Summo ned by 74 Bartholomew to explain hi s conduct, the quick-tempered Margarit grabs th e 7 three ships Bartholomew had brought and , before the return of th e Admiral , leaves for Spain with th e aggress ive Fray Buyl (who thoughl Columbus should In Honor of the have been tougher on th e Indians), arriving in November to spread more negative and slanderous reports on Columbus. On Hispa niola so me of M argarit's men and disalTecled co lonists run rampant on th e island with Great Discoverer lice nliousness and brutality lowardthe natives, with respo nses from th e Indians and counter responses. 1494 - .June 13: Meanwhile, away ex ploring th e southern coast of Cuba, the Christopher Columbus Admiral is convinced it is part of th e Asian mainland. He turns back wilhin a few miles of the western tip of the island , and his ex tended indirec t return to Isabela involves more explorations-- ineluding th e southern coast o f Jamaica and of from the Hispani ola. At th e sile of the future San to Domingo he dispatches a land parly of nine men to cross Hispaniola by way of Sa n Tomas to Isabela, which they do whi Ie he takes th e sea route arou nd th e eas tern end of th e island . On this return Officers and Members trip Columbus becomes very seriously ill. 1494 - September 29: The Admiral's exped ition arrives back at/sabela and he of has to be carri ed ashore sick, and is abed for weeks. T he three Columbus brothers arc now reunited, and th e ill Christopher appoints Bartholomew his deputy and as Adelantado (eq ui va lent to a provincial govern or), an honor to thi s Italian that is much resented by the Spani ards. Along with a friendly leller from 1Wma Lodge '1fo 71 Ihe sovereigns, Bartholomew had brought news th at many negative reports had been se nt to Spa in by dissalisfied colonists. 1494 - Fall: De Torres and the four caravels req uested by Columbus in Washin8ton, 'D.c. February arrive with more provisions, apparently the first women and ch ildren as well, and anothcr leller from the so verei gns. ]494 - late: A series of military campa igns againslthe disa ffected Indians starts. /495-98 - Leonardo Da Vin ci paints "The Last Supper. " Best Wishes 1495 - February 24: De Torres with his four ca ravel s, and Columbus's brother Diego, leaves aga in for Spain , ca rrying as slaves about 500 of th e 1600 Indian from the members of cap tives from th e recent punilive exped ilion (200 die during the voyage, probably due to lack of immunilY to unfamiliar diseases suffered by these The George Washington tropi ca l natives in a winter crossi ng of th e cold North A tl antic). 1495 - March 27: Columbus leads 200 men, horses, and native auxiliari es Lodge No. 2038 under hi s friend, the cacique Guacanagari, deep into the island where another chief had assembled an impress ive army of th ousand s. T he Indians are frightened and routed by the cavalry, and many are eaplured. A lonso de Ojeda Order Sons if'lta{y in later captures Caonab6 (responsible for the massac re al La Navidad ) by a ru se. 1495 - May: Slarting in May, for aboul ten months the Admiral and Bartholomew are engaged in subduing the island, travel ing lhroughou t il. Three ~merica forls arc built, and a harsh and much-criticized system of tribute in gold or CO lton is initiated. The Indians fi ght a guerrilla war, adopt a scorched earth policy, The officers and members of the suITer a I ~\lnine , and lhousa nd s die, from violence, hunger, and suicide. George Washington Lodge 1495 - .June: A hurricane destroys lhree ships, leav ing only th e NiHa . From sa lvage a ship similar to her, the Santa Cruz, also ca lled India, is buill. join in celebrating the 514th anniversary 1495 - October: Four carave ls arrive from Spa in under th e command of Juan Aguado, a former friend , se nl by the monarch s to conducl a judicial invesligati on of the discovery of the New World of Columbus' behavior in light of th e negalive reports lhat had been spread in Spain. There is grea t discontent in Is-abela, where most--who had come to get 73 8 Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation Slavery in the Sixteenth Century '( . In the sixteenth century all theologians held that it was licit to enslave pagans, As a Federal government agency establi shed by Congress in 1992, the but not Christians, captured in a just war, and Moors and Christians enslaved • Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation enco urages and each other without scruple. Presumably it was that understanding that . _ promotes new discoveries in th e visionary sp int of Christopher underlay the enslavement of the Indians, who were also seen as potential WCo lumbu s. converts and as a profitable income source. Isabella did not approve of this policy. Early on, the Spanish monarchs prohibited enslavement of the Indians The Foundati on sponsors Frontiers o.l Discovery-Work ill Progress and Discover the because they were not known enemies of Christianity like the Saracens, and Fllture programs that recogn ize "cutting edge" innova ti ons of both American ad ults and had committed no crime against Spain. But exceptions were allowed: for you th, and also honors teachers. Caribs, understood to be cannibals who preyed on others, and for rebellious Indians, according to the doctrine on pagan captives in war. Spain was the The Work ill Progress program present s Frallk Anllllllzio Awards for innovations in the lields of first country to examine seriously the moral aspects of slavery and to bring Altemativl! Ell ergy Sources and Sciell ce Tecllllulugy. about changes in thinking in this regard. Perhaps for the first time in history a great ruler--in this case, Charles V, who ruled most of Europe and the New Discover the Future sponsors three programs. T he Christopher Columbus Awards encourage World--called a halt to all conquests until it was clear whether they were just or middle school students to rind and solve a community problem using science and technology. The not. A famous debate was held at Valladolid in 1550-1551 before learned and National Gallery for America's Youllg Illvenlors inducts six young inventors in grades K- 12 into high-ranking men about the morality of slavery, as a result of which the anti the Nati onal Ga ll ery to prescrve their innovati ons. Thc Freida J Riley Teacher Award honors a slavery view gained general acceptance. (See Louis H. Rivera, A Violent Evangelizing: The Political and Religious Conquests of the Americas [Louisville: Westminster/John Knox tcacher who works with a disability, yet inspires student s. Press, 19921, pp. 93.96. 103; Gianni Granzotto, Christopher Columbus [Norman,Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 19871, p. 222) ; John Noble Wilford, The Secret History of Fo r more in formation on th e Foundation 's programs please visit. www.colullbusldn.org Columbus [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 19911, pp. 185-190; Robert Royal, 1492 and All That or ca ll (315) 258-0( 190. [Washington: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 19921, pp. 72-74.}

rich quick rather than settle--want to leave. T he disadvantages of the settlement's locati on have become evident, and th e Admiral has been looking for a new site. He decides to return to Spa in tu answer the allegati ons aga inst him. BUSINESS PHONE: 301-505-0951 FAX: 301 -262-6304 1496 - March: Columbus leaves for Spain in the NiPia and th e India, after E-MAIL: guagsr@ao!. com telling Bartholomew, left in charge, to relocate the city on the southern shore. Both agree it is to be named for their rath er, Domenico. T raveling via Mariegalante and Guade loupe, he arrives at Cad iz June 11. Bartholomew's first jub is to erect a fort, Sa n Crist6bal, near th e site of present-day Santo Domingo. July: Supply ships to Isabela bring a letter frOIll Columbus and royal instructions to relocate th e capital to th e Ozama River near Fort Cri st6bal. 1496 - Summer: Work begins on Santo Domingo, ori ginally ca lled Isabel Nu eva, destined to be th e first permanent settlement by E uropeans in this Daniel J. Quagliarello, FIeF, LUTCF hemi sphere. T his time th e site has been very well chosen. Field Agent 1497 - April 23: The sovereigns issue instructi on for th e third voyage. His titles and privileges and Bartholomew as adelantado have all been confirmed. 1497: Cabots, father and son, reach the east coast of North America.

Third Voyage: South American Discoveries; Administration of Hispaniola, 1498-1500

/Vld dild rr~ n d:a n Sea

1501 - September 13: Nicolas de Ovando rece ives appointment to succeed Bobadil la as Hispa ni ola' s govern or, and departs on February 13, 1502. 1502 - March 14: The so vereigns authori ze Columbus's fourth voyage, and he takes leave of Sev ille for Cad iz on April 3. 1502 - Vasco da Garnafounds a Portuguese colony at Cochin, India; Vespucci concludes a./ier his second voyage that America is a separate continent, not identical with India.

Fourth Voyage: Central American Discoveries and Marooning on Jamaica, 1502-1504 -L~ SinoftJDoubu ~ ({{. t.Penthbuse Suites - 1502 - May 9: Columbus, almost 51 years old, leaves from Cad iz, with 4 ships • (fJrivate aJining ~ awifa6fe for~ns, (La Cap itana, Vi zcafna, Sa ntiago- also ca lled Bermuda- and Gal/ega) and 140 men and boys. There were 56 of th e latter, virtually all teen-agers, so me as f

Celebration! 1504 - November: Ignored by the crown, Columbu s initiates a seri es of insisten t lettcrs to son Dicgo at court, pressing hi s claims. Thou gh sick , he livcs com fortably and finan cially sccure, with attendants and servants in a rented house. 1504 - November 26 : Queen Isabell a dies. Ferdinand serv es as regent of Castile for her successor, th e insa ne daughter .lu ana, in th e Netherland s with her hu sband , Prince Philip. 1504 - December: The sick Columbus send s brother Barth olomew and son Ferdinand to co urt at Sego vi a to j oin so n Diego th ere in pressing hi s claim s. We salute the work of the 1505 - May: Columbus goes north to th e co urt at Segovia by mul e. 1505 - Early summer: Columbus is granted an audiencc with King Ferdinand. 1505 - August 25: He writcs codicil to hi s will and attests will before a notary at National Columbus Segov ia; seri es of petitions to King Ferdinand. 1505 - Late October: Columbus follows the court to Sa lamanca; declines to negoti ate Celebration Association about hi s titles. 1506 - April: Co lumbus follows th e co urt to Valladolid, and send s Bartholomew with in continuing to recognize letter to demand justice of Queen .lu ana, who arrives in Spain at Conliia on Apri l 28 . 1506 - May 19: Columbus signs hi s last will and testament. the Great Discoverer 1506 - May 20: Columbus dies in Valladolid, and is buried at the Franciscan Monastery there.

66 J5 J 507 - Martill Waldseel1'l1111er proposes th e New World be called " America " afi er Amerigo Vespllcci ITALIAN-AMERICAN CLUB 1509 - Columbus's remains arc moved to Carthusian monastery outside of Se ville. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA 1514 - His brolher Bartholomew dies and is buried at the Carthu sian mona stery. WASHINGTON D.C. ]515 - His remaining broth er, Diego, a pri es t, di es, and is also buried th ere. 1523 - Columbus's older son , Diego, dies and is buried at th e Carthu sian monas tery. 1537 - Remains of Co lumbus and Diego are tran sferred to Hispani ola and interred G reetings All, in the Ca th edral at Santo Domingo. The ce lebrati on of this Columbus D ay, October 9, 2006, brings 1539 - Columbu s's other son, Fernando, di es and is buried in Se ville Cathedral. to mind th e many celebrations that have gone before it. T here is a 1795 - When Spani sh withdraw from eastern Hispani ola (present-day Dominica n tremendous o utpouring of eff o rt by individuals and orga nizations to Republic) and cede western Hispani ola (present-day Haiti) to th e French, remains at Santo Domingo are haslily removed and taken to Havana. honor th e grea t and noble C hristoph er Columbus and his discoveries, and 1877 -Box di scovered in Sanlo Domingo ca thedral desc ribing contents as remains it is well worth th e effort. of Columbus gives ri se to theory th at th e remain s of son Diego, not Chri stopher, had It is f itting that w e pause once a yea r to reca ll th e beginnings of been sent to Havana. the Americas. Columbus w as th e f orerunner of ltalian immigration. 1899 - After Spani sh-A meri can war and Cuban independence, remain s in Ha va na, thought to be Columbu s and hi s son Diego, arc tak en back to Sev ille to be interred Ita lian-Ameri ca ns arc th e o ffs pring. in th e ca th edral th ere. For many yea rs, I have to iled to bring attention to th e many 1960 - Contenls of tomb at Santo Domi ngo arc exami ned and found to contain co ntributions ofltalian-Ameri ca ns to our America n society. My yea rs incomplete remains of two dillerent persons. w ith NATION AL ITALIAN-AM ERI CAN FOUN DATION (N1 AF) 1992 -Remains in Santo Domin go ca thedral arc transferred to th e huge new Columbus Lighthouse , th e Faro a Colon in Santo Domingo and other as sociations w ill so attest. It has bee n a labor of love! It is a 2003 -Remains of Fern ando and purported remains of Co lumbus ex humed at the zea l th at I hope to pass on. A long with oth ers, I have chose n to be an Sev ille Ca th edral, as arc th ose of the Admiral 's brOlher Diego, all to be taken advocate for th e Italian-A merica n C lub at the Catho lic Unive rsity of temporarily to Granada for DNA and oth er tes ts. (Columbus's casket found to A merica. What better way could I have chosen to pass o n th e legacy of contain remain s of a single person, but onl y about 15% of hi s skeleton.) 2005-2006 -Res ults of tests arc publ ished. Researchers are convinced th at Sev ille C olumbus and those w ho cam e after him? contain s pari of Columbus' s bones and admit th e possibility th at Santo Domingo It is my fond hope th at C o lumbus and Italian C lubs on the may also have part of Ihem. Santo Domingo refuses to allow any tests. -EMS ca mpuses of our unive rsit ies and co lleges w ill flouris h and th at all will plan to ce lebrate eac h Columbus ho liday in a spec ial w ay. For our local + + + The original of John Vanderlyn 's picture of Ihe "Landing of Colu mbus al the Island of c lubs th ere is no better w ay to do so th en to attend the splendid annual Guanahani , Wesllnd ies , OClober 12, 1492," reproduced allhe beg inning of this ch ronology, ce remonies at the Columbus M onumen t in th e nation's ca pital on hangs in Ihe ROlunda of Ihe U.S. Capilol. The slatu e of "Columbus in Chains" was given 10 C olumbus Day. I hope to sec you there, ifnot this year, for th e y ea rs th at Pope Pi us XI on hi s golden jubilee, later bequeath ed to Supreme Seretary of the Knights of fo llow . Co lumbus (1939-1964) Joseph F. Lamb and is now in th e Knights of Co lumbus Headquart ers Mu se um in New Haven, Connectucut. Photo by John Pelvert s. Sincerely,

A LFRED RONTA D AR O. PhD Di rector Emeritus, N IA F

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Columbus'S signature: J

16 NATID NAL CENTER FD R URBAN AND BTHN Ie AFFAIRS CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA WASHINGTON 0 C The Last Days and Death of Columbus as recorded by his younger son, Ferdinand (Fernando),

who accompanied him on his last voyage, wrote a journal of it, and on return in November, 1504, preceded Columbus to court (where he had previously served as a page) to help his older brother Diego, then in service to the King, in representing Columbus there. Ferdinand was present at his father's death. This is the ending of his journal.

n May, 1505, [the Admiral] set out for the court of the Catholic King The N a ti onal Center for Urban and Ethnic A ffa irs, a [Ferdinand]. The glorious Queen Isabella had passed to a better life the de partment of The Cath olic Unive rs ity of America, sa lutes th e Iprevious year. Her death caused the Admiral much grief; for she had al Nationa l Columbus Cel ebrati o n Association fo r its continuing w ork ways aided and favored him, while the King he always found somewhat in annua lly bring in g to the minds and hearts of a ll Ame ri cans th e reserved and unsympathetic to his projects. This was clearly shown by the contributio ns of C hristophe r Columbus, th e D isco vere r a nd reception that His Majesty accorded him. He received him courteously and eva ngelizer to the Ame ri can Dream . professed to be restoring all his rights and privileges, but it was his real design to take them all away; and this he would have done but for his sense of shame, which is a powerful force in noble souls. His Highness and the Furthe r, we encourage all o f our membe rs to attend the serene Queen had dispatched the Admiral on his voyage of discovery. Now, cere monies compris in g th e cele brati on at the Columbus Pl aza in however, that the Indies were giving signs of that which they were to fro nt orUni o n Statio n, Washington, D.C. on the Colum bus H o liday become, the Catholic King begrudged the Admiral the large share that he each yea r. T hese cere monies da te back to 19 J 2. had in t hem by virtue of his capitulations with the Crown. The King wished to regain absolute control over them and dispose as he pleased of the offices Coincidently, we offe r me mbe rship to a ll those who arc that were only the Admiral's to grant. He therefore proposed to negotiate a e li gible. For furthe r in formati o n please te lephone 20 2-3 19-51 28 at new capitulation with the Admiral, but God would not permit it, for at that th e Catholic Unive rs ity of Ame rica. very t ime the most serene King Philip I [Philip the Fair, husband of Juana, the mentally ill daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella] came to the throne of Spain [replacing Ferdinand, who had been ruling for her as Governor and Administrator]. And even as the Catholic King [Ferdinand] departed from JOJlN KROMKO WSKJ, PhD Valladolid to receive him, the Admiral, who was much afflicted by the gout Presid e nt and by grief at seeing himself fallen from his high estate, as well as by other ills, yielded up his soul to God on the Day of the Ascension, May 20, 1506, in the city of Valladolid, having received with much devotion all the sacraments of the Church and said these last words in manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum. God, in His great mercy and goodness, assuredly received him into His glory. Ad quem nos cum eo perducat. Amen Taken from "The Life of The Admiral Christopher Columbus" by his son Ferdinand, translated by Benjamin Keen and published by Rutgers University Press, 1992.

17 Fillal Days: BASILICA OF THE NATIONAL SHRINE 1506: 500 Years Ago with Columbus OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION For the last several years we have been recalling events in Coillmbll s's lite exactly 500 years ago. /ollowing him. throllgh th e writing a/his religioll s testament, th e Book of Reverend Monsignor Walter R. Rossi, Rector Prophecies, the preparations/vI' his/vllrth voyage alld the tragi(, bllt/as('inatillg events a/that expedition, hi.l'.final retllm to Spain, and his last j idl year a/lite. Below, alier a brie/ review oItlnll last year (1505), we exarnin e events sllrrollnding his departllre in is pleased to join in honoring May, 1506 all that great .final aile- way voyage we all /nIlSt take.

ive hundred year s ago atlhi s lime of the year Columbus was no longer Christopher Columbus ali ve. He had died aboul fi ve months before, on May 20, 1506, only abo ul for his courage, faith, and apostolic zeal, F a year and a half after hi s fin al return to Spain. Many of hi s drea ms also died with him, and lillie notice was laken of his passing, except by relalives and as well as for his devotion to the a few loyal fri end s. Blessed Virgin Mary. He had returned from hi s disas lrous fourth voyage lo th e New World on N ovember 7, 1504. He was broken in hea lth, frustrated in efforts of many years lo find a sea roule lo th e east through th e Central A merican land mass he had discovered, di sa ppointed in hi s equally long-standing efforts to acq uire greal wea llh lo finance an exped ition for recovery of the Holy Land for Chrislend om, and shortl y after hi s return gri eved at th e loss of his grea tes t patron, Queen I sabella, who died on November 26, 1504. The monlhs af"ler hi s relurn lo Spain had been hard on him. Upon arrival he had lo be carried ashore, ancllearn ed of th e grave illness of th e Queen, in Medina del Ca mpo far to the north of where he himself lay sick for several monlhs in renled quarlers in th e grea t city of Seville, near hi s port of entry. He heard nOlhing direc tl y or indirec tl y from her or the King. There was no in vilalion to co me lo court, or later lo allend her funeral (neilher of which he could have done anyway because of his own disabililY). He was tOlal ly ignored , which is somelimes fell as the mosl hurtful of all insults. Aside from that and hi s own poor hea lth, he also had olher problems to dea l wilh: bac k pay for th e crew on lhat lasl expedilion, co llecling reimbursemenl for his ex pense in chartering th e return vessel, dealing with so me lroublemakers from lhatlas t voyage, and most importantly, pressing his own claims aga inst the crown regarding his ti tl es and offices, andlhe financial returns th al he was convinced were due him by previous agreements wilh th e rulers. His firstborn son, Diego (lhen aboul 24), was in the King's service at co urt, andlhe Admiral immed iale ly initiated a steady correspondence pressing hi s claims. Very shortly after hi s relurn, in December he dispalched hi s own always dependable brOlher Barlholomew and Diego's younger half-brolher Fern and o (Ferdinand , lhen about 16), ofT Lo co urLlo help D iego in th ese mallers. Both Bartholomew and Fernando had jusl returned with him from lhal lasl disastrous 400 Michigan Avenue Northeast venture lo the New World. Anoth er friendly face from that voyage now at lhe Washington, District of Columbia court was th e devoled and admirable Diego M endez, who on it had several limes 202-5 26-8300 www.nationalshrine.colll over proven himself a genuine and selness hero. (In conlraSllo th e problem of 63 18 gelling back pay for the crew, Ferdinand, a former page of the Queen, was granted back wages for his time on the voyage, si nce he had not been on the payroll of the expedition.)

t the time, the reign in Spain was mainly less than plain. When Isabella died, th e crown of Castile passed to th e daughter she had borne A King Ferd in and, the infanta .Juana, and to .Juana's husband , Prince Phi lip of Austria (1478- 1506), ca lled Phi lip the Handsome, or Philip the Fa ir. A twofold problem was thatlhe young couple resided far 10 th e north in B urgundy with th eir young so n Charles of Ghent, and .Juana was not completely mentally Knights of Columbus competent. (The so n, born in 1500, would in 151 6 be Charles I of Spa in and later sti II , from 15 19 to 1556, Emperor Charles V of th e Holy Roman Empire.) In accordance with Isabella's will, in th eir absence Ihe widower Ferdinand INSURANCE was to rule Casl le as "govern or and admi nistrator" for Juana and her husband , Making a difference jor life who would soon be coming to claim power. But in his own right Ferdinand was still K ing of Aragon and Sicily. Best wishes and congratulations to the Thus the "court" in Spa in now referred 10 the presence of King Ferdinand National Columbus Celebration Association and his entourage. For many generations, there had been no fixed capital in on the 95th Annual Columbus Day Celebration! Casti le, and the court, in contrast to the practice in other major countries (but following earlier practice in the Roman Empire) traditionally moved from place to place. It visited all parts of the kingdom, and in th ese years set aside every Friday for public hear ings and the adm inistration o f justice A fter Isabella's death, Ferdinand and the court wenlto Toro over 200 miles north of Sevi lle to Robert Callaway, FICP, LUTCF Robert Canter, Jr., FICU, LUTCF meet with the Cortes (parliament) of Castile, staying there until April, 1505, later Stephen Clites Roger Doucette, PKG moving to Segovia, remaining there until mid-October, thence to Sa lamanca at John Fenwick, FICF James Finn, MBA the end of the month, and thence to Valladolid, in March, 1506. Brian Graham, FIC, CLU, ChFC William Gu inane, FIC n late 1504 and early 1505 Columbus's arthritis and the winter weather had Robert Monagan, FIC, PGK Richard Morin, FICF, LUTCF thwarted for six months hi s desire to go to the court, until he was finally able Patri ck McAleer, FICF, PGK Dan Quagliarello, FICF, LUTCF I to make the trip to Segov ia in May, 1505. He later followed the court to Robert Rengers, PG K AI Rocca, FICF, LUTC Salamanca, and then to Valladolid, but much of th e time was sick abed. D iego Mendez records that "When his lordship came to the court, and was in Salamanca, con fined to hi s bed by gout, ... [ alone was in charge of his affairs and endeavouring to sec ure the res titution of hi s es tate and of his government for his "The Knights of Columbus can provide for all of your retirement. estate and charitable planning needs. The Knights of Columbus cal son, Don D iego ... " (From Cec il Jane, ed., "The Four Voyages of Columbus," show you many ways on enhancing your gifts that you make to the Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 1988.) Kennedy Institute. Contact your agent today to learn more about tb Once at court, Columbus did manage to meet with King Ferdinand. He NEW programs available through the Knights of Columbus." pressed his case, and agreed with Ferdinand to have his claims subjected to arbitrati on by an old friend of his from before his first voyage, th e Dominican theologian D iego de Deza, new A rchbishop of Seville, the largest city in the Knights of Columbus Insurance country. While his right for himself and his heirs to the title" Admiral of the Harry J. Canter Agency Ocean Sea" was never in question, on his other claims the Archbishop could not 4353 Norlhview Drlvc find sufficient grounds to rul e in his favor- not on his financial claims, or on his claim for his heirs to th e viceroyalty of Ihe Indies or Ihe govern orship of Hispaniola. (His title of "Admiral" had nothing to do with Ihe navy, hut rather 62 .19 We salute the work of the National Columbus Celebration Association in continuing to recognize ~ Balearic ~ ffinorca Islttnds I1ajorCB OlbiZa ~ the Great Discoverer '" fvledile.rr.;t;I n e~n Sea WASHINGTON COUNCIL 224 (First K of C Council in the District)

Spain Congratulates the National Columbus Celebration Association for their devoted service to the public in keeping Columbus alive in the hearts and minds of the with admiralty cases. The "Ocean Sea" in th e title was th e name by which th e American people. barely-expl ored A Li antic was kn own before hi s voyage of disco very.) Christoph er's last recorded exchange with th e K ing was in A ugust, 2005. On th e 25th o f th at same month, he wrote in hi s own hand a eodicil or supplement to his We, the officers and members of Washington Council will. Finally hav ing los t hope of having Ferdinand accept hi s claims, as th e year salute you. 1505 drew to a close he pinned new hopes on .Ju ana and Prince Philip, wh o were to come to Spain earl y in 1506 and take the reins of Cas tile from Ferdinand. OFFICERS - 2006 - 2007 It seems th at Ferdinand, in order to produce a so n and heir to sec ure at leas t his kingdom of Aragon for a Spanish rath er th an a Hapsburg ruler, had arranged to be remarried on M arch 22, 1506, to Germaine de Foix, a ni ece of Louis Xll of Grand Knight: George Sitgraves France. Possibly alarmed at. news of the forthcoming wedding and th e threa t to Deputy Grand Knight: Ted Strab th e future claims of th eir own son, Charles of Ghent, th e now Queen .luana and Chancellor: J. Harold Watson her husband Philip th e Hand so me had made arrangements to travel to Spain and Recorder: Brian Madigan occupy 1sabella's throne, to which she had succeeded. Treasurer: Maj. Drew Gorman

O began 1506 . .luana and Philip set out on January 6 or 7, but shipwn.:c k Advocate: Immediate PGK David Poore from a storm ca usedthcm to lay over in England , wh ere her sister, kn own to Warden: David Taylor, PGK Sus as Ca th erine of A ragon, was wife of the man wh o would become King Guard (1): Sir Knight Maurice Mann Henry VHf in 1509. (It was hi s attempted divorce of her to marry Anne Boleyn Trustees: Phil Brach, PhD that caused the brea k with Rome in 1533.) The coupl e wa s delayed in England John C. Moore for many wecks, and th e arri va l in Spain was deferred until April 26, nearly four months later. They landed at Con'una, a maj or port in Galicia in the northwest Sam Bromley. PGK corn er of the country. Many nobles were th ere to welco me th em, and th ere th ey Financial Secretary: Ben Filipczyk, appointed

6 1 20 CARDINAL HICKEY PRINCE OF THE CHURCH ASSEMBLY Columbus's Last Letter KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS The last survi,'ing letter known to have been written by Columbus was addressed to Queen Juana and her husba nd, Prince Philip of Austria, whose arrival in Spain to assume power NO. 2534 from King Ferdinand he was anticipating. Felipe Fermindez·Armesto, in his book Columbus of the (Oxford Un iversity Press, 1991), p. 183, quotes from it as follows, and suggests that it was DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA wriUen within three weeks of his death (i.e., in late AI)ril or early May, 1506) His brother Bartholomew was sent to meet the new rulers, who arrived on April 26. Columbus died on May 20. Congra tulates the Most serell e alld very high alld mighty Princes. our Lord Killg alld Lady queen. I trust your CELEBRATION highllesses will believe me wh elll say thm I never hoped so earnestly /or my body's health as NATIONAL COLlTh'lBUS whell I heard that your highnesses were to come here aeros.1" the sea. so that I should be able ASSOCIATION to come to you and place myse!lat you r service and so thm you should see the knowledge and ONTTS experience I have in na vigatioll. But our Lord has ordaill ed otherwise. I therelore very CELEBRATIO~ humbly beseech your Highllesses to reckon me among the lIumber o/your royal vassals and OF 514 YEARS OF DISCOVERY servants and to take it as certain that, although this sicklless IlU W tries me without mercy. I shall yet be able to serve you with such service as the like a/it has never been seell be/ore. Th e untoward circumstances into wh ich I have beell plullged. ( Oll tral), to all rational expecta tioll. Cttrdinal Hickey Prince ofthe ell urch Officers alld other adve rsities. have le./; me ill dire extremity. For this reason I have Iwt gOlle to meet your Higllll esse.I", li ar has my SOil. I ve l)' humbly beseech you to accept my purpose alld illlellt. Faithful Friar ...... SK Rev. Fr. Milton E. Jordan instead oIlIIy presence, as./i'om one who hopes to be restored to his honour and estate. as is Associate Friar...... SK Rev Fr. John McMahon promised in writillg ill the terms oImy (Om missions. May the Holy Trillity keep and increase Faithful Navigator...... SK Anthony I. Colbert, PSD, FOO, PGK th e high alld royal estate o.lyour Highnesses. Faithful Captain ...... SK Richard P. Branson, PGK Faithful Admiral...... SK Larry L. Owens, PFN Faithful Pilot...... SK Gavin H. Daniels, GK Falthful Comprroller ...... SK Mauro N. Farinelli, FS Ferdinand had set off from Valladolid on a very roundaboul journey in lheir Faithful Purser...... SK Raymond S. Honda. PGK direction, sending em issaries to meet them, but it was not until and June 20 that Faithful Scribe ...... SK John Y. Coghlan, FDD, PGK the principals warily met in a farmhouse near the Portuguese border. King Faithful Inner SentineL ... .. SK Warren C. Farnelli Ferdinand lhen agreed with Phi lip thalJuana was not competent to rule, th at Faithful Outer Sentinel...... SK James R. Young, Jr. Philip shou ld have exclusive power in Casti le, and lhal he would abandon his Faithful Trustee -3 yR...... SK J. Kemp Cook, PSD, FDO, PGK Faithful Trustee - 2 yR ...... SK Gustav S. Weber, PSD, PGK regency and retire to Aragon. So Philip became Philip IlFelipe II of Spain. But Faithful Trustee - 1yR ...... SK Robert S. Fuller, PFN just over three monlhs later, on Seplember 25, 1506, he died af'ler overexerling Color Corp Commander.... .SK Virgil Williams himself playing pelola (a forerunner of jai alai) and then drinking too much waler. Earlier, on Seplember 4, Ferd inand had set off for Italy, where he had never Cardinal James Hickev Prince of the Church Assembly been, 10 look afler his interesls there, and rema ined oul of the country for almost is the Home As~embly of a year. Philip's death was followed by much unresl in Castile, evenlually Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson, cu lminating in the relurn of Ferdinand as regent for .luana on Augusl21 , 1507. Vice Supreme Master Col. Charles H. Gallina, PSD,PGK PFN, (.Juana 's six·year-old son, Charles of Ghenl, was allhe time in lhe and Netherlands, being ed ucated by hi s aunt, Margaret, Philip's sister and widow of George Hanna, PSD,FM,PGK, .luana' s brolher, Juan. King Fernando ruled in .luana's slead unlil his own dealh Director of Fraternal Services, Supreme Office in January, 151 6, and on his deathbed, agreed wilh his advisor. lo change his will so that Charles, whom he had never met, would succeed him as ruler of Aragon as well as of Caslile. Thus a couple of months later the sixteen·year-old Charles The Assembly meets on the 3rd Monday of each month at 7:30pm was proclaimed king with his mother, .luana th e Mad, as queen, but he did nOl in the Parish Hall of St. Dominic - 630 ESt. SW arri ve in Spain unlil about year and a half later, on Seplember 18, 1517.) 60 2J The Death of Columbus WASHINGTON ASSEMBLY NO. 151 KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS gainst the foregoing complicated backdrop of high politics invo lving Ihe planned arriva l of Juana and Phi lip in 1506 and then the wary dance OLDEST ASSEMBLY IN THE ARCHDIOCESE (Established April I, 1912) between them and King Ferdinand after th eir arrival nearly four months A Participating in its ninety-fourth appearance at the celebration later in April of th at year, the life of Columbus was now playing out. Pinning his hopes on th e new rulers, he dispatched faithful brolher Bartholomew to meet th em with a letter (sec box). At th e end of April he went to Valladolid, the seco nd largest city in th e SALUTES AND EXTENDS co untry, where his family either rented or owned a modest one-s tory brick house, no longer standing. Sti ll nursin g dreams of rea lizing his financial claims he had wrillen th e King th at th e inco me anticipated over seve n years could be used to FRATERNAL GREETINGS finance an ex pedition to recover th e Holy Land . But he himself was sinking. On May 19, less than a month after th e arrival of the new rulers on April 28, he suddenly got worse, and finalized hi s will. AND BEST WISHES Confirming hi s will of 1502, he reappointed hi s son Don Diego as hi s heir, Ielling him to increase hi s entail (a n inheritance given to a spec ified line of heirs), TO THE NCCA and use it 10 serve King, Queen , and the Christian rei igion. Don Fernando, too, is ON THE OCCASION OF THE to treat hi s own income as an entail. Diego is directed to maintain a chapel where RD three Masses arc to be said daily by three chap lains, in honor of Ihe Trinity, the 93 ANNIVERSARY OF conception of Mary, and for Christopher's own father, mother, and wife (Diego's THE UNVEILING OF mother). Diego (as well as Fernando) is also to care for the wei fare of Don THECOLUMBUSMEMOruAL Fernando's mother, Beatriz c nriquez, "and sec that she is in a position to live as befils a person who is so much on my consc ience. A nd let this be done as a relief to my conscience for it wei ghs much on my soul. The reason of it, il is not licit Faithful Friar Rev. Clement St. Jacques, S.A. for me 10 write here." (As quoted by Sa lvador de Madariaga, "Chrislopher Faithful Navigator Venantius Onunaku, PGK Colu mbus," New York, 1978 republication, p. 402.) Faithful Captain Marcellino C. Borges Faithful Pilot Paul Williams, Jr. "the 20lh (a Wednesday that year) it became evident that death was Faithful Admiral Lawrence B. West. FS W not far off. AI his beds ide were hi s youngest brother, Diego, his two sons Faithful Scribe Pierre Crutchfield 0 D iego and Fernandez, the two heroes of the Jamaican resc ue expedition Faithful Comptroller James M. Toliver, PSD Diego Mendez and Bartholomew Fiesc hi , some Francisca ns, and some faithful Faithful Purser Edwin V. Laws, Sr. servants. According 10 some accounts his brother Bartholomew was also present, Faithful Inner Sentinel Gervase Anamelechi bUI according to olhers he had nOI returned from his mission 10 th e new rulers, nor Faithful Outer Sentinel Gregory F. Hawkins had the Admiral heard how he had fared there. Faithful Trustee (3yr) Frank R. Shaw, PSD Christopher received fin al absolution, Mass was sa id, all received th e Faithful Trustee (2 yr) James E. Oxford, Jr., PFN, SW sacrament, and he was given the last riles. II is reported that he ca lled for th e Faithful Trustee (I yr) Melvin Brown chains to be brought to him and he clutched them when he died. (It was with th ese Commander, Color Corps Leonard Washington, Sr., PFN that he had been shackled by Governor Bobadilla five and a half years earlier and Lt. Cmdr., Color Corps Reginald B. Stewart, Sr., PFN sent back to Spain, and which he always kept with him.) As his son Fernando Lt. Cmdr., Color Corps James E. Oxford, Jr., PFN, SW describes it, the lasl words of Chrislopher- whose name mea ns "Chrisl-bearer" were those of Christ on the cross: "1n to Thy hands 1 commend my spirit." The Patriot Arm of the Knights of Columbus

59 22 Best Wishes For A Successful Columbus Day Celebration

MARYLAND STATE COUNCIL Knights of Columbus

The death of Columbus as depicted by Francisco Ortega in a painting in the Prado in Madrid . Hi s brother Diego and two sons, Di ego and Fernando, were present (note the kneeling mourners, bent close over his body, one with his head alm ost resting on Columbus's). Al so present were the two heroes of the Jamaica rescue, Diego Mendez and Bartholomew Fieschi, plus some loyal domestics, and Franciscans from the nearby friary, who cared for him. The chains hang on the wall to the ri ght.

"20 May 1506: T he grea test sa ilor of all time, the brilliant protagonist of th e greatest adventure in history, dies at Valladolid on the vigil of th e Ascension." So summari zes Paolo Emilio Taviani , professor and Italian senator, sa id in the early 1990s to be the foremost authori ty on the voyages of Columbus, and author of a two-volume biography and other works on Columbus. (The quotation is from his one-volume biography, "Columbus: the Great Adventure," New York: Orion Books, 199 1, p. 248.) The Admira l in his final days had been in the care of th e Franciscans of th e Friary of St. Francis, nea r his house, and he asked to be buried (as Queen Isabella had been) in the gray hab it of a Franciscan (such is the color th ey wore in th ose days), which he had first worn publicly so far as we know after the return li·om hi s seco nd voyage. (It is quite possible, but not proven, th at the Queen and he both were members of th e T hird Order of St. Francis.) It is reported th at the cha ins were in fact buried with him as he had requested in hi s will. Edgar D. Haynes, KCHS Msgr. Jeremiah Kenney, KCI-IS Fo llowing a small funeral at th e Church of Santa Maria de la A ntigua, the State Deputy State Chaplain Admiral was buried in th e chape l of L uis de la Cerd a, a crypt in Friary of St. Francis. (According to another account, the funeral Mass took place at the friary itse lf, rather than at the Church, which lies between the house where he died and Richard V. Siejack Peter Davio the friary.) State Secretary State Treasurer T here was no public notice taken of hi s passing. Valladolid's offi cial chronicler, who record ed births, marriages, and deaths within the lead ing families, William C. Kuchmas, 1II Steve 1. Adamczyk made no mention of it in the daily register. It has been reported th at King Ferdinand and th e court were then just a few miles away in Villafuerte, where th ere State Advocate State Warden was a cas tl e of the Kings of Aragon, but, as we have seen, th e newly-married King had already left th e area on April 28 on his prolonged and roundabout trip to meet up with Ph ilip and .luana, and had other weighty matters on his mind, as he was 58 about to lose hi s own power in Cas tile. - Edward M. Su llivan

23 Columbus's Last Poem

Th efol/owing poem was wrillen in La tin in the margins of Columbus's "Book of Best Wishes Prophecies, .. slll.,.oltnding lisls of Scripture. Felipe Fernandez-Annesto, in his book Columbus, published by Oxford University Press in 1991, says it was probably wrillen from the wilhin several r/'lonlhs o./lris dea th, and provides his own translatioll with. a rhyming pal/em . He reporl s tlrat Collllnbus had start ed bll.tnever{rnished transcribing a 'j'air Virginia State Council copy" of it, and points 0 11/ that th e first Latin words of each stanza f orm a sentence: "Menwrare novissima lira et in aeternllm non peccabis, .. a saying associated with St. Knights of Columbus Jerome, which Ir e Irans/ates as "Be mindfir! o./Ilry most recent actions and thoLi shalt avoid sin ill eternily," thollgh "10 eternity" or "into eternity," eqll.ally jllst!/ied by the Lalill, wO llld seem to make beller sense. (How can a Christian sin in eternity?) The version here is thaI provided in The Libro de las profecias of Christoph er Columbus, Isaias "Cy" Alba trallslated with cornmentary by Delllo C. West and Augll st King, and published by the University o./ Florida Press ill 1991. Th e book contains th e origillal La tin text as well as State Deputy the English trunslutioll. Th oll glr tir e order of verses is different from Ihat given by Fem andez-Armeslo, this trallslation rn.akesfor easier reading than Iris version.

OU wi II not si nil' you refl ect nd you should red irect Y On th e pain of t.h ose wh o die, A Your attent.i on toward hea ven, An d i r th e stru ggle and terror And rromthe things of the ea rth That t.h e sinner mu st surrer Wit.h mu ch prudence fl ee, You observe well within yourself And you should no t. permit yourself And if you will co nsider well To be subjugated by vice The encourage ment th at will be long Always be ca reful To th e justified when he shall see To kn ow how to res ist it. "Be Not Afraid" That. he is delivered from such ills. emember w ith great skill, n eternity so me perso ns shall be hap py Ro man, wh oever you are, Rev. Edward L. Richardson, SMA I Beca use t hey have embraced To keep always in your th oughts ri ghteo usness . God and hi s co mmandment, State Chaplain And , likewise, oth ers shall weep Iryou des ire to rule with him. And th ey shall co ntinuously burn, Refl ect how you ca n be ready, Rev. Frank J. Ready Fr. John A. Abe Becau se th ey have loved ev il, Since it is necessa ry to die, Associate State Chaplains An d beca use they always deli ghted That at th e time or deparlUre In th e world and in its lu st. s. You will see th e way clea rl y. Leonardo P. "Lenny" Pulizzi Kelly J. Mortensen Thu s, from the etern al ri ches They have forever separated th emse l ves . Ol' the las t things Ideath , judgment, State Secretary State Treasurer Phea ven, hell] OU should exa mine your own lire The holy men were always prepared. Kevin G. Hayes Patrick F. O'Donnell Y Wit.h th e most careful co nsiderati on Fro m the world th ey liberated themse lves. State Advocate State Warden O f the end to which will arrive Christ th ey always se rved, Th e wi cked and all th eir gain s, Suffering tribulati ons, And th e blessedness Aband oning th e rondness Michael J. Lazzuri Th at t.h e ri ght eo us will att ain Of th e fl es h for vanity. Wh o to both God and Gaesar have paid Divest. yourse lves, put on humility. Immediate Past State Deputy Thei I' debt in just measure. Hold in check your pass ions. - Edwa rd M. Sill/iva n

24 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA STATE COUNCIL The Posthumous Voyages ofeolumbus :Knights 01 Columbu, Where is Columbus Now? Established in the Year 01 Our Lord 1899 Afi er his death, the remains 0/ Colllm.blls seemed to prove abollt as restless as he had been in I({e, and their story, like his li/e, has leji us with many myst eries. As his Ii/e was complicated by politics, so also, the StOI:V o./il.is remains; as he was and still today is the Catholic Evangelizers and Faithful Knights! center o.{ controversy, so also his remains. The il/llstrations here are fi "Oln postca rds and starnps reprodllced ill "Death of Coltllnbus, " a Christopher Coillmbll s Philatelic Society booklet by Michel Pacol/ alld DOl/ald R. Ager, 2006. (Stamps have been enlarged here, Celebrating Our Patron: all d post cards redllced.) Christopher Columbus ... oday th e site of the friary in V alladolid where Columbus was buried is Navigator, Explorer and occupied by a hotel, with a billiard room over th e spot where he was T interred. He had indicated in his will his desire to be buried in Hispani ola, Catholic Evangelizer! the island he loved, but at th e time there was no religious building th at would be IItting for the purpose. DCSC Officers, Staff, and DDs for 2006-2007: However, three years after th e burial in the rri ary, his so n Diego State Chaplain ...... Rev. Eric Zimmer, S.J. caused th e remains to be transferred Associate State Chaplains ...... Rev. Sidney Speaks, S.S.J. to th e new Christ's C hapel or L as Rev. Clement St. Jacques, SA Cuevas monas tery in Se ville (Char State Deputy ...... Peter D . Gervais treux 's- th at is, the Carthu State Secretary ...... Gerald V. Hall sians's- convent o f Saint Mary or State Treasurer ...... Lawrence Sosnowich th e Caves). Christopher' s good State Advocate ...... Peter A. Gabauer, Jr. friend, Fray Gaspar Gorricio, lived State Warden ...... R. Melvin Daniels out his last days at that monas tery, Immediate Past State Deputy ...... Col. Charles H. Gallina USMCIRet. and Chri stopher's brother State Executive Secretary ...... George Hanna, PSD Bartholomew, wh o died in 151 9, Exec Assistant to the State Deputy .. . Raymond S. Honda and hi s so n D iego himse l r wh o died Membership Director ...... Daniel Quagliarello The Carthu sian monastery to which Columbus's in 1526, were both buried there. remains were first transferred in 1509. Ceremonial Director ...... , ...... James Toliver, PSD T here the three remained for over a Ceremonial Director ...... Frank R. Shaw, PSD decade, until Diego' s widow, District Deputy #1 ...... Leland Johnson Fol lowing his wishes, got a royal District Deputy #2 ...... Ernest T. Boykin, Jr. decree on ,1une 2, 1537 to move th e District Deputy #3 ...... Gervase Anamelechi bodies to th e newly-built ca th edral District Deputy #4 ...... Henry Joseph Shea in Santo D omingo. Co lumbus thu s had his ninth Home Jurisdiction of cross ing of th e Atlantic, Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson accompanied by Diego, who had First crossed it only several years aFter his rath er'S dea th (to take up The Cath edral in Santo Domingo, where th e remains went next, from a postcard (also his duties as governor). B ecause or showing a stamp depicting the cathedral in the the superstitiousness o f the sailors lower right area). about having corpses on shipboard , 56 25 What was the cause of death? John Noble Wilford, a science correspondent for the New York Times, in his book, "The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Explanation of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy," published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1991, pp. 240·41, devotes some ~IDO CIVIC CLUB attention to the question. Noting that "any number of investigators" have speculated about various aspects of his health on the basis of what is known of contemporary writings by and about Columbus, he summarizes: OF Some of the investigations have produced diagnoses of diabetes or syphilis, either of which could have eventually caused death. On his later voyages, he was known to suffer agonizing bouts of fever and inflamed eyes, and it has WASHINGTON, DC been reported by his son and others that he was increasingly afflicted with gout, which was what most arthritis of the feet was called in the sixteenth century. By his fourth voyage, the arthritis had spread to his spine. Crippled and bleeding in the eyes, he was a pathetic figure of a man. He presents an argument that the cause of death could have been complications associated with Reiter's syndrome, a disease resulting from the interaction between a genetic predisposition and a bacillus that can be picked up in the tropics. He concludes, "One is left not knowing for certain the cause of Columbus's death. It is enough, though, to realize that he suffered excruciating pain in his last years, and yet he persevered, obsessed and indomitable to the end."

the Iransfer was made in secret, after dark. T hen once in Santo Domingo th e remains were first interred in a temporary underground space because of th e res istance of ca th ed ral officials to having th e place possibly turned into a private chapel. B ut they were finally entombcd nca r the high altar of th e ca th ed ral onl y after Emperor Charl es V repeated th e order several times. T here th ey remained at peace for over 250 years until 1795, wh en, in exchange for territory in th e Pyrenees in accord ance with th e the T reaty of Basi lea, Spain turned the western part of Hispaniola over to France to become the present-day Haiti, and withdrew from the eas tern part of th e island , today th e Dom inica n Republ ic. On December 2 1 of th at year th e Spani sh navy for th e fi rs t time paid official honors to Columbus, j oined in this by the French navy, in a ceremony- thi s time very public- transferring th e remain s from a French ship to a Spani sh one to be taken to Havana. In Havana they were buried near th e main altar of th e ca thedral, and remained for just over another 100 years, until aner the U .S. defeated Spnin in th e 1898 Spani sh American War. T hen in 1899 what were believed to be the Admiral's remains were return ed from Havana to Sev ille, wh ere a monument built on the quadricentennry of th e disco very (described by one author as "suitably pompous") was dedicated to him in the ca th edral, whi ch itself had been completed in th e very year th at Co lumbus died, and was for a time th e largest building in Europe. There they were kept in a small casket in scribed "For Castile and for Leon Columbus found a new world."

55 26 A Personal Tribute to Gustav S. "Gus" Weber This year we pause to pay tribute to our long time coll eague . and friend. Gus W eber. Since this program book was first .' ~J published in 1992 he has been a principal contributor oftime. talent. and energy. joining hands w ith the two of us to make it possible by handling the composition and production ea ch yea r. which otherwise would have been very costly. For this he has been honored by the NCCA with the title "Distinguished Member." W hile Gus plays a lesser role now. he has been most cooperative. and his advice invaluable. W e are proud to ca ll him fri end and to honor his long term contribution and dedication to the cause of Columbus.

Edward M. Sullivan John C. Moore NCCA Secretory Emeritus NCCA Founding Chairman Emeritus (Editor and Historian) (Publisher and Advertising Chairman)

Potomac Council 433 Knights of Columbus Monument where Columbus was interred in • Home council of the Knight who instigated the legislation to bui ld the in Sevi ll e Cathedral in 1899, from a postcard. national Columbus Memorial and Fountain at Union Station • serving men working or living or attending parishes in downtown D.C. • serving St. Matthew's, St. Patrick's, St. Mary's, and Holy Rosary panshes • Chartered 1899, merged 1968, rechartered as independent council 1991 • Sponsor of the monthly St. Thomas More Lecture Series of distinguished speakers at the Catholic Information Center • Home Council of Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson, Sr., PGK, FDD, PSD

ST. JOSAPHAT COUNCIL 7530 Knights of Columbus 4250 Harewood Road, NE Washington, DC 20017

Council meetings are held on the first Tuesday n 1960 Professor Charl es Goff, an orthopedic surgeon from Yale, was of each month at 7 :30 p.m. allowed to measure and photograph over a period of weeks each individual I bone or bone-part of the Santo Domingo remains. (The box contained 13 Grand Knight Financial Secretary bones and 28 small fragments.) Granzotto reports that " the remains were Mark Nagurney Tom Bukowski j udged to have belonged to a ma n 5'8" in height, who had a large head and traces of arthritic deformities, and who died when he was between fifty and sixty years of age." But there were many parts miss ing, and others didn' t seem to be part of th e same skeleton. Goff concluded that the rema ins probably belong to 54 27 bo th th e Admiral and hi s son, Diego (probab ly as a res ult of what Granzollo, p. 283 , terms " the hasty and ca reless efforts to move Columbus's alleged corpse from Santo Domingo to Havana") and that a similar combination of remains TI'is specia lly-commissionetl statu e went to )-)avana and th cn to Se ville. Thus perh aps both Seville and Santo of a youtl,ful Domingo have remains of Co lumbus. In 1992, as part of the Qu incentenary ce lebration, th e Sa nto Domingo Chr istopJl er Columbus remain s were transferred to th e Faro a Colon (Columbus Lighthouse, a huge spec ially-designed cultural ce nter several blocks long on th e pl an of a cross with graces tl,e courtyard 149 searchlights on the roof th at project a cross on the sky visible from Puerto of Holy Rosary C llUrcl" Ri co, and a 70-kilowatt rotating beam visible from 44 miles away .) T hat sa me year a tea m of A meri ca n scientists proposed to do DNA analysis Wasl,ington, D. C ., wl,ere a brief of th e remains in Sev ille to determine whether th ey are in fact th ose of cer emony is I, e ld ann u a lly as part of Col umbus, but authorities there refused to allow th e tomb to be opened . t l, e relig io u s ccleb "ation of Columbus However, cleven years later, in June, 2003, Spanish researchers were Day, -following a spcc ia l .Mass in tl,c allowed to remove two boxes from th e tomb in th e Sev ille ca th edra l, one of CI'Ul·e1, on tl,e Su nday prcce(ling ti,e wh ich was th ought to contai n the bones of th e Admiral, and th e oth er known Monday I, o liday with certainty to contain hi s illeg itimate so n Fern ando's remains (as th ey had never heen moved since hi s interment in 1539). A t th e sa me time, anoth er casket It w as crccte(l by parisl,ioners under believed to contain th e remains of Columbus'S brother D iego was removed from tl,e spirited leacle"s l,ip of its past.or, th e nearby Carthusian monast.ery to which Columbus's remain s had fIrst been moved from Va lladolid in 1509 before being shipped to Hispani ola in 1537. A ll Fl'. Cacsar Donanzan, C.S. were taken to the University of Granada for the tes ts, and were to be returned by ancl presented to t\'e paris\' th e end of th e week. In add ition to DNA tes ting, there were to be anthropologic, dental, and radiologic magnetic resound (lRM) examinati ons. by th.e Lido Civic Club T hree months later, in September it was reported from anthropologica l fo ll owing ti,e Quincenlenary Hass analys is that it appeared th at in the caske t th ought to be th at of Columbus there were th e remains of only a single person. on October 1], 1992. A nd no chains or metal objects were found . It was also reported th at an .An insc"iptio n exa mination of Fern and o's remains showed th at he was 5'8 ", exac Ll y the same height as on a b"onze p late on ti,e s u pporting' pe ci cstnl in th e Santo Domingo remains, and a rencis as follows : beller-than-average height for th at day. Several peanut-size fragmen ts o f bone were taken from Columbus's casket for DNA analys is to compare with samples CRISTOFORO COLOMBO taken from son Fern and o and brother This m onument erected on the occasion of the 1992 Quincentennial Jubilee Diego. T he main conce rn was th e quality celebrating the discovery of America, pays tribute to Cristoforo Colombo and rather th an quantity of the DNA. his seafaring companions. T heir bold voyage led to an historic encounte r T he Spa nish team, led by a forensic between the European world and the Americas. A turning point in Western sc ientist at Granada University, was Civilization, this event paved the way for the spreading of the Gospel and the collaborating with sc ientists in Italy, establi shment of a society anchored o n the principles of Christian love and Germany, and a seni or sc ientist at the FBI holiness. 1492-1992 foren sic sc ience academy, and the plan Columbus Mausoleum in the Cathedral in was to have the results duplicated in both Santo Domingo, from a post card. 28 53 .1II•• IIIIIII"I111I111I1111".IIJ"""'''~''1 F rance and Gcrmany for val idation purposes. In October o f the follow ing year (2004) it was an nounced that, although the ma terial had been contaminated and was degraded, th ere was consensus between th e Rome and Granada labs about the similarity of the remains be lieved to be from Christopher and th ose from his brother Diego. B ut no nuclear DNA could be obtained from th e Ad miral's supposed remain s th at ...... Ioo&oa.a~ ...... I06! ...... could show paternity of Fern ando, from whom good The huge Columbus Lighthouse in Santo Domingo, housing his remains since 1992, from a stamp genetic material was obtained. Mitochondrial DNA, inherited from th e mother, was th e second line of approach. ]n blind tes ting of the samples from the three sources, th ere were similarities between th e sa mples Statement by Carl A. Anderson, attributed to Columbus and th ose allributed to hi s brother D iego. It was reported Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, th at in the inherited sequence th ere were great similarities in two parts, with one part matching. on the SOOth Anniversary Earlier this year, on the eve of the SOOth anniversary o f Columbus's death, of the Death of Christopher Colum bus, th e insti gator of the Spanish study, Marcial Castro (a high school teac her and May 20,2006 historian in Sev ille) described thc results as "an absol ute matchup betwcen th c mitochondrial DNA wc have studied from Columbus' brother and Christopher The Knights of Columbus today remembers the death of Christopher Columbu s. Columbus." It is not clear whether this was a description of thc results of furthcr It was Columbus who opened the Americas to Chri stianity, and we pau se to testing, or intended as a description of the earlier results. A t any rate, th e results remember why it is that we bear his name. were dismi ssed by Juan Bautista Mieses, director o f th e Columbus L ighthouse in At the time of our Order's founding, anti-Catholic sentiment in the United States Sa nto Domingo, who natly dcclared th at Columbus's remains never left Santo continued to marginalize Ca tholics and Catholic immi grants simply becau se of their Domingo in 1795. ]n Spain Cas tro ad milled th at the Santo Domingo tomb may faith. As a result, in 1882, our fOllnder, Father Michael J. McG ivney, and our first wel l hold part of the Admiral's remains, but is convinced that the Seville tomb Supreme Knight, James Mullen, chose the name "Knights of Columbus" bccause the ccrtainly holds part. (1n fact, only about 15% of the skeleton was found in th e ex pl orer was a Catholic who was nonetheles s uni versa lly regarded as a national hero. Seville casket. ) A lthough Castro would like to subjec t the Sa nto Domingo By taking the name of Columbus, the Knights were able to remind the entire remains to D NA analys is, Bautista said hc would allow no tests : "We Christi ans country of the Catholic roots of the New World, and to highl ight the fact that faithful bclievc that one docs not bother th e dead," he sa id. Catholics cou ld also be good citizens, a fact that few wou ld qu estion today. O n August I this year, .lose Antonio Lorente o f th e Genetic Td entificati on We ask God to grant eterna l rest to Christopher Columbu s, and take pride in the Laboratory in Granada, who led the DNA investigati on, announced th at as a fact that in naming our organiza ti on for him, we helped to establish the now widely result of th e DNA tests thcre is no doubt th at the Sev ille remains are th ose of accept ed principle th at every nation should always accept and honor the contributions Chri stopher Columbu.·. I n all of these later inves ti gati ons th e present writer has of all its citizens, whatever their background, and wherever they come from. found no mention of th e remain s of Columbus's so n D iego (whose remains apparenLl y were not in the Seville casket) or those o f brother Bartholomcw. (D epicted above hi the ."; falil e 0/ "Colllmbus ,lte Evol/ geli:er. " emplaced ill th e courtyard oflhe lIew K oiC Museum . NelV I-lavell , CO llneelicu/ Jive years ago, ill 200! .) - Edward M. Su llivan

52 29 The Monument over Columbus's Remains in Santo Domingo: EI Faro a Colon - The Columbus Lighthouse 7he/ol/owing is an extrart/rom an article in ol/r 2001 program book by Marco F. Schad Frometa, a native o./" San to Do/'ningo who was then rompleting stlldies at the Gradllate School 0/ Foreign Service and the Law Cellter o./"Geo rgetown Un iversity. Admi/fed to the bar, he is lI owstl/dying /or th e priesthood/or the Archdiocese 0/ Washington. (Omilled sec/i ons duplica /e it~/orf11a ti on in th e preceding ar/i cle.)

uring renovati ons of the Cath ed ral of Sa nto Domingo in 1877, an antique lead box was found containing human remai ns and bearing the D inscription "the illustrious and prominent gentleman Don Cristobal Colon IChristopher Columbus]. T hat event sparked world interes t in a proper memori al to honor th e Discoverer. To commemorate th e fourth centennial o f the Discovery, a mausoleum was installed in 1898 in the Cathed ral of San to pas t apr;or;taria~ Domingo to hold th e Admiral's remains. A Gothi c monument o f Carrara marble ,-P;;;;;; vJvtal! _' ~. and bronze 45 feet high and on a base 35 by 40 feet, it was specifica lly made to be dismounted and rein stalled in what would eventually be Columbus' final resting place. I T he tomb is Oanked by four bronze lions and crowned by a feminine embodiment of the Dominica n Republic, forever fated to guard over As we remember with great dignity the th e Admiral 's remains, despite what Sev ille might claim.2 quincentennial of the passing of the eminent T he idea of a lighthouse monument to commemorate Columbus was initiated by Dominica n historian A ntoni o del Monte y Tejada in 1852, who wrote: navigator, explorer and discoverer, ... Iet all America proclaim at once ... th atthe glory of th e Disco very belongs to Columbu s; th at simi lar deeds done by others in th e co urse or hi story owe much CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS to him, the instru men t orsuch a great discovery; th at all the co nseq uences of thi s inestimable act of civiliza ti on are owed to him because or the fruits it has we recall the numerous achievements that began produced in the knowledge and spirit of mankind ... Let us erect a statue thal will testify to his memory ... and a beacon of light be placed on it, so th at th e an exciting awareness and enlightenment which travelers from the old and the new wo rld s, L1pon first sighting land from the sea, Jllay turn their eyes toward that ve nerable shadow with grati tude and changed the world forever and initiated an tendern ess. ) T he idea appeared destined to be but a footnote in the ann als of history until in evolution toward the establishment of our glorious 19 14, William Pulliam of th e U nited States began a campaign to promote the idea of a lighthouse monulllentto Columbus to be erected in San to Domingo. In land, the United States of America! 1923 at th e Fifth America n Intern ational Conference in Santiago, Chile, the An extraordinary and lasting memory governments of th e republics of the Americas approved a reso lution to erect such a monument "with th e cooperati on of all the Governments and peoples o f for our world! America, as well as with th e cooperati on of all th e nations o f th e earth." An internati onal design contest was opened and submiss ions were received from the world over. 4 T he jury chose th e design of young B ritish architect Joseph G leaveS 'Dr. and 'Mrs. 'David'R. Cu1man because the design , Jll ak ing wond erful uses or light , takcs refu ge in a directn ess, 51 30 REGULAR INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS simplicity and forcc worthy of thc monument s of th e ages. The design is symbolic, but not to th e ex tent where sy mbolism interferes with the simple Richard S. Aleksy Martha V. Hilton bea ut y of th e work as archilecture. Seen from th e air, or from it s surroundings, William B. Alexander V Thomas J. Hogan, PSD, K of C the simple mass becomes a noble element al fea ture of Ihe ground and of a Florence O. Anderson Raymond S. Honda charac ter worthy of th e steadfast co urage and faith o f the great discoverer it Raymond J. Anselmo Col. Andrew M. Johnson, AUS eommemorates . Edward P. Ashe Robert A. Kengla Paul E. Biciocchi Elihu I. Leifer Il was also importanl that the design was simple and sturdy, ab le to withstand the Wadsworth S.Branch Capt. J. Phillip London, USN , Ret. hurricanes thai cross Ihe Caribbean every year. !> Richard P. Branson Russell D. Maske Helen V. Brooks J. P. McCusker, PSD , K of C The arc hitect described the parlieular vision of what such a monument should William H. Brown III Barrett L. McKown represent that guided his design: John Capozzi John C. Moore, PSD, K of C The problem co nsists in finding a sy mbol to ex press the bas ic co nditions th at Robert E. Caruso T. Eric Morsicato. made th e Di scovery of America by Columbus one o f th e notable Dino J. Caterini William M. Mulvihill,PSD,FVSM, K of C accomplishmen ts in th e history of th e world. The influence th at thi s feat has Mary Catucci Peter F. Nostrand had in th e development of civilization is so surprising, its signilica nce so G. Pino Cicala Kenneth Osik fantasti c th at a monument to co mmemorat e it mu st captivate the imagination Carroll Jefferson Collins Chev. Wayne E. Parthun, K.L.J. and impact all men for all th e ages. Its vo ice mu st speak to the spirit an d J. Kemp Cook, PSD , K of C Daniel J. Quagliarello represe nt th e power, th e vision, 3ndthe courage of th e man that served as the Katharine Clayton Crittenberger Daniel L. Quaid, Jr. instrument of its real izati on. The co nception, form , and co nstru cti on mu st be MaJ.Gen. Willis D. Crittenberger, Jr., USA,Ret. Stephanie L. Razzano simple and lastin g. Its architectural qualities mu st have power, stability, and Francis R. Crowe Jose N. Rodriguez rad iance . It mu st speak not only in th e language of our times, but traverse th e Blanche L. Curfman Col. Eric Rojo centuries and its attracti on mu st be universa l 7 David R. Curfman, M.D. Alfred M. Rotandaro, Ph.D. G leave explained the reasoning behind his choice of a cross as the bas ic design: Peter R. Davio Mary Lu Saavedra Sheila H. Davis Estelle Salvatierra T he idea of th e great Columbu s Memori al Lighthouse is decided by Columbu s Dona DeSanctis Joseph Scafetta, Jr., Esq. himse lf. It shall bc a tremendous cross carved into th e ground , an enduring Peter Arrott Dixon Louis J. Scalfari refl ecti on of the wooden crosses set up by Columbus when he first Dino Joseph Drudi Rita W. Smith arri ved ... .ye t a cross similar to the th ousands of oth er crosses erectcd as Leonard M. Durso Dr. Duke Nordinger Stern memori als during th e Christi an era is insufficient. This cross mu st be given a character, a form , a shape to make it unmistak ingly a memori al fo r a peculiar Millicent E. Duvall Edward M. Sullivan, Ph.D ., PSD , K of C purpose- a symbol of Columbus. Col. Wilfred L. Ebel, A.U .S., Ret. Teresa M. Talierco Thomas C. Etter, Esq. Anthony R. Tringale, C.l.U. Gleave further explains the significa nce o f his monument as inspired by th e man Joseph A. Fernandez Steven J. Upton and events it commemorates: Ben C. Filipczyk John R. Urciolo The va lue of Columbus lies not in wh at he was but in what he did, and in all Col. Richard S. Flahaven Joseph P. Vaghi, Jr. that his di sco veries and co lonizat ions have mea nt to the wo rl d. On ly when his Gary Michael "Gus" Gallagher Gustav S. Weber, PSD , K of C influence is seen in perspec ti ve with his civiliza ti on does he att ain his rea l K Lloyce Ann West Peter D. Gervais, SO, of C stature. The memorial is not merely a monument to glorify Columbus as a man. Ronald P. Gorman Ronald B. White, PSD , K of C A s one of the great gestures of the Ages, it ca n onl y be a monument to glorify E. linda Guidotti Mark F. Woznak an idea l: the innate urge to an unknown end th at over th e Christi an world is Overton T. Harris William Grantham Wood kn own as God, and is sy mbolized by th e Cross' Walter A. Hawkins Andrew M. Zaso espite the lack o f pledged S UppOrL ,~ the Dominican government began Richard G. Head, PS 0 , K of C George A. Henderson, Jr. BUSINESS PATRONS constructi on o f the project after the Second World War. 1n 1948 the Richard J. Higgins, Esq. Citizen s Bank D foundations were completed. Unfortunately, politica l instability towards John M. Hilliard Joseph Scaletta, Jr., Esq. the end o r Ihe dictalOrial T rujillo regime prevented further progress. In the I 980s, Presiden l Joaq uin Balaguer continued the projec t. 1fI 50 31 On October I I , 1992, th e day before th e firth ce ntennial of th e Discovery and Evange lizati on of the New World, His Holiness Pope John Paul II said th e HONORARY MEMBERS inaugural mass at th e lighthouse, for th e first time performing a ca noni za ti on in the New World ." ORGANIZATIONS The exterior wa lls of Ihe monument arc covered by small crosses and the names of the vari ous nati ons of the Ameri cas. Surrounding th e lighthouse is a Archdiocese of Washington meti cul ously landscaped park and flagpoles on which arc hoisted the co lors of The United States Army Band the fl ags of the Americas and oth er nations, a powerful symbol of fraternity " Pershing's Own" among peoples and cultures. Col. L Bryan Shelburne, Jr., DIrector The United States Marine Band Within the monument, over sixty ex hibitions representing the nations of the "The President's Own" Americas and of the world and hi ghlighting the events of th e Discovery fi ll th e Col TImothy W. Foley, DIrector maj ority of the interior space. Smaller muse ums house ex hibitions on th e history I2 of th e monument (and many of th e des igns th at were considered ), on INDIVIDUALS ca rtograph y, and on numismati cs Doria Dean Elton Kemper, HPG-NSDAR As its arch itect insisted, th e Columbus M emorial L ighthouse is much more James P. Kiernan, Ph.D., OAS th an a tomb for man (now a man with many detractors), it is a 1l10numentto Lloyd J. Ogilvie, D.D., Chaplain, U.S. Senate humanity and its ab ility 10 persevere in adversity and fl ourish in brotherhood and Jose l. Restrepo. Ll.D., OAS peace, guided and ca red for by a higher power. Msgr. Robert C. Roensch, NOTES Director Bishops Office for U.S. Visitors to the Vatican Ana Maria Snell, Ph.D., University of Maryland I. The monumcnl was actually 100 large for the Cathedra l, th e Iloor of which had to bc lowcred. This tomb is now at the cent er of the Columbus Memorial Lighthouse. protec ted by a nava l honor Rafael Jover Y De Mora Figueroa guard . Ambassador of Spain to Jamaica Linda Tinker Watkins, PG-NSDAR 2. Museum of the Hi story of th e Columbus Lighth ouse Pcrmanent Exhibit. Rev. Daniel P. Coughlin, Chaplain, U. S. House of Representatives 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid, SPECIAL RECOGNITIONS 5. On a personal note, Gleave and his assistan t. John M cCullock rent ed my gra ndparents' house for a yea rjust aft cr thc Sccond World War. Allhough Gleave died in 1965, M cCullock peri odically FOUNDING CHAIRMAN EMERITUS, 1995: return ed to Ih e Dominican Republic to check on the project and to visit the Illan th at had becn my grandfather's bus iness pa l1n cr and was my neighbor. I was ab le to interview McCullock shortly John C. Moore, PSD, K of C before the inauguration of the lighthouse in 1992 for a school prUject. DISTINGUISHED OFFICER MEDAL, 1996: 6. Ibid. Edward M. Sullivan, Ph.D., PSD, K of C " 7. Quoted in Perez Perd omo, Dilia Margarita (Eel. ) and M arfa Cri stina Carfa s, G llia de DISTINGUISHED MEMBER MEDAL, 1998: MO //Wlle///II,I' y LURlI r e,I' D Ollli//iCl/llos, Editora Eco. Sa nt o Domingo: 1998, p. I 00. Gustav S. Weber, PSD, K of C S. Museum of the History of th e Columbus Lighth ouse Permanent Exhibit. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL, 1999: 9. By 1950. onl y 8 countries had contributed a total of less than 15 lhousand dollars. Alfred M. Rotandaro, Ph.D.

10. Ibid. COUNSELOR EMERITUS MEDAL, 2005: I I . The newly recogni zed sa ini was Augustine miss ionary Ezequicl Moreno. Richard J. Higgins, Esq. 12. Many of th ese wcre quite elaborate and impressi ve. perh aps too much so to survive the occasional hurrica ne.

32 Observing Three Anniversaries

III 200 1, we celebraled alllliversa ries of Ihree OllISl anding Colllrnbils Day celebrcllions allhe nalional Coillmbus Mernorial in Ih e second ha(!, oflhe las I cen/(/fY. Th ese rnarked Ih e .f/r,\'1 official celebraliol1 of ColulI'I,bus Day as a f ederal holiday in 197 1, Ih e special celebrcllioll olllhe occasion of Ih e /'/(/ Iional bicelllelll1ial in 1976. and Ih e celebralio l1 marking Ih e opening of Ih e na lional Qllin.cen.lena ry celebralion in 199 1. The f ol/owing is eXlraCled/i'Ol'll ollr 2001 program. book. Remember, Ih e an.ni versaries NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION are 11 0W in creased by Ji ve years. See 11' 1I ' 11 '.co/l.IlI1 b Ll sce/eb ra liol1 .org f o r m o re il~fo. ASSOCIATION 1971 - Thirty years ago: Columbus Day as a Federal Holiday. T he year 1971 was the first year th at Columbus Day wa s a federal holiday, in ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERS accordance with a bill signed by Pres ident Lyndon Johnson in 1968 . Though ce lebrations had been held annually at th e nati onal Columbus Memorial and GENERAL Fo untain, the 1971 observance, billed as "The First N ati onal Christopher Nationalltalian·American Foundation Columbus Day Celebration" was an es pecially elaborate three-day alTair, with National Society Daughters of the American Revolution the National Columbus Day Committee as th e prime mover. The descriptive Lido Civic Club of Washington, D.C. title, "N ational Christopher Co lumbus Day Ce lebration," used on thi s occas ion, Holy Rosary Church (Italian Parish) would continue in usc for a number of years. Order Sons of Italy in America 1976 - Tw e nty~/iv e A fter Roma Lodge No. 71, O.S.I.A. years ago: the Bicentennial Celebration. George Washington Lodge No. 2038, O.S.I.A. four years of more ordinary annual Abruuo and Molise Heritage Society " Nati onal Christoph er Columbus Day Bladensburg Rotary Club Celebrati ons," in th e nation's bice ntennial year th e America n Italian KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS Bicentennial Commiss ion took the lead Supreme Council in sponsoring an espec ially noteworthy District of Columbia State Council ce lebrati on. It included an address by Maryland State Council Pres ident Gerald R. Ford (wh o laid a Virginia State Council wreath), and Col. Charles Gabriele's Washington Council No. 224 "Christoph er Columbus M arch " by the Potomac Council No. 433 Na vy band under the baton of the Washington Assembly 151, 4 t h Degree Harry J. Canter Insurance Agency Secretary of the N avy, H on. 1. William Father O'Keefe Assembly No. 1162 MiddendorflJ. A " Festival of the Commodore Barry Assembly No. 1163 A rts" was also held. Chairman for th e Richmond Assembly No. 1165 event was a young lawyer who later Msgr. McMahon Assembly No. 2205 studied for the priesth ood and is now Fr. Francis J. Diamond Council No. 6292 pastor of hi storic Sl. Patrick's Church, the oldest Cath olic pari sh in D.C.- COMMERCIAL M sgr. Peter Vaghi. Co-chairman was President Gerald Ford at the 1976 Bob Grill, General Contractor Dani el Quagliarello of th e Knights of Columbus Day celebration. Gino Marinucci, C.P.A., P.C. Columbus. W. B. Maske Sheet Metal Works 199 J - Ten years ago: Op ening the Quincentenary Celebration. In Forum Properties keeping with the Christopher Columbus Quince ntcnary .lubi lee Commiss ion's Anthony Tringale, C.L.U. pl an for th e nati onal and local observ ance. to take place from Oc tober 199 1

48 33 NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION ASSOCIATION

Ever since the dedication in 1912 of the magnificent Columbus Memorial and Fountain in Columbus Plaza in front of Union Station, the site has been a focal point for ann ual celebrations mainly by Kni ghts of Col umbus and Itali an Am erican organi zation s to honor th e great navigato r and discoverer. In 1934 Congress authorized and requ ested th e President to issue an annual Columbus Day proclamation , and in 1968 declared Columbus Day a federal holiday, commencing in 1971 , with a three-day celebration termed the "First National Columbus Day Celebration." Under the leadership of the Knights and Italian-Americans, ann ual celebrations involving U.S. military organizations, the diplomati c corps--especially Italy, Spain , and Th e Bahamas--and th e National Park Servi ce culminated in 1989 in establi shment of a permanent organi zation , the Washington Columbus Wreath presenters, backed by Knights of Columbus Color Co rps members, line up in front of the special Celebration Association, to plan proper observance of the forth coming roo fed stage (top left) facing the audience at the 1991 celebration, the line stretching to the right as far as the Quincentenary anniversary (1991 -92) and put th e annual celebrations on a firmer eye can see in the photograph . The stage was perpendicular to the colonnade of Uni on Station, in fron t of the footing with perm anent sponsorship. Involvement of many national organizations, Columbus Memorial and to one's ri ght as one faced Union Stati on .. many individual members from other parts of th e country, and the integration of an through October 1993, th e Knights of Columbus opened th eir intern ational annual national NIAF-DAR essay contest into the celebration led to the change of Order-wide ce lebrati on of the Q uince ntenary in ce remoni es at Was hington's name ten years later to the National Columbus Celebration Association, consistent with what the celebration was called wh en th e Federal Holiday was nati onal Columbus M emori al, which the Order had been so heav ily involved first established two decades earli er. in establishing and th en in ded icating in 19 12. A lthough th e details o f th e 199 1 According to its by laws, " The Association seeks to honor not only the program were deve loped by the Knights, th e ccrcmonies re mained under the memory of Columbus and his historic achievement in linking the Old World usual sponsorship of the National Park Service and th e Was hington Columbus and the New, but also the higher values that motivated and sustained him in Ce lebration Assoc iation [which was] founded in 1989 spec ifica lly to conduct th e his efforts and trials. These virtues-his faith, the courage of his convictions, annual ce lebrations at th e site, and on its own tenth anni ve rsary in 1999 beeame dedication to purpose, perseverance in effort, professional excellence, and the N ational Columbus Celebration Association in recognition of the widespread boldness in faCing the unknown-are as appropriate today as they were in his time." The Associati on invites individuals and organi zations who identify with these participa tion in its Was hi ngton ce lebrati ons by persons from other parts of th e purposes to become members. (See application on last page of this booklet. More country. information can be found on th e web site, www.columbuscelebration.org .) A spec ial roofed stage had been erected (eas t of th e loca tion of the The As sociation is govern ed by a board of directors elected to staggered present stage and seats, and fac ing to the wes t) and arrangements made for a three-year term s by th e general membership at the annual membership meeting . larger-th an-a verage crowd . A ll o f th e Supreme O ffice rs of th e K. of C . and its Officers are chosen annually for one-year term s by the board . Current board international Board of Dircctors were present, as well as N ational Park Service members and officers are: officials and embassy and government representati ves. Supreme Knight Virgil C. Dec hant se rved as M aster of Ceremonies. T here were remarks by Frank BOARD OF DIRECTORS David R. Curfman, M.D., President Donatelli, Chairman or the national Christopher Columbus Quince ntenary John C. Moore, Founding Chairman Emerit us Jubilee Commi ss ion. The Columbus Day address was delivered by H on. William Paul E. Biciocchi, Vice President P. Barr, Aeting A LLorn ey General of the U.S. Music was furnished by th e Daniel J. Quagliarello, Treasurer DeM ath a High School Band and Wind Ensemble. Richard S. Aleksy, Secretary A spec ial feature of th e event was th e reading of essays by th e three local Pino Cicala Col. Willia m M. Mulvihill winners (from D.C., M aryland , and Virginia) in a Columbus essay contest Peter R. Davio Joseph Scafetta, Jr. Steven J. Upton sponsored by th e Knights as a prelude to a national contes t with th e winning Leonard M. Durso Ben C. Filipczyk essay of the laller to be read at the Ord er's national convention in N ew Y ork in Col. Thomas J. Hogan Honorary: 1992. Fo llowing th e eercmony, there was a large and elaborate reception hos ted Raymond S. Honda Edward M. Sullivan, Ph.D. in th e appropriately-namcd Columbus Club of U nion Station by th e Supreme James P. McCusker Gustav S. Weber Office of thc Knights.

34 47 The civic ceremonies followed a spec ia l Columbus Quincentenary Mass at the Basilica of the Nationa l Shrine o f the Immaculate Conception, where Card inal-Archbishop Jamcs H ickey o f Washington wa s the principal ce leb rant. The Supreme Kn ight presented him with the Discovery Cross commemorating the Quincent.enary of the evange lizat ion of the Americas, the sa me cross now carried in process ion eac h year in the annual religious ce lebration at Holy Rosary Church the Sunday preceding the Columbus Day M onday holiday .. A Tribute to Our President, Dr. David R.Curfman In 199 1 the N ational Park Service also initiated a nati onwide series of events commemorating the quince nt enary. One such event., a three-day rrogram On thi s Columbus Day, October 9, 2006, among the in Columbus Plaza in front of Union Station took place on Columbus Day mi ss ing is Dr. David R. Curfman, our president, who weekend the following year, culminating in the 1992 ce remonies at th e nat.ional after many years o f perfect attendance at this annu al Columbus M emorial. ce leb rati on, finds himse lf hos pitalized at the Johns Ot.her months- long Quincentenary events initiated about that time in Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore for several 199 1 included the cxhibit "Circa 1492" at th e National Gallery of Art (October weeks. Meanwhile, with th e help of his good wife 12, 199 1-January 12, 1992), and the "Seeds of Change" exhibit at the Blanche he has made most of th e arrangements for this Smit.h son ian's National Muse um of Natural H istory (October 27, 199 1-Apri l I , yea r's ceremony. 1992). In keeping with the politica l correc tness of the times, both ex hibits studiously avoided any focus on Columbus. Unaware of th ose forthcoming events, th e National The reconstructed Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria, aft er crossing th e Columbus Celeb rati on at its annu al general membership A Li antic, vi sited Ba ltimore and Annapolis the following Spring, sa iling into meeting on June 5 in Washington, D.C. unanimously Dr. Curfman at the podium for Bait imore's fnner Harbor on May 29, 1992 for an I I-day visit, and th en going to adopted th e following resolution, to be published in this the 2003 celebratiion Annapolis on June 8 for a short er visit. year's program book : -- Edward M. SuI/i va n n,e members of the National Coillmblis Celebrationllssociation at their 2006 allnllalmeeting express gratejit! appreciation to Dr. David R. Olf.iillan{or his Extract from Remarks by President George H. W. Bush eleven years of highly dedicated service as its president, and for the ollt standing on Signing the 1991 Columbus Day Proclamation contriblltions he has lIIade in that till/.e to the development of the a 11.11110 I celebration October 10, 1991 of Christopher Colll mbll s in the nation's capital, to the promol ion of inlerest in It's an honor to ce lebrate Columbus Day. You know, we're, in addition, saluting the honoring Coillmblis on Ih e pari of olher individll als and organizatioll s near andfar, start of a year of activiti es saluting the 500th anniversary of the first landing in the New and to ollr Associalion ilselj; which became nalional in scope IInder his leadership. World .... /n parliclllar, we recognize and appreciale his II ndevialing devolion to Ihe calise, Emerson once said , "Every ship that comes to America got its chart from Columbus." For half a millennium, wh at Columbus discovered has helped chart th e his tireless energy and IInjlaggil/ g e.lforl.\·, and the generolls expenditllre o.l his own course of exploration and opportunity, saili ng freedom's ship to every corner of the Earth. preciolls lillie and Ireasllre thai we re largely responsible for Ihese accolllplishmenis. Today , we salute a hemisph ere moving toward democracy and free enterprise, aided by initiatives li ke the Enterprise for th e Am eri cas Initiative. It is my hope that thi s Signed on beha lf o f th e Association membership. quincentenary wi ll commemorate the co mmon heritage of America and its neighbors. In Richard Aleksy, SerTetary o.l the Associalion addition, we salute not only Columbus' spirit of adventure but also the story of this Nation, unafraid, ever-changing , chall enging the unknown, devoted to the blessings of li berty and the principles that unite all Am ericans. Columbus Day celebrates the idea that we do not va lue diversity merely because To wh ich our Founding Cha irman Emeritu s, John C. Moore, has added, for all th e Am erica is strong. America is strong because we value diversity. In that spirit, it is now res l of us, "God kecp yo u, President Dave!" my privilege to sign a proclamation designating October 14, 1991 , as Columbus Day. Thank you all very , very much lor being in attendance. Cards and letters sent to Dr. David R. Curfman at th e following address will gelLO (The proclamation will be found at our web site, www. columbuscelebration.org.) him in the hospital: 420 1 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Sle 6074W Washington, DC 200 16

46 35 "The P.'csident's Own" United States Marine Band

Oil. DA VID R. CURFMAN, a nati ve of Galion, Ohio and a neuros urgeon in pri va te prac tice The Santa Maria to the New World in Was hington, D.C. is servi ng hi s eleventh year as president of the National Columbus and the Apollo Mission to the Moon: Ce leb ration A ssoc iati on. His devoted interest in Christopher Columbus goes back over se veral Christopher Columbus and the Astronauts dec ades and in 1992 during the quincentenary of th e grea t exp lorer's discovery was an invited gues t accompanied by hi s wi fe for embarkation anni versary ceremonies in Spai n and oth er By Catharine Magdalene Wingfield Clayton commemorati on event s in Italy and later in the Commonwea lth of The Bahamas . Dr. Curfman /-lome School, II/l! Grade, Sliga r Lalld, Texas has held numerous professional and civic leadership positions in both the metropolitan area Spollsored by FOri Bend Chap/er, DAR and at the nati ona l level along with several citations and commendation medals from military and civic organi zations. He is a biograp hee in WHO'S WHO in M EDIC INE and HEALTH Perhaps no voyages have opened the doors to new worlds as have th ose o f CARE, WHO'S WHO IN AMER ICA, WHO'S WHO in the EAST, WHO'S WHO in Christo pher Columbus and Apollo I I . The first Europeans to venture across an SCIENCE and ENG INEERING, WHO'S WHO of EM ERG ING L EADERS IN AMERI CA, unknown sea and th e first men to touch the moon- both accomplished great feats and both WHO'S WHO in th e WORLD, and WHO'S WHO (International) in M US IC and len much unknown. Yet, whi le th e overarching res ults o r th ese expeditions were similar, MUSICIANS' DIR ECTOR Y (Cambridge, England). in other ways th e voyages va ried. Separated by much more th an the fi ve cenlllries o f techno logy between th em, the j ourneys dilTered in th eir motivati ons, mea ns, and CAPTAIN MICHELLE A. RAKERS, ass istant director of the " President 's Own" the United histo ri ca l evaluations. States M arine Band is a nati ve of Breese, Illinoi s. After rece iving he bachelor's degree in Probably no aspect o r th e voyages is so diss imilar as th e respecti ve crews, music management from the Uni versity of Evansv ille in Indiana in 1990 she pursued graduate Columbus struggled to lind sa ilors with the bravery required ror a j ourney into the "sea o f studi es at Northwestern Uni veri sty in Evanston, Illinois in trumpet performance earning a \ . darkness," but finally, he and eighty-seven crew members set sa il with two vessels mas ter' s degree. Her trumpet in structors at the above uni versi ti es included James Bursen, furnished by a rri end and a third seized by Spanish Queen Isabella to settle a debt. Vincent Ciehowicz and Chri s Gakker from the Aspen Music Festival in Colorado. First Lt. Ranging fro m wea lth y merchant s to convicted criminals, the crew had lillie but the sea in Rakers performed with both the Midland Ka lamazoo Symphoni es and th e Evansville common, providing a strong contras t to the three close-k nit astronauts of Apollo II. Prior Philharmon ic in Indi ana. She joined the United Stat es Marine Band in May, 1998 and was to Apollo II, the National Aeronautics and Space Administrati on laun ched fiftee n space appointed ass istant director in Jul y, 2004. Ca ptain. Raker is currently pursing a mas ter' s voyages, each lay ing cru cial groun dwork lo r the ultimate goal: a man on the moon. O f degree in conducting at the Catholic Uni versity in A merica , Washington, D. C. where she is th e astro nauts involved in th ese flights, three possessing outstanding leadership. courage studying with Kate Tamarkin. She is the first woman to achi eve the status as a director in the and teamwork were chosen for the Apollo II journey: Edwin A ldrin, Neil Armstrong, hi story of the Marine Ba nd. and Michae l Collins. All three had se rved in the mi litary, were husbands and fathers, had worked close ly together fo r fi ve years, and would define an immort al moment in history CATH A RINE MAGDALENE W INGFIELD CLA YTON, the ten th an nu al wi nner or the Colu mbus' primary obj ecti ve was to find a d irect sea route to A sia, thus national Christopher Col umbus essay contes t, was born in Alexandria, Virgini a on February rendering obso lete th e expensive, perilous land j ourney; however he also coveted the 13, 1959. She is the daughter of Arthur Mardes Clayton, a Senate legislative assistant when glory o r discovering such a route. The purpose o f th e A pollo II mi ss ion was very she was born , and hi s wife Nancy Wingfi eld C layton , who was an instructor at Gaullaudet dirferent. While Columbus himself initiated the voyage and petitioned th e government for College. In 1991 the family left the Washington metropolitan area and sell led in Sugar Land, funding, the oppos ite occurred in I 96 I- Pres ident Kennedy ann ounced his vision o f Texas. Catharine's earl y yea rs were spent in readin g, writing Ameri ca n hi story, and studying pUlling a man on the moon, and Congress immed iately commilled the necessary funds. piano. She also earl y in life became a member of the National Soc iety Children of the K ennedy's announcement ca me in respo nse to the apparent Soviet lead in th e "space \, American Revolution, and is currentl y serving as Texas Sta te Pres ident of th at distingui shed ra ce," and issues o f national security as well as pride were at stake. Yet the organiza ti on. Our winner has di stingui shed herse lf in many areas of ac hi evement, including as tro nauts-and thei r country-sincere ly believed the words o f the plaque they left behind numerous awa rd s in young arti sts' pia no so lo competitions noting th at she also is a piano on the moon: " We come in peace for all mankind." instructor, Sugar Land Mayor's Youth Advi sory Counci l, Texas youth and go vernmen t Technology played an import ant ro le in both historic j ourneys. Columbus' conferences, and advanced placement program sc holar. Cu rrently in her seni or year being voyage res ted upon a mistaken ca lculat ion o f the earth's size--if its comparative eno rmity home sc hooled, Miss Clayton has served in officer capac ities of the Nati onal Home School had been known, no sa ilor would have allempted such a voyage. A lso, imprecise Honor Soc iety, student co uncil, T oas tm aster's Gavel Club, literature club anc1Boosting instruments prevented accurate calculation o f speed o r distance travel ed, and Columbus Engineering Sc ience and Technology robotics team member. Ex tracurricular ac ti vities include rel ied o n th e sun and sand glasses to measure time He ca rried an as trolabe and quadrant Scollish country dancing, church acti vities , volunteering at a Sa lva ti on Army Mission, tut oring fo r measuring latilllde, but sea conditions made both use less. A lthough both crews used a Liberi an refu gee, and as a YMCA volunteer. Cath arine is the youn gest of three chi ldren, the stars to nav igate, Apo llo I I was also in constant radio communica tion w ith NASA's hav ing two older brothers. contro l room to monitor pressure oxygen, fuel, distance, and other import ant maneuvering and survival info rmati on.

44 37 What eac h cre w brought home provides insight into th ei r different paradigms. Co lumbus pursued glory and wealth, while Apollo so ught sc ientilic knowledge. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Columbus brought back an imals, nati ves , and gold, while Apollo II return ed with sa mples o f so il, du st, and rocks, and informati on abo ut lunar radi ati on, magnetism, and THE NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION ASSOClATION wind. Both crews doc umen ted their journeys- Co lumbus by written log: Apollo through expresses its gratitude to the following for their timely efforts, both physical ph otog raph s, video, and audio recordings. and financial, for the success of this celebration. Arter hi s voyage, Co lumbu s enjoyed temporary fame and fort une. He was grant ed a coa t of arms- important to this statu s-consc ious man- and beca me governor o f • THE LIDO CIVI C CLUB OF WASHINGTON for their very generous contribution. Hi spaniola. However, hi s settlemen ts suffered from disease, internal quarrels, and • DR..I. P. LONDON, president and CEO of CAC I Int ernati onal. Inc. , for hi s very generous co nllict with nati ves, and whe n malicious rumors reac hed Spanish of'li cials, Columbus SUppOr1 toward the success of the celebration. was brought home in chains. Thus, th e glory in which he reveled after his first voyage MRS. DAVID R. CU RFMAN. for doing too many things to count to mak e the celebrati on ended in ignominy. Conversely, the success of Apollo I I made astronaut s Armstrong, successful over th e yea rs, and espec iall y this yea r. Collins, and Aldrin nati onal heroes, and all three received th e Presidential Medal of COL. C HAI~L ES H GALLINA, Vice Supreme Master, Calvert Prov ince. K of C Fourth Freedom. Their fame endured , and all co ntinued working in the space industry, pouring Degree: RICHARD G. l·mAD, SR, Master, Virgini a District; JOSEPH E MURTHA, Master, their skills aid experi ence back into what they loved. Thus, after an arduous seven-month Archdi ocese of Washin gton District; and CHARLES H. SMALLWOOD. Ca lvert Prov ince journey and unwitting disco very of a new continent , Columbus faded in to temporary Marshal , for providing th e Fourth Degree Color Corps of the Kni ght s of Columbus. obsc urity while the astronau ts achieved lasting renown for their incredib le six-day • SgtMaj W. BOYD SUI~RATT , chief, spec ial event s, Ceremonial Activi ti es Di vision, Military voyage to the moon. District of Washington. for the U.S. Joint Military Service Honor Guard . and planning arrangement s for the appearance of the U.S. Marine Oand, "The President 's Own." by Columbus paved the way for centuries of explorat ion and di scovery on a new Maj. DENNIS R. BURIAN, operati ons. th e Pentagon. co ntinent; Apollo opened an age of space explorati on and awakened man to how little he The Nati onal Park Servi ce for preparing the sit e and fo r th eir support : RI CHA RD E. kn ew abo ut worlds beyond Earth 's atmosphere. Each voyage impacted th e future and MJmRYMAN, Chief of Park Program s. I{ANGER ROBBIN M. OWEN, Permits Officer. will li ve forever in history. However different, eac h heroic voyage will be remembered s an exped ition of bravery, adventure, and discovery. SEAN.I. KENNEALY, Chief of Maint enance, MATHEW R. NEWMAN. Supervisor of Special Event s, and offi cers of the U.S. Pa rk Police. USHERS provided by GEORGETOWN UN IVERSITY Council No. 6375. CATHOLIC Bibliography UN IV E I~SITY OF AMEIUCA Council No. 9542, and GEORGE WASHINGTON UN IV ERSITY Council No. 13242, Kni ght s of Columbus. Aldrin . Bu zz. I-lome Page. 7 Dec. 2005. . • MG ySG T WILLIAM A. PERRY, Operati ons Chi ef. for professional arrangements for the appearance of The Unit ed States Marin e Oand. Chaikin, Andrew. A Mall 0 11 the Mooll. Alexandri a. Virginia : Time-Lire Books, 1994. Columbu s. Chri stopher. "" e Log of' Christophel' Colllll1hl.l .\,. Trans. Robe'l H. Fuson. Ca mden, • MgySGT D. MICHAEL RESSLER, Unit ed States Marine Band, Chi cI' Music Librarian. for hi s Mainc: Int ernati onal Marine, 1987. assistance in repert oire pl anning. Dor-Ner. Zvi . CO hllllhll.l· alld the Age oflJi.l·co ver)'. New York : William Morrow & Co. , 199 1. The Nat ional It ali an American Founda ti on, MR. JOHN B. SALAMONE. Executi ve Director. Fmdi n, Dennis Brindell. 7ite Nilia. the Pillta, a""the Sallta Maria. New York : Fmnklin WailS, 199 1. roO' their generous support ol't he National Chri stopher Columbus Essay Contesl. Grant zo ll o. Gianni . ChrislOpher Co htlllhus. Trans. St ephen Saolarelli. Garden Cit y, New York : Nat ional Society Dau ghters or the Ameri can Revolution , MRS. PRESLEY MERRITT Doubleday & Compan y, 1985. WAGONER, Pres ident General; MRS. CINDY SEGRAVES PHJLLlPS, Hi storian General, Gurney, Gene. Walk ill !>i)(fce. New York: Random House. 1967. and MS. MARTI·IA H. HARIZOG, Na ti onal Vice-Chairman, Nati onal Chri stopher Columbus John son, Gerald W. Alllerim is /10m . New York: William Morrow & Co., 1959 Essay Cont est, for their devot lOd leadership and management or the cont est. Lee. Wayne. To Rise ./i'IJIl/ btrth. New York: Facts on Fi le, 1995. BETH COLEMAN-DEE HAN, Director of Cat erin g, and ELAIN E McSWEENEY, Caterin g Garden Cit y, New York: Sales Manager, Phoeni x Park Hotel, for hotel arrangement s ro O' the contest winner and her family. Na ti onal Aeronau ti cs and Space Ad ministration. "B iographi es of Apollo II TERRY J ADAMS, National Park Service, and RAYMOND S. HONDA, Kni ght s of Astronaut s." 7 Dec .2005. . Columbus, ro O' prov idi ng photographic services. and DUANE.I. LOMIS roO' archi val Nati onal Air and Space Mu seulll. Apoll o II Miss ion Sumrnary. vidcograph y. 8 Dec. 2005. . TOURMOBILE, CA I~LA BELL. Assistant Sales Director, for th eir generos it y in provid in g Speny. AI111S1rong. lhe \lovages o/Cillistopher ColwlIlJ/ls. New York: RiUldoml-louse, 1950. t ranspor1ation ro O' the winner of the Columbu s Essay Cont est and her ramil y. Strassman, Pally. "The InJ'iuencc of th e Spice Trade on th e Age of Discovery." Millersv ille • EDWARD M. SULLIVAN, ro O' preparation or the chronology and art icles in the annual program University. 9 Dec. 2005. . books as we ll as composition of thi s year's book , and JOHN C. MOORE ro O' obtaining Sundel. AI. Christopher CO IWllhl/ .l· and the Age of' I,:rplol'lltioll ill World History. Oerk eley Height s, New Jersey: Enslow, 2002. advert isC IIIl:nt s for the book each yea r. • ALL WHO HAVE SU PI'ORTED TI·m PROGRAM BOOK by complimcntary adverti sing. Tirado, Thomas C. "Chri stopher Columbus." I,'I/ w rta I,·I/ cyclopedia. 2000. .

38 43 .flati.ona16odrtp CLOSING HYMN (AUDIENCE) Ilau«bters of tbe ~mertcan lRebolution "AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL" 1776 D StreetNW, Washington. DC 20006·5303 Samuel A. Ward T he DA R is a wo men's volunteer service organi za ti on made up of approx imately 170,000 beautiful for spacious ski es members with nearly 3,000 chapters loca ted in all fifty states, The District of Columbia, o Australi a, the Bahama s, Bermuda, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, .l apa n, Mex ico , Spain, and For Amber waves of grain, the United Kingdom. For purple mountain majesti es On October I 1, 1890, 18 women met officially to organi ze the NSDAR for hi stori c, educa tional Above the fruited plain. and patrioti c purposes and it is now in its second century of service to the nation. Over 820,000 have been admitted to membership since 1890. (Refrain) The Nati onal Headqu arters of the NSDAR is located in W as hington, D.C. between 17th and 18th and C and 0 Streets, N. W . It covers an entire city bl oc k across from the Ellipse and is two bl ocks Am eri ca, Ameri ca from the White House. T wo of the three buildings of thi s complex have been designated Nati onal God shed His grace on th ee, Historic Landmarks. Memori al Continent al Hall, the original building erec ted by th e DAR, was dedicated in 1905, and now houses the DA R 1genea logica l] Library, one of the rines t in the And crown thy good with brotherhood country, the DA R Museum Gallery and 33 period rooms representing particul ar hi storic peri ods. From sea to shining sea. Constitution. Hall was designed by John Ru sse ll Pope and constructed in 1928- 1929. The hall was primari ly bui lt to hold the DAR's annual mee ting, but from the beginning ha s been used fe r concerts, Icetures and uther perfurming art s events. '" o beautiful for patri ot dream The library and museum are open to the public Mond ay th rough Fri day 8:30 am-4:00 pm and That sees beyond the years, Saturday 9:00 am-5: 00 pm.

Thine alabaster citi es gleam :;: * :I:

Undimmed by human tears. From its inception, th e National Society Daughters of the American Revolution has recognized (Refrain) a spec ial bond wi th Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella, Queen of Casti le at the time Columbus' ex ped ition sailed in 1492. During the formati ve period of the DA R, the summer and DISMISSAL fall of 1890, the consistent intent was to organi ze the Nati onal Society forma lly on October II , in order to recogni ze th e anni versary of th e discovery of America by Co lumbus and to pay MUSIC POSTLUDE - homage to Queen Isabe lla who prov ided ri naneial ass istance to hi s expedition. Within a couple "Stars and Stripes Forever" of years of it s founding, the DAR dec ided to take ac ti ve part in the Worl d's Columbian John Phillip Sousa Ex pos ition whi ch was held in Chi cago in 1893 in co mmemoration of the 400th anni versary of The United States Marine Band Columbus' s discovery of A meri ca. 'T he President 's Own" The fascinati on of the DAR with Chri stop her Columbus has continued to be acti ve throughout the I 16 yea rs since the Nati onal Soc iety' s founding in 1890. Over fifteen arti cles fea turing Columbu s have appeared in the Dill? Magazin e. A t the ti me of th e Columbus quincent enni al celebrati on in 1992, the DA R form ed a spec ial co mmittee which encouraged special state ce lebrations and proj ects to mark th e occasion- all in an effort to publici ze Christopher Columbus in the community. The committee produced a slide program " Discover Co lumbu s, Discover Ameri ca ", and over 3,000 DAR mcmbers purchased a spcc ial DAR Columbus Quincentenni al pin. Through rundraising effort s, th c DAR raised over $4,000 th at was contributed to the Columbus Chapc l in Boa lsburg, Pennsylva ni a. A t thc DAR headquarters a slllall exhibit was mount ed in honor of Co lumbus. Four years after the SOOth anni versary of Colu mbu s' arrival in the western hemi sphere the DAR, once aga in, displ ayed its keen interest in honoring Columbus. In 1996, the DAR j oined with th e Nati onal Italian Ameri can Foundati on in sponsoring an annual essay contcst foc using on Christopher Columbus. The DAR administers this cont est, which is now open to stud ent s in grades 9- 12. During th e contest's first year over 1,700 student s participated. This contest has enjoyed increasing popu larity and annually thousands more studcnt s have been writing essays for thi s special, Columbus-ori ented. contest.

42 39 CIVIC CEREMONY MUSIC INTERLUDE: " Hand s Across the Sea" ./0 /111 Philip SOl/sa Sponsored by NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION ASSOClATION in cooperalion wilh Ihe PRESENTATION OF MEMORIAL WREATHS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE National Columbus Ce lebration Association NATIONAL MALL & MEMORIAL PARKS National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Monday - October 9, 2006 Embassy of lLaly COLUMBUS PLAZA -- UNION STATION Embassy of Spain Embassy of The Commonwea lth of The Bahamas MUSIC PRELUDE ...... 10:45 a.m. Organization of American States "The President's Own" United States Marine Band Christopher Columbus Fellowship Found ation Captain Midwlle A. Rakers, conducting The National Italian American Foundation POSTING 01' THE COLORS....•.•.....•.•••.•••••...... •.•.•...•...... ••...... 11 :00 a.nl. The Lido Civic Club Of W ashington U.S. Armed Forces Honor Guard - Military District of Washington Supreme Council , Knights of Columbus Knights of Columbus Fourth Degree Co lor Corp s - Ca lvert Province District of Columbia State Counci I, K or C Districts of Washington Archdiocese, Maryland and Virginia Maryland State Council , K of C PROCESSION OF WREATH PRESENTERS Led by the Columbus Expeditionary Banner Virginia State Council, K of C Vincent.l. Reilly portraying Christopher Columbus Washington Council No. 224, K or C NATIONAL ANTHEMS United States of America, Italy, Spain, Roma Lodge, Order Sons of ltaly in America The Commonwea lth of The Bahamas United States - Mexico Chamber of Commerce PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE: .loseph Scafetta, .II' , NCCA Board. Hispanic Cultural Association of Maryland INVOCATION: Chap lain, Col. Rober! Bruno, USAF T he .lamestown Society Joint StC(flChaplain, Office of the Joint Chiefs' olStC(ff Soc iety or Mayflower Descendants RETIRING OF THE COLORS: U.S. Armed Forces Honor Guard in the District or Columbia WELCOME: Col. Thomas .I. I-logan, USA-Ret., NCCA Board National Soc iety of the Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, Mr. Stephen C. Lorcngetti, Assistant Superintendent, District of Co lumbia Branch National Mall & Memorial Parks, NPS N ational Society of th e Daughters of th e American Coloni sts REMARKS:: Ambassadors of Diplomatic Corps National Society of the Sons of the American Colonists Representative, Organization of American States Nationa l Society Children of the American Colonists READING 01' PROCLAMATIONS Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America From the President of the United States of America National Society Daughters or the American Revolution From the Mayor o f the District of Columbia INTRODUCTION: NATIONAL YOUTI-I COLUMBUS ESSAY CONTEST WINNER District of Columbia D .A.R. Miss Catharine Magdalene Wingfield Clayton, Sugar Land, Texas Maryland State Society D.A.R. "THE SANTA MARIA TO THE NEW WORU) AND THE ApOLLO MISSION TO Virginia State Society D.AR. THE MOON: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE ASTRONAUTS" ___ ....,col'"oiOI!" ~I"""\IIIIIIr:... - - -strict or Columbia Soc iety Sons of the American Revolution. CONTEST SI'oNsolwn JOINTLY By National Society Children of the American Revolution The National Society Daughters of the American Revolution The District of Columbia Society C.A.R. Mrs. Presley Merritt. Wagoner, President General Boy and Girl Scouts of America and Campfirc Youth The National Italian American Foundation of the Archdiocese of Washington Mr . .lohn B. Salamone, Executive Director

40 41 CIVIC CEREMONY MUSIC INTERLUDE: " Hand s Across the Sea" ./0 /111 Philip SOl/sa Sponsored by NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION ASSOClATION in cooperalion wilh Ihe PRESENTATION OF MEMORIAL WREATHS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE National Columbus Ce lebration Association NATIONAL MALL & MEMORIAL PARKS National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Monday - October 9, 2006 Embassy of lLaly COLUMBUS PLAZA -- UNION STATION Embassy of Spain Embassy of The Commonwea lth of The Bahamas MUSIC PRELUDE ...... 10:45 a.m. Organization of American States "The President's Own" United States Marine Band Christopher Columbus Fellowship Found ation Captain Midwlle A. Rakers, conducting The National Italian American Foundation POSTING 01' THE COLORS....•.•.....•.•••.•••••...... •.•.•...•...... ••...... 11 :00 a.nl. The Lido Civic Club Of W ashington U.S. Armed Forces Honor Guard - Military District of Washington Supreme Council , Knights of Columbus Knights of Columbus Fourth Degree Co lor Corp s - Ca lvert Province District of Columbia State Counci I, K or C Districts of Washington Archdiocese, Maryland and Virginia Maryland State Council , K of C PROCESSION OF WREATH PRESENTERS Led by the Columbus Expeditionary Banner Virginia State Council, K of C Vincent.l. Reilly portraying Christopher Columbus Washington Council No. 224, K or C NATIONAL ANTHEMS United States of America, Italy, Spain, Roma Lodge, Order Sons of ltaly in America The Commonwea lth of The Bahamas United States - Mexico Chamber of Commerce PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE: .loseph Scafetta, .II' , NCCA Board. Hispanic Cultural Association of Maryland INVOCATION: Chap lain, Col. Rober! Bruno, USAF T he .lamestown Society Joint StC(flChaplain, Office of the Joint Chiefs' olStC(ff Soc iety or Mayflower Descendants RETIRING OF THE COLORS: U.S. Armed Forces Honor Guard in the District or Columbia WELCOME: Col. Thomas .I. I-logan, USA-Ret., NCCA Board National Soc iety of the Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, Mr. Stephen C. Lorcngetti, Assistant Superintendent, District of Co lumbia Branch National Mall & Memorial Parks, NPS N ational Society of th e Daughters of th e American Coloni sts REMARKS:: Ambassadors of Diplomatic Corps National Society of the Sons of the American Colonists Representative, Organization of American States Nationa l Society Children of the American Colonists READING 01' PROCLAMATIONS Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America From the President of the United States of America National Society Daughters or the American Revolution From the Mayor o f the District of Columbia INTRODUCTION: NATIONAL YOUTI-I COLUMBUS ESSAY CONTEST WINNER District of Columbia D .A.R. Miss Catharine Magdalene Wingfield Clayton, Sugar Land, Texas Maryland State Society D.A.R. "THE SANTA MARIA TO THE NEW WORU) AND THE ApOLLO MISSION TO Virginia State Society D.AR. THE MOON: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE ASTRONAUTS" ___ ....,col'"oiOI!" ~I"""\IIIIIIr:... - - -strict or Columbia Soc iety Sons of the American Revolution. CONTEST SI'oNsolwn JOINTLY By National Society Children of the American Revolution The National Society Daughters of the American Revolution The District of Columbia Society C.A.R. Mrs. Presley Merritt. Wagoner, President General Boy and Girl Scouts of America and Campfirc Youth The National Italian American Foundation of the Archdiocese of Washington Mr . .lohn B. Salamone, Executive Director

40 41 .flati.ona16odrtp CLOSING HYMN (AUDIENCE) Ilau«bters of tbe ~mertcan lRebolution "AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL" 1776 D StreetNW, Washington. DC 20006·5303 Samuel A. Ward T he DA R is a wo men's volunteer service organi za ti on made up of approx imately 170,000 beautiful for spacious ski es members with nearly 3,000 chapters loca ted in all fifty states, The District of Columbia, o Australi a, the Bahama s, Bermuda, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, .l apa n, Mex ico , Spain, and For Amber waves of grain, the United Kingdom. For purple mountain majesti es On October I 1, 1890, 18 women met officially to organi ze the NSDAR for hi stori c, educa tional Above the fruited plain. and patrioti c purposes and it is now in its second century of service to the nation. Over 820,000 have been admitted to membership since 1890. (Refrain) The Nati onal Headqu arters of the NSDAR is located in W as hington, D.C. between 17th and 18th and C and 0 Streets, N. W . It covers an entire city bl oc k across from the Ellipse and is two bl ocks Am eri ca, Ameri ca from the White House. T wo of the three buildings of thi s complex have been designated Nati onal God shed His grace on th ee, Historic Landmarks. Memori al Continent al Hall, the original building erec ted by th e DAR, was dedicated in 1905, and now houses the DA R 1genea logica l] Library, one of the rines t in the And crown thy good with brotherhood country, the DA R Museum Gallery and 33 period rooms representing particul ar hi storic peri ods. From sea to shining sea. Constitution. Hall was designed by John Ru sse ll Pope and constructed in 1928- 1929. The hall was primari ly bui lt to hold the DAR's annual mee ting, but from the beginning ha s been used fe r concerts, Icetures and uther perfurming art s events. '" o beautiful for patri ot dream The library and museum are open to the public Mond ay th rough Fri day 8:30 am-4:00 pm and That sees beyond the years, Saturday 9:00 am-5: 00 pm.

Thine alabaster citi es gleam :;: * :I:

42 39 What eac h cre w brought home provides insight into th ei r different paradigms. Co lumbus pursued glory and wealth, while Apollo so ught sc ientilic knowledge. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Columbus brought back an imals, nati ves , and gold, while Apollo II return ed with sa mples o f so il, du st, and rocks, and informati on abo ut lunar radi ati on, magnetism, and THE NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION ASSOClATION wind. Both crews doc umen ted their journeys- Co lumbus by written log: Apollo through expresses its gratitude to the following for their timely efforts, both physical ph otog raph s, video, and audio recordings. and financial, for the success of this celebration. Arter hi s voyage, Co lumbu s enjoyed temporary fame and fort une. He was grant ed a coa t of arms- important to this statu s-consc ious man- and beca me governor o f • THE LIDO CIVI C CLUB OF WASHINGTON for their very generous contribution. Hi spaniola. However, hi s settlemen ts suffered from disease, internal quarrels, and • DR..I. P. LONDON, president and CEO of CAC I Int ernati onal. Inc. , for hi s very generous co nllict with nati ves, and whe n malicious rumors reac hed Spanish of'li cials, Columbus SUppOr1 toward the success of the celebration. was brought home in chains. Thus, th e glory in which he reveled after his first voyage MRS. DAVID R. CU RFMAN. for doing too many things to count to mak e the celebrati on ended in ignominy. Conversely, the success of Apollo I I made astronaut s Armstrong, successful over th e yea rs, and espec iall y this yea r. Collins, and Aldrin nati onal heroes, and all three received th e Presidential Medal of COL. C HAI~L ES H GALLINA, Vice Supreme Master, Calvert Prov ince. K of C Fourth Freedom. Their fame endured , and all co ntinued working in the space industry, pouring Degree: RICHARD G. l·mAD, SR, Master, Virgini a District; JOSEPH E MURTHA, Master, their skills aid experi ence back into what they loved. Thus, after an arduous seven-month Archdi ocese of Washin gton District; and CHARLES H. SMALLWOOD. Ca lvert Prov ince journey and unwitting disco very of a new continent , Columbus faded in to temporary Marshal , for providing th e Fourth Degree Color Corps of the Kni ght s of Columbus. obsc urity while the astronau ts achieved lasting renown for their incredib le six-day • SgtMaj W. BOYD SUI~RATT , chief, spec ial event s, Ceremonial Activi ti es Di vision, Military voyage to the moon. District of Washington. for the U.S. Joint Military Service Honor Guard . and planning arrangement s for the appearance of the U.S. Marine Oand, "The President 's Own." by Columbus paved the way for centuries of explorat ion and di scovery on a new Maj. DENNIS R. BURIAN, operati ons. th e Pentagon. co ntinent; Apollo opened an age of space explorati on and awakened man to how little he The Nati onal Park Servi ce for preparing the sit e and fo r th eir support : RI CHA RD E. kn ew abo ut worlds beyond Earth 's atmosphere. Each voyage impacted th e future and MJmRYMAN, Chief of Park Program s. I{ANGER ROBBIN M. OWEN, Permits Officer. will li ve forever in history. However different, eac h heroic voyage will be remembered s an exped ition of bravery, adventure, and discovery. SEAN.I. KENNEALY, Chief of Maint enance, MATHEW R. NEWMAN. Supervisor of Special Event s, and offi cers of the U.S. Pa rk Police. USHERS provided by GEORGETOWN UN IVERSITY Council No. 6375. CATHOLIC Bibliography UN IV E I~SITY OF AMEIUCA Council No. 9542, and GEORGE WASHINGTON UN IV ERSITY Council No. 13242, Kni ght s of Columbus. Aldrin . Bu zz. I-lome Page. 7 Dec. 2005. . • MG ySG T WILLIAM A. PERRY, Operati ons Chi ef. for professional arrangements for the appearance of The Unit ed States Marin e Oand. Chaikin, Andrew. A Mall 0 11 the Mooll. Alexandri a. Virginia : Time-Lire Books, 1994. Columbu s. Chri stopher. "" e Log of' Christophel' Colllll1hl.l .\,. Trans. Robe'l H. Fuson. Ca mden, • MgySGT D. MICHAEL RESSLER, Unit ed States Marine Band, Chi cI' Music Librarian. for hi s Mainc: Int ernati onal Marine, 1987. assistance in repert oire pl anning. Dor-Ner. Zvi . CO hllllhll.l· alld the Age oflJi.l·co ver)'. New York : William Morrow & Co. , 199 1. The Nat ional It ali an American Founda ti on, MR. JOHN B. SALAMONE. Executi ve Director. Fmdi n, Dennis Brindell. 7ite Nilia. the Pillta, a""the Sallta Maria. New York : Fmnklin WailS, 199 1. roO' their generous support ol't he National Chri stopher Columbus Essay Contesl. Grant zo ll o. Gianni . ChrislOpher Co htlllhus. Trans. St ephen Saolarelli. Garden Cit y, New York : Nat ional Society Dau ghters or the Ameri can Revolution , MRS. PRESLEY MERRITT Doubleday & Compan y, 1985. WAGONER, Pres ident General; MRS. CINDY SEGRAVES PHJLLlPS, Hi storian General, Gurney, Gene. Walk ill !>i)(fce. New York: Random House. 1967. and MS. MARTI·IA H. HARIZOG, Na ti onal Vice-Chairman, Nati onal Chri stopher Columbus John son, Gerald W. Alllerim is /10m . New York: William Morrow & Co., 1959 Essay Cont est, for their devot lOd leadership and management or the cont est. Lee. Wayne. To Rise ./i'IJIl/ btrth. New York: Facts on Fi le, 1995. BETH COLEMAN-DEE HAN, Director of Cat erin g, and ELAIN E McSWEENEY, Caterin g Garden Cit y, New York: Sales Manager, Phoeni x Park Hotel, for hotel arrangement s ro O' the contest winner and her family. Na ti onal Aeronau ti cs and Space Ad ministration. "B iographi es of Apollo II TERRY J ADAMS, National Park Service, and RAYMOND S. HONDA, Kni ght s of Astronaut s." 7 Dec .2005. . Columbus, ro O' prov idi ng photographic services. and DUANE.I. LOMIS roO' archi val Nati onal Air and Space Mu seulll. Apoll o II Miss ion Sumrnary. vidcograph y. 8 Dec. 2005. . TOURMOBILE, CA I~LA BELL. Assistant Sales Director, for th eir generos it y in provid in g Speny. AI111S1rong. lhe \lovages o/Cillistopher ColwlIlJ/ls. New York: RiUldoml-louse, 1950. t ranspor1ation ro O' the winner of the Columbu s Essay Cont est and her ramil y. Strassman, Pally. "The InJ'iuencc of th e Spice Trade on th e Age of Discovery." Millersv ille • EDWARD M. SULLIVAN, ro O' preparation or the chronology and art icles in the annual program University. 9 Dec. 2005. . books as we ll as composition of thi s year's book , and JOHN C. MOORE ro O' obtaining Sundel. AI. Christopher CO IWllhl/ .l· and the Age of' I,:rplol'lltioll ill World History. Oerk eley Height s, New Jersey: Enslow, 2002. advert isC IIIl:nt s for the book each yea r. • ALL WHO HAVE SU PI'ORTED TI·m PROGRAM BOOK by complimcntary adverti sing. Tirado, Thomas C. "Chri stopher Columbus." I,'I/ w rta I,·I/ cyclopedia. 2000. .

38 43 BIOGRAPHIES Fint I'rize Essay, NIAF-NSDAR ESSA Y CONTES7; 2005-2006

44 37 "The P.'csident's Own" United States Marine Band

For over two ce nturies, " The Pres idcnt 's Own" United States Marine Band has The National Sociely of the bee n part of th c events that have shapcd our nati onal heritage. On June 8, 19 12, th e Daughlers of the American Revolution M arine Band, with Prcsident William Howard Taft, participatcd in th e un veiling of th e Columbus Mcmorial Fountain, providing ce rcmoni al mu sic during th e official and the National/talian American Foundation ceremony. Like th e monuments th e Marine Band has helped dedicate, its co ntinued prescncc in Ameri ca n Ii re stand s as a sy mbol of th c traditions and idea ls on whieh arc pleased to announce our country was founded. co-sponso rship in an essay cont es t featuring Christopher Columbus Established by an ac t of Congre ss in 1798, th e Marine Band is America's oldes t profess ional musical organization. Its primary mi ss ion is unique--to provide music Conlest is open to students ror the Pres ident of th e U nited States. of all ethnic and racia l groups in grades 9 through 12. President John Adams in vited the Marine Band to make its White House debut in th e still-unrinished Executi ve Mansion on New Year's Day, 180 1. In March that TOPIC year, the band performed ror the inaugural of Thomas Jefrerso n and has performed 2006 - 2007 topi c is: ror every Presidential inaugural since that time. "At Sea or at Home: Different Perspecti ves In Jerrerso n, th e band found its most visionary advocate and friend . An on th e Voyage to the New World " " accomplished mu sician himse l r, .Jerferson recogni zed th e unique relationship betwee n th e band and th e Chier Executi ve by giving the Marine Band th e title, 'The PRIZE Th e pri ze lor the nati onal winner is $ 1,200, paid transportati on to Washington, D. C. wi th Pres ident's Own" . onc pa rent, all linanced by thc Nat ional Itali an Amcri ca n Foundati on. In add ition, Whet.her performing ror Sou t.h Lawn arrival ce remonies, State Dinners, or housing will bc prov ided for th c winncr and one parcnt while attending the ce lcbration. receptions, Marine Band mu sicians appear at the White House more than 200 times Th e national winner must read th e pri ze-win ning essay at th e Co lumbus Memori al in each year. Additionally, t.h e band participates in more than 400 public and official Washington , D.C. on Co lumbus Day (October 8, 2007), during ceremonies co nducted by perform ances an nually, including co ncerts and ceremonies throughout th e the National Columbus Celebrati on Association. Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Each fall , the band travels through a region of The pri zc for the scco nd place nati onal winner is $500, and thc third place national the United States during its conce rt tour, a ce ntury-old tradition started by the band 's win ner will rece ive $3 00. legendary 17''' Director, John Phi llip Sousa . As Director rrom 1880- 1892, Sousa brought " The Pres ident's Own" to FORM unprecedented levels o f excellence and shaped th e band into a world-ramou s Essay is to be typewritt en wi th no more than 750 words. Essay mu st have a title page mu sica l organi zati on. During his tenure, th e band was one o f the first mu sical which includes student "s full name, address, phone number, sehool, grade level, name of ensembles to make sound recordings . Sou sa also bega n to write th e marches that sponsorin g DAR chap ter and number of words in essay. Do 1I0t submit a photograph with elltry. earned him th e title " The March King." "The Pres ident's Own continues to maintain Sousa's standard o f excellence. NSDAR ADMINISTRATION OF CONTEST Marine Band mu sicians are se lected at au ditions much like those of major symphony This co ntest will be administered by the NSDAR. orches t.ras . Auditionees perrorm behind a sc ree n to ensure anonymity. Th e audition For further informati on about thi s co ntest co nt act: comm ittee makes its se lec ti on based on mu sica l graduates or our nat.i on' s rincs t Martha Ann Hart zog, Nat ional Vice Chairman, mu sic schools, often ho lding advanced dcgrees in music. More than 90 perce nt Christopher Columbus Essay Contcst, America n History Committcc, NSDAR serve with the Marine Band ror 20 or more years. 605 Peca n Grove Road , Au sti n, TX 78704-25 07 ':' Ph one: (5 12) 447-388 1 or Office of th e Histori an Gcncral, NSDAR A s America's oldes t profess ional musica l organi za ti on, th e Marine Band's 1776 D St rect , NW, Was hington, DC 20006-53 03 * Phone: (202) 879-3256 omnipresent ro le in event s or national importance has made it part of the fabri c or American lire. As Pres ident Ronald Reagan said, " Wheth er se renading Adams or Jerferso n, accompanying Linco ln to Gettysburg, or performing here at th e White House, th e Marine Band has become a national institution and a national treas ure." 36 45 The civic ceremonies followed a spec ia l Columbus Quincentenary Mass at the Basilica of the Nationa l Shrine o f the Immaculate Conception, where Card inal-Archbishop Jamcs H ickey o f Washington wa s the principal ce leb rant. The Supreme Kn ight presented him with the Discovery Cross commemorating the Quincent.enary of the evange lizat ion of the Americas, the sa me cross now carried in process ion eac h year in the annual religious ce lebration at Holy Rosary Church the Sunday preceding the Columbus Day M onday holiday .. A Tribute to Our President, Dr. David R.Curfman In 199 1 the N ational Park Service also initiated a nati onwide series of events commemorating the quince nt enary. One such event., a three-day rrogram On thi s Columbus Day, October 9, 2006, among the in Columbus Plaza in front of Union Station took place on Columbus Day mi ss ing is Dr. David R. Curfman, our president, who weekend the following year, culminating in the 1992 ce remonies at th e nat.ional after many years o f perfect attendance at this annu al Columbus M emorial. ce leb rati on, finds himse lf hos pitalized at the Johns Ot.her months- long Quincentenary events initiated about that time in Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore for several 199 1 included the cxhibit "Circa 1492" at th e National Gallery of Art (October weeks. Meanwhile, with th e help of his good wife 12, 199 1-January 12, 1992), and the "Seeds of Change" exhibit at the Blanche he has made most of th e arrangements for this Smit.h son ian's National Muse um of Natural H istory (October 27, 199 1-Apri l I , yea r's ceremony. 1992). In keeping with the politica l correc tness of the times, both ex hibits studiously avoided any focus on Columbus. Unaware of th ose forthcoming events, th e National The reconstructed Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria, aft er crossing th e Columbus Celeb rati on at its annu al general membership A Li antic, vi sited Ba ltimore and Annapolis the following Spring, sa iling into meeting on June 5 in Washington, D.C. unanimously Dr. Curfman at the podium for Bait imore's fnner Harbor on May 29, 1992 for an I I-day visit, and th en going to adopted th e following resolution, to be published in this the 2003 celebratiion Annapolis on June 8 for a short er visit. year's program book : -- Edward M. SuI/i va n n,e members of the National Coillmblis Celebrationllssociation at their 2006 allnllalmeeting express gratejit! appreciation to Dr. David R. Olf.iillan{or his Extract from Remarks by President George H. W. Bush eleven years of highly dedicated service as its president, and for the ollt standing on Signing the 1991 Columbus Day Proclamation contriblltions he has lIIade in that till/.e to the development of the a 11.11110 I celebration October 10, 1991 of Christopher Colll mbll s in the nation's capital, to the promol ion of inlerest in It's an honor to ce lebrate Columbus Day. You know, we're, in addition, saluting the honoring Coillmblis on Ih e pari of olher individll als and organizatioll s near andfar, start of a year of activiti es saluting the 500th anniversary of the first landing in the New and to ollr Associalion ilselj; which became nalional in scope IInder his leadership. World .... /n parliclllar, we recognize and appreciale his II ndevialing devolion to Ihe calise, Emerson once said , "Every ship that comes to America got its chart from Columbus." For half a millennium, wh at Columbus discovered has helped chart th e his tireless energy and IInjlaggil/ g e.lforl.\·, and the generolls expenditllre o.l his own course of exploration and opportunity, saili ng freedom's ship to every corner of the Earth. preciolls lillie and Ireasllre thai we re largely responsible for Ihese accolllplishmenis. Today , we salute a hemisph ere moving toward democracy and free enterprise, aided by initiatives li ke the Enterprise for th e Am eri cas Initiative. It is my hope that thi s Signed on beha lf o f th e Association membership. quincentenary wi ll commemorate the co mmon heritage of America and its neighbors. In Richard Aleksy, SerTetary o.l the Associalion addition, we salute not only Columbus' spirit of adventure but also the story of this Nation, unafraid, ever-changing , chall enging the unknown, devoted to the blessings of li berty and the principles that unite all Am ericans. Columbus Day celebrates the idea that we do not va lue diversity merely because To wh ich our Founding Cha irman Emeritu s, John C. Moore, has added, for all th e Am erica is strong. America is strong because we value diversity. In that spirit, it is now res l of us, "God kecp yo u, President Dave!" my privilege to sign a proclamation designating October 14, 1991 , as Columbus Day. Thank you all very , very much lor being in attendance. Cards and letters sent to Dr. David R. Curfman at th e following address will gelLO (The proclamation will be found at our web site, www. columbuscelebration.org.) him in the hospital: 420 1 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Sle 6074W Washington, DC 200 16

46 35 NATIONAL COLUMBUS CELEBRATION ASSOCIATION

34 47 Observing Three Anniversaries

48 33 On October I I , 1992, th e day before th e firth ce ntennial of th e Discovery and Evange lizati on of the New World, His Holiness Pope John Paul II said th e HONORARY MEMBERS inaugural mass at th e lighthouse, for th e first time performing a ca noni za ti on in the New World ." ORGANIZATIONS The exterior wa lls of Ihe monument arc covered by small crosses and the names of the vari ous nati ons of the Ameri cas. Surrounding th e lighthouse is a Archdiocese of Washington meti cul ously landscaped park and flagpoles on which arc hoisted the co lors of The United States Army Band the fl ags of the Americas and oth er nations, a powerful symbol of fraternity " Pershing's Own" among peoples and cultures. Col. L Bryan Shelburne, Jr., DIrector The United States Marine Band Within the monument, over sixty ex hibitions representing the nations of the "The President's Own" Americas and of the world and hi ghlighting the events of th e Discovery fi ll th e Col TImothy W. Foley, DIrector maj ority of the interior space. Smaller muse ums house ex hibitions on th e history I2 of th e monument (and many of th e des igns th at were considered ), on INDIVIDUALS ca rtograph y, and on numismati cs Doria Dean Elton Kemper, HPG-NSDAR As its arch itect insisted, th e Columbus M emorial L ighthouse is much more James P. Kiernan, Ph.D., OAS th an a tomb for man (now a man with many detractors), it is a 1l10numentto Lloyd J. Ogilvie, D.D., Chaplain, U.S. Senate humanity and its ab ility 10 persevere in adversity and fl ourish in brotherhood and Jose l. Restrepo. Ll.D., OAS peace, guided and ca red for by a higher power. Msgr. Robert C. Roensch, NOTES Director Bishops Office for U.S. Visitors to the Vatican Ana Maria Snell, Ph.D., University of Maryland I. The monumcnl was actually 100 large for the Cathedra l, th e Iloor of which had to bc lowcred. This tomb is now at the cent er of the Columbus Memorial Lighthouse. protec ted by a nava l honor Rafael Jover Y De Mora Figueroa guard . Ambassador of Spain to Jamaica Linda Tinker Watkins, PG-NSDAR 2. Museum of the Hi story of th e Columbus Lighth ouse Pcrmanent Exhibit. Rev. Daniel P. Coughlin, Chaplain, U. S. House of Representatives 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid, SPECIAL RECOGNITIONS 5. On a personal note, Gleave and his assistan t. John M cCullock rent ed my gra ndparents' house for a yea rjust aft cr thc Sccond World War. Allhough Gleave died in 1965, M cCullock peri odically FOUNDING CHAIRMAN EMERITUS, 1995: return ed to Ih e Dominican Republic to check on the project and to visit the Illan th at had becn my grandfather's bus iness pa l1n cr and was my neighbor. I was ab le to interview McCullock shortly John C. Moore, PSD, K of C before the inauguration of the lighthouse in 1992 for a school prUject. DISTINGUISHED OFFICER MEDAL, 1996: 6. Ibid. Edward M. Sullivan, Ph.D., PSD, K of C " 7. Quoted in Perez Perd omo, Dilia Margarita (Eel. ) and M arfa Cri stina Carfa s, G llia de DISTINGUISHED MEMBER MEDAL, 1998: MO //Wlle///II,I' y LURlI r e,I' D Ollli//iCl/llos, Editora Eco. Sa nt o Domingo: 1998, p. I 00. Gustav S. Weber, PSD, K of C S. Museum of the History of th e Columbus Lighth ouse Permanent Exhibit. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL, 1999: 9. By 1950. onl y 8 countries had contributed a total of less than 15 lhousand dollars. Alfred M. Rotandaro, Ph.D.

32 REGULAR INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS simplicity and forcc worthy of thc monument s of th e ages. The design is symbolic, but not to th e ex tent where sy mbolism interferes with the simple Richard S. Aleksy Martha V. Hilton bea ut y of th e work as archilecture. Seen from th e air, or from it s surroundings, William B. Alexander V Thomas J. Hogan, PSD, K of C the simple mass becomes a noble element al fea ture of Ihe ground and of a Florence O. Anderson Raymond S. Honda charac ter worthy of th e steadfast co urage and faith o f the great discoverer it Raymond J. Anselmo Col. Andrew M. Johnson, AUS eommemorates . Edward P. Ashe Robert A. Kengla Paul E. Biciocchi Elihu I. Leifer Il was also importanl that the design was simple and sturdy, ab le to withstand the Wadsworth S.Branch Capt. J. Phillip London, USN , Ret. hurricanes thai cross Ihe Caribbean every year. !> Richard P. Branson Russell D. Maske Helen V. Brooks J. P. McCusker, PSD , K of C The arc hitect described the parlieular vision of what such a monument should William H. Brown III Barrett L. McKown represent that guided his design: John Capozzi John C. Moore, PSD, K of C The problem co nsists in finding a sy mbol to ex press the bas ic co nditions th at Robert E. Caruso T. Eric Morsicato. made th e Di scovery of America by Columbus one o f th e notable Dino J. Caterini William M. Mulvihill,PSD,FVSM, K of C accomplishmen ts in th e history of th e world. The influence th at thi s feat has Mary Catucci Peter F. Nostrand had in th e development of civilization is so surprising, its signilica nce so G. Pino Cicala Kenneth Osik fantasti c th at a monument to co mmemorat e it mu st captivate the imagination Carroll Jefferson Collins Chev. Wayne E. Parthun, K.L.J. and impact all men for all th e ages. Its vo ice mu st speak to the spirit an d J. Kemp Cook, PSD , K of C Daniel J. Quagliarello represe nt th e power, th e vision, 3ndthe courage of th e man that served as the Katharine Clayton Crittenberger Daniel L. Quaid, Jr. instrument of its real izati on. The co nception, form , and co nstru cti on mu st be MaJ.Gen. Willis D. Crittenberger, Jr., USA,Ret. Stephanie L. Razzano simple and lastin g. Its architectural qualities mu st have power, stability, and Francis R. Crowe Jose N. Rodriguez rad iance . It mu st speak not only in th e language of our times, but traverse th e Blanche L. Curfman Col. Eric Rojo centuries and its attracti on mu st be universa l 7 David R. Curfman, M.D. Alfred M. Rotandaro, Ph.D. G leave explained the reasoning behind his choice of a cross as the bas ic design: Peter R. Davio Mary Lu Saavedra Sheila H. Davis Estelle Salvatierra T he idea of th e great Columbu s Memori al Lighthouse is decided by Columbu s Dona DeSanctis Joseph Scafetta, Jr., Esq. himse lf. It shall bc a tremendous cross carved into th e ground , an enduring Peter Arrott Dixon Louis J. Scalfari refl ecti on of the wooden crosses set up by Columbus when he first Dino Joseph Drudi Rita W. Smith arri ved ... .ye t a cross similar to the th ousands of oth er crosses erectcd as Leonard M. Durso Dr. Duke Nordinger Stern memori als during th e Christi an era is insufficient. This cross mu st be given a character, a form , a shape to make it unmistak ingly a memori al fo r a peculiar Millicent E. Duvall Edward M. Sullivan, Ph.D ., PSD , K of C purpose- a symbol of Columbus. Col. Wilfred L. Ebel, A.U .S., Ret. Teresa M. Talierco Thomas C. Etter, Esq. Anthony R. Tringale, C.l.U. Gleave further explains the significa nce o f his monument as inspired by th e man Joseph A. Fernandez Steven J. Upton and events it commemorates: Ben C. Filipczyk John R. Urciolo The va lue of Columbus lies not in wh at he was but in what he did, and in all Col. Richard S. Flahaven Joseph P. Vaghi, Jr. that his di sco veries and co lonizat ions have mea nt to the wo rl d. On ly when his Gary Michael "Gus" Gallagher Gustav S. Weber, PSD , K of C influence is seen in perspec ti ve with his civiliza ti on does he att ain his rea l K Lloyce Ann West Peter D. Gervais, SO, of C stature. The memorial is not merely a monument to glorify Columbus as a man. Ronald P. Gorman Ronald B. White, PSD , K of C A s one of the great gestures of the Ages, it ca n onl y be a monument to glorify E. linda Guidotti Mark F. Woznak an idea l: the innate urge to an unknown end th at over th e Christi an world is Overton T. Harris William Grantham Wood kn own as God, and is sy mbolized by th e Cross' Walter A. Hawkins Andrew M. Zaso espite the lack o f pledged S UppOrL ,~ the Dominican government began Richard G. Head, PS 0 , K of C George A. Henderson, Jr. BUSINESS PATRONS constructi on o f the project after the Second World War. 1n 1948 the Richard J. Higgins, Esq. Citizen s Bank D foundations were completed. Unfortunately, politica l instability towards John M. Hilliard Joseph Scaletta, Jr., Esq. the end o r Ihe dictalOrial T rujillo regime prevented further progress. In the I 980s, Presiden l Joaq uin Balaguer continued the projec t. 1fI 50 31 The Monument over Columbus's Remains in Santo Domingo: EI Faro a Colon - The Columbus Lighthouse 7he/ol/owing is an extrart/rom an article in ol/r 2001 program book by Marco F. Schad Frometa, a native o./" San to Do/'ningo who was then rompleting stlldies at the Gradllate School 0/ Foreign Service and the Law Cellter o./"Geo rgetown Un iversity. Admi/fed to the bar, he is lI owstl/dying /or th e priesthood/or the Archdiocese 0/ Washington. (Omilled sec/i ons duplica /e it~/orf11a ti on in th e preceding ar/i cle.)

52 29 bo th th e Admiral and hi s son, Diego (probab ly as a res ult of what Granzollo, p. 283 , terms " the hasty and ca reless efforts to move Columbus's alleged corpse from Santo Domingo to Havana") and that a similar combination of remains TI'is specia lly-commissionetl statu e went to )-)avana and th cn to Se ville. Thus perh aps both Seville and Santo of a youtl,ful Domingo have remains of Co lumbus. In 1992, as part of the Qu incentenary ce lebration, th e Sa nto Domingo Chr istopJl er Columbus remain s were transferred to th e Faro a Colon (Columbus Lighthouse, a huge spec ially-designed cultural ce nter several blocks long on th e pl an of a cross with graces tl,e courtyard 149 searchlights on the roof th at project a cross on the sky visible from Puerto of Holy Rosary C llUrcl" Ri co, and a 70-kilowatt rotating beam visible from 44 miles away .) T hat sa me year a tea m of A meri ca n scientists proposed to do DNA analysis Wasl,ington, D. C ., wl,ere a brief of th e remains in Sev ille to determine whether th ey are in fact th ose of cer emony is I, e ld ann u a lly as part of Col umbus, but authorities there refused to allow th e tomb to be opened . t l, e relig io u s ccleb "ation of Columbus However, cleven years later, in June, 2003, Spanish researchers were Day, -following a spcc ia l .Mass in tl,c allowed to remove two boxes from th e tomb in th e Sev ille ca th edra l, one of CI'Ul·e1, on tl,e Su nday prcce(ling ti,e wh ich was th ought to contai n the bones of th e Admiral, and th e oth er known Monday I, o liday with certainty to contain hi s illeg itimate so n Fern ando's remains (as th ey had never heen moved since hi s interment in 1539). A t th e sa me time, anoth er casket It w as crccte(l by parisl,ioners under believed to contain th e remains of Columbus'S brother D iego was removed from tl,e spirited leacle"s l,ip of its past.or, th e nearby Carthusian monast.ery to which Columbus's remain s had fIrst been moved from Va lladolid in 1509 before being shipped to Hispani ola in 1537. A ll Fl'. Cacsar Donanzan, C.S. were taken to the University of Granada for the tes ts, and were to be returned by ancl presented to t\'e paris\' th e end of th e week. In add ition to DNA tes ting, there were to be anthropologic, dental, and radiologic magnetic resound (lRM) examinati ons. by th.e Lido Civic Club T hree months later, in September it was reported from anthropologica l fo ll owing ti,e Quincenlenary Hass analys is that it appeared th at in the caske t th ought to be th at of Columbus there were th e remains of only a single person. on October 1], 1992. A nd no chains or metal objects were found . It was also reported th at an .An insc"iptio n exa mination of Fern and o's remains showed th at he was 5'8 ", exac Ll y the same height as on a b"onze p late on ti,e s u pporting' pe ci cstnl in th e Santo Domingo remains, and a rencis as follows : beller-than-average height for th at day. Several peanut-size fragmen ts o f bone were taken from Columbus's casket for DNA analys is to compare with samples CRISTOFORO COLOMBO taken from son Fern and o and brother This m onument erected on the occasion of the 1992 Quincentennial Jubilee Diego. T he main conce rn was th e quality celebrating the discovery of America, pays tribute to Cristoforo Colombo and rather th an quantity of the DNA. his seafaring companions. T heir bold voyage led to an historic encounte r T he Spa nish team, led by a forensic between the European world and the Americas. A turning point in Western sc ientist at Granada University, was Civilization, this event paved the way for the spreading of the Gospel and the collaborating with sc ientists in Italy, establi shment of a society anchored o n the principles of Christian love and Germany, and a seni or sc ientist at the FBI holiness. 1492-1992 foren sic sc ience academy, and the plan Columbus Mausoleum in the Cathedral in was to have the results duplicated in both Santo Domingo, from a post card. 28 53 A Personal Tribute to Gustav S. "Gus" Weber This year we pause to pay tribute to our long time coll eague . and friend. Gus W eber. Since this program book was first .' ~J published in 1992 he has been a principal contributor oftime. talent. and energy. joining hands w ith the two of us to make it possible by handling the composition and production ea ch yea r. which otherwise would have been very costly. For this he has been honored by the NCCA with the title "Distinguished Member." W hile Gus plays a lesser role now. he has been most cooperative. and his advice invaluable. W e are proud to ca ll him fri end and to honor his long term contribution and dedication to the cause of Columbus.

Edward M. Sullivan John C. Moore NCCA Secretory Emeritus NCCA Founding Chairman Emeritus (Editor and Historian) (Publisher and Advertising Chairman)

ST. JOSAPHAT COUNCIL 7530 Knights of Columbus 4250 Harewood Road, NE Washington, DC 20017

55 26 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA STATE COUNCIL The Posthumous Voyages ofeolumbus :Knights 01 Columbu, Where is Columbus Now? Established in the Year 01 Our Lord 1899 Afi er his death, the remains 0/ Colllm.blls seemed to prove abollt as restless as he had been in I({e, and their story, like his li/e, has leji us with many myst eries. As his Ii/e was complicated by politics, so also, the StOI:V o./il.is remains; as he was and still today is the Catholic Evangelizers and Faithful Knights! center o.{ controversy, so also his remains. The il/llstrations here are fi "Oln postca rds and starnps reprodllced ill "Death of Coltllnbus, " a Christopher Coillmbll s Philatelic Society booklet by Michel Pacol/ alld DOl/ald R. Ager, 2006. (Stamps have been enlarged here, Celebrating Our Patron: all d post cards redllced.) Christopher Columbus ... oday th e site of the friary in V alladolid where Columbus was buried is Navigator, Explorer and occupied by a hotel, with a billiard room over th e spot where he was T interred. He had indicated in his will his desire to be buried in Hispani ola, Catholic Evangelizer! the island he loved, but at th e time there was no religious building th at would be IItting for the purpose. DCSC Officers, Staff, and DDs for 2006-2007: However, three years after th e burial in the rri ary, his so n Diego State Chaplain ...... Rev. Eric Zimmer, S.J. caused th e remains to be transferred Associate State Chaplains ...... Rev. Sidney Speaks, S.S.J. to th e new Christ's C hapel or L as Rev. Clement St. Jacques, SA Cuevas monas tery in Se ville (Char State Deputy ...... Peter D . Gervais treux 's- th at is, the Carthu State Secretary ...... Gerald V. Hall sians's- convent o f Saint Mary or State Treasurer ...... Lawrence Sosnowich th e Caves). Christopher' s good State Advocate ...... Peter A. Gabauer, Jr. friend, Fray Gaspar Gorricio, lived State Warden ...... R. Melvin Daniels out his last days at that monas tery, Immediate Past State Deputy ...... Col. Charles H. Gallina USMCIRet. and Chri stopher's brother State Executive Secretary ...... George Hanna, PSD Bartholomew, wh o died in 151 9, Exec Assistant to the State Deputy .. . Raymond S. Honda and hi s so n D iego himse l r wh o died Membership Director ...... Daniel Quagliarello The Carthu sian monastery to which Columbus's in 1526, were both buried there. remains were first transferred in 1509. Ceremonial Director ...... , ...... James Toliver, PSD T here the three remained for over a Ceremonial Director ...... Frank R. Shaw, PSD decade, until Diego' s widow, District Deputy #1 ...... Leland Johnson Fol lowing his wishes, got a royal District Deputy #2 ...... Ernest T. Boykin, Jr. decree on ,1une 2, 1537 to move th e District Deputy #3 ...... Gervase Anamelechi bodies to th e newly-built ca th edral District Deputy #4 ...... Henry Joseph Shea in Santo D omingo. Co lumbus thu s had his ninth Home Jurisdiction of cross ing of th e Atlantic, Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson accompanied by Diego, who had First crossed it only several years aFter his rath er'S dea th (to take up The Cath edral in Santo Domingo, where th e remains went next, from a postcard (also his duties as governor). B ecause or showing a stamp depicting the cathedral in the the superstitiousness o f the sailors lower right area). about having corpses on shipboard , 56 25 Columbus's Last Poem

24 Best Wishes For A Successful Columbus Day Celebration

MARYLAND STATE COUNCIL Knights of Columbus

23 The Death of Columbus WASHINGTON ASSEMBLY NO. 151 KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS gainst the foregoing complicated backdrop of high politics invo lving Ihe planned arriva l of Juana and Phi lip in 1506 and then the wary dance OLDEST ASSEMBLY IN THE ARCHDIOCESE (Established April I, 1912) between them and King Ferdinand after th eir arrival nearly four months A Participating in its ninety-fourth appearance at the celebration later in April of th at year, the life of Columbus was now playing out. Pinning his hopes on th e new rulers, he dispatched faithful brolher Bartholomew to meet th em with a letter (sec box). At th e end of April he went to Valladolid, the seco nd largest city in th e SALUTES AND EXTENDS co untry, where his family either rented or owned a modest one-s tory brick house, no longer standing. Sti ll nursin g dreams of rea lizing his financial claims he had wrillen th e King th at th e inco me anticipated over seve n years could be used to FRATERNAL GREETINGS finance an ex pedition to recover th e Holy Land . But he himself was sinking. On May 19, less than a month after th e arrival of the new rulers on April 28, he suddenly got worse, and finalized hi s will. AND BEST WISHES Confirming hi s will of 1502, he reappointed hi s son Don Diego as hi s heir, Ielling him to increase hi s entail (a n inheritance given to a spec ified line of heirs), TO THE NCCA and use it 10 serve King, Queen , and the Christian rei igion. Don Fernando, too, is ON THE OCCASION OF THE to treat hi s own income as an entail. Diego is directed to maintain a chapel where RD three Masses arc to be said daily by three chap lains, in honor of Ihe Trinity, the 93 ANNIVERSARY OF conception of Mary, and for Christopher's own father, mother, and wife (Diego's THE UNVEILING OF mother). Diego (as well as Fernando) is also to care for the wei fare of Don THECOLUMBUSMEMOruAL Fernando's mother, Beatriz c nriquez, "and sec that she is in a position to live as befils a person who is so much on my consc ience. A nd let this be done as a relief to my conscience for it wei ghs much on my soul. The reason of it, il is not licit Faithful Friar Rev. Clement St. Jacques, S.A. for me 10 write here." (As quoted by Sa lvador de Madariaga, "Chrislopher Faithful Navigator Venantius Onunaku, PGK Colu mbus," New York, 1978 republication, p. 402.) Faithful Captain Marcellino C. Borges Faithful Pilot Paul Williams, Jr. "the 20lh (a Wednesday that year) it became evident that death was Faithful Admiral Lawrence B. West. FS W not far off. AI his beds ide were hi s youngest brother, Diego, his two sons Faithful Scribe Pierre Crutchfield 0 D iego and Fernandez, the two heroes of the Jamaican resc ue expedition Faithful Comptroller James M. Toliver, PSD Diego Mendez and Bartholomew Fiesc hi , some Francisca ns, and some faithful Faithful Purser Edwin V. Laws, Sr. servants. According 10 some accounts his brother Bartholomew was also present, Faithful Inner Sentinel Gervase Anamelechi bUI according to olhers he had nOI returned from his mission 10 th e new rulers, nor Faithful Outer Sentinel Gregory F. Hawkins had the Admiral heard how he had fared there. Faithful Trustee (3yr) Frank R. Shaw, PSD Christopher received fin al absolution, Mass was sa id, all received th e Faithful Trustee (2 yr) James E. Oxford, Jr., PFN, SW sacrament, and he was given the last riles. II is reported that he ca lled for th e Faithful Trustee (I yr) Melvin Brown chains to be brought to him and he clutched them when he died. (It was with th ese Commander, Color Corps Leonard Washington, Sr., PFN that he had been shackled by Governor Bobadilla five and a half years earlier and Lt. Cmdr., Color Corps Reginald B. Stewart, Sr., PFN sent back to Spain, and which he always kept with him.) As his son Fernando Lt. Cmdr., Color Corps James E. Oxford, Jr., PFN, SW describes it, the lasl words of Chrislopher- whose name mea ns "Chrisl-bearer" were those of Christ on the cross: "1n to Thy hands 1 commend my spirit." The Patriot Arm of the Knights of Columbus

59 22 CARDINAL HICKEY PRINCE OF THE CHURCH ASSEMBLY Columbus's Last Letter KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS The last survi,'ing letter known to have been written by Columbus was addressed to Queen Juana and her husba nd, Prince Philip of Austria, whose arrival in Spain to assume power NO. 2534 from King Ferdinand he was anticipating. Felipe Fermindez·Armesto, in his book Columbus of the (Oxford Un iversity Press, 1991), p. 183, quotes from it as follows, and suggests that it was DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA wriUen within three weeks of his death (i.e., in late AI)ril or early May, 1506) His brother Bartholomew was sent to meet the new rulers, who arrived on April 26. Columbus died on May 20. Congra tulates the Most serell e alld very high alld mighty Princes. our Lord Killg alld Lady queen. I trust your CELEBRATION highllesses will believe me wh elll say thm I never hoped so earnestly /or my body's health as NATIONAL COLlTh'lBUS whell I heard that your highnesses were to come here aeros.1" the sea. so that I should be able ASSOCIATION to come to you and place myse!lat you r service and so thm you should see the knowledge and ONTTS experience I have in na vigatioll. But our Lord has ordaill ed otherwise. I therelore very CELEBRATIO~ humbly beseech your Highllesses to reckon me among the lIumber o/your royal vassals and OF 514 YEARS OF DISCOVERY servants and to take it as certain that, although this sicklless IlU W tries me without mercy. I shall yet be able to serve you with such service as the like a/it has never been seell be/ore. Th e untoward circumstances into wh ich I have beell plullged. ( Oll tral), to all rational expecta tioll. Cttrdinal Hickey Prince ofthe ell urch Officers alld other adve rsities. have le./; me ill dire extremity. For this reason I have Iwt gOlle to meet your Higllll esse.I", li ar has my SOil. I ve l)' humbly beseech you to accept my purpose alld illlellt. Faithful Friar ...... SK Rev. Fr. Milton E. Jordan instead oIlIIy presence, as./i'om one who hopes to be restored to his honour and estate. as is Associate Friar...... SK Rev Fr. John McMahon promised in writillg ill the terms oImy (Om missions. May the Holy Trillity keep and increase Faithful Navigator...... SK Anthony I. Colbert, PSD, FOO, PGK th e high alld royal estate o.lyour Highnesses. Faithful Captain ...... SK Richard P. Branson, PGK Faithful Admiral...... SK Larry L. Owens, PFN Faithful Pilot...... SK Gavin H. Daniels, GK Falthful Comprroller ...... SK Mauro N. Farinelli, FS Ferdinand had set off from Valladolid on a very roundaboul journey in lheir Faithful Purser...... SK Raymond S. Honda. PGK direction, sending em issaries to meet them, but it was not until and June 20 that Faithful Scribe ...... SK John Y. Coghlan, FDD, PGK the principals warily met in a farmhouse near the Portuguese border. King Faithful Inner SentineL ... .. SK Warren C. Farnelli Ferdinand lhen agreed with Phi lip thalJuana was not competent to rule, th at Faithful Outer Sentinel...... SK James R. Young, Jr. Philip shou ld have exclusive power in Casti le, and lhal he would abandon his Faithful Trustee -3 yR...... SK J. Kemp Cook, PSD, FDO, PGK Faithful Trustee - 2 yR ...... SK Gustav S. Weber, PSD, PGK regency and retire to Aragon. So Philip became Philip IlFelipe II of Spain. But Faithful Trustee - 1yR ...... SK Robert S. Fuller, PFN just over three monlhs later, on Seplember 25, 1506, he died af'ler overexerling Color Corp Commander.... .SK Virgil Williams himself playing pelola (a forerunner of jai alai) and then drinking too much waler. Earlier, on Seplember 4, Ferd inand had set off for Italy, where he had never Cardinal James Hickev Prince of the Church Assembly been, 10 look afler his interesls there, and rema ined oul of the country for almost is the Home As~embly of a year. Philip's death was followed by much unresl in Castile, evenlually Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson, cu lminating in the relurn of Ferdinand as regent for .luana on Augusl21 , 1507. Vice Supreme Master Col. Charles H. Gallina, PSD,PGK PFN, (.Juana 's six·year-old son, Charles of Ghenl, was allhe time in lhe and Netherlands, being ed ucated by hi s aunt, Margaret, Philip's sister and widow of George Hanna, PSD,FM,PGK, .luana' s brolher, Juan. King Fernando ruled in .luana's slead unlil his own dealh Director of Fraternal Services, Supreme Office in January, 151 6, and on his deathbed, agreed wilh his advisor. lo change his will so that Charles, whom he had never met, would succeed him as ruler of Aragon as well as of Caslile. Thus a couple of months later the sixteen·year-old Charles The Assembly meets on the 3rd Monday of each month at 7:30pm was proclaimed king with his mother, .luana th e Mad, as queen, but he did nOl in the Parish Hall of St. Dominic - 630 ESt. SW arri ve in Spain unlil about year and a half later, on Seplember 18, 1517.) 60 2J We salute the work of the National Columbus Celebration Association in continuing to recognize ~ Balearic ~ ffinorca Islttnds I1ajorCB OlbiZa ~ the Great Discoverer '" fvledile.rr.;t;I n e~n Sea WASHINGTON COUNCIL 224 (First K of C Council in the District)

6 1 20 gelling back pay for the crew, Ferdinand, a former page of the Queen, was granted back wages for his time on the voyage, si nce he had not been on the payroll of the expedition.)

t the time, the reign in Spain was mainly less than plain. When Isabella died, th e crown of Castile passed to th e daughter she had borne A King Ferd in and, the infanta .Juana, and to .Juana's husband , Prince Phi lip of Austria (1478- 1506), ca lled Phi lip the Handsome, or Philip the Fa ir. A twofold problem was thatlhe young couple resided far 10 th e north in B urgundy with th eir young so n Charles of Ghent, and .Juana was not completely mentally Knights of Columbus competent. (The so n, born in 1500, would in 151 6 be Charles I of Spa in and later sti II , from 15 19 to 1556, Emperor Charles V of th e Holy Roman Empire.) In accordance with Isabella's will, in th eir absence Ihe widower Ferdinand INSURANCE was to rule Casl le as "govern or and admi nistrator" for Juana and her husband , Making a difference jor life who would soon be coming to claim power. But in his own right Ferdinand was still K ing of Aragon and Sicily. Best wishes and congratulations to the Thus the "court" in Spa in now referred 10 the presence of King Ferdinand National Columbus Celebration Association and his entourage. For many generations, there had been no fixed capital in on the 95th Annual Columbus Day Celebration! Casti le, and the court, in contrast to the practice in other major countries (but following earlier practice in the Roman Empire) traditionally moved from place to place. It visited all parts of the kingdom, and in th ese years set aside every Friday for public hear ings and the adm inistration o f justice A fter Isabella's death, Ferdinand and the court wenlto Toro over 200 miles north of Sevi lle to Robert Callaway, FICP, LUTCF Robert Canter, Jr., FICU, LUTCF meet with the Cortes (parliament) of Castile, staying there until April, 1505, later Stephen Clites Roger Doucette, PKG moving to Segovia, remaining there until mid-October, thence to Sa lamanca at John Fenwick, FICF James Finn, MBA the end of the month, and thence to Valladolid, in March, 1506. Brian Graham, FIC, CLU, ChFC William Gu inane, FIC n late 1504 and early 1505 Columbus's arthritis and the winter weather had Robert Monagan, FIC, PGK Richard Morin, FICF, LUTCF thwarted for six months hi s desire to go to the court, until he was finally able Patri ck McAleer, FICF, PGK Dan Quagliarello, FICF, LUTCF I to make the trip to Segov ia in May, 1505. He later followed the court to Robert Rengers, PG K AI Rocca, FICF, LUTC Salamanca, and then to Valladolid, but much of th e time was sick abed. D iego Mendez records that "When his lordship came to the court, and was in Salamanca, con fined to hi s bed by gout, ... [ alone was in charge of his affairs and endeavouring to sec ure the res titution of hi s es tate and of his government for his "The Knights of Columbus can provide for all of your retirement. estate and charitable planning needs. The Knights of Columbus cal son, Don D iego ... " (From Cec il Jane, ed., "The Four Voyages of Columbus," show you many ways on enhancing your gifts that you make to the Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 1988.) Kennedy Institute. Contact your agent today to learn more about tb Once at court, Columbus did manage to meet with King Ferdinand. He NEW programs available through the Knights of Columbus." pressed his case, and agreed with Ferdinand to have his claims subjected to arbitrati on by an old friend of his from before his first voyage, th e Dominican theologian D iego de Deza, new A rchbishop of Seville, the largest city in the Knights of Columbus Insurance country. While his right for himself and his heirs to the title" Admiral of the Harry J. Canter Agency Ocean Sea" was never in question, on his other claims the Archbishop could not 4353 Norlhview Drlvc find sufficient grounds to rul e in his favor- not on his financial claims, or on his claim for his heirs to th e viceroyalty of Ihe Indies or Ihe govern orship of Hispaniola. (His title of "Admiral" had nothing to do with Ihe navy, hut rather 62 .19 Fillal Days: BASILICA OF THE NATIONAL SHRINE 1506: 500 Years Ago with Columbus OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION For the last several years we have been recalling events in Coillmbll s's lite exactly 500 years ago. /ollowing him. throllgh th e writing a/his religioll s testament, th e Book of Reverend Monsignor Walter R. Rossi, Rector Prophecies, the preparations/vI' his/vllrth voyage alld the tragi(, bllt/as('inatillg events a/that expedition, hi.l'.final retllm to Spain, and his last j idl year a/lite. Below, alier a brie/ review oItlnll last year (1505), we exarnin e events sllrrollnding his departllre in is pleased to join in honoring May, 1506 all that great .final aile- way voyage we all /nIlSt take.

ive hundred year s ago atlhi s lime of the year Columbus was no longer Christopher Columbus ali ve. He had died aboul fi ve months before, on May 20, 1506, only abo ul for his courage, faith, and apostolic zeal, F a year and a half after hi s fin al return to Spain. Many of hi s drea ms also died with him, and lillie notice was laken of his passing, except by relalives and as well as for his devotion to the a few loyal fri end s. Blessed Virgin Mary. He had returned from hi s disas lrous fourth voyage lo th e New World on N ovember 7, 1504. He was broken in hea lth, frustrated in efforts of many years lo find a sea roule lo th e east through th e Central A merican land mass he had discovered, di sa ppointed in hi s equally long-standing efforts to acq uire greal wea llh lo finance an exped ition for recovery of the Holy Land for Chrislend om, and shortl y after hi s return gri eved at th e loss of his grea tes t patron, Queen I sabella, who died on November 26, 1504. The monlhs af"ler hi s relurn lo Spain had been hard on him. Upon arrival he had lo be carried ashore, ancllearn ed of th e grave illness of th e Queen, in Medina del Ca mpo far to the north of where he himself lay sick for several monlhs in renled quarlers in th e grea t city of Seville, near hi s port of entry. He heard nOlhing direc tl y or indirec tl y from her or the King. There was no in vilalion to co me lo court, or later lo allend her funeral (neilher of which he could have done anyway because of his own disabililY). He was tOlal ly ignored , which is somelimes fell as the mosl hurtful of all insults. Aside from that and hi s own poor hea lth, he also had olher problems to dea l wilh: bac k pay for th e crew on lhat lasl expedilion, co llecling reimbursemenl for his ex pense in chartering th e return vessel, dealing with so me lroublemakers from lhatlas t voyage, and most importantly, pressing his own claims aga inst the crown regarding his ti tl es and offices, andlhe financial returns th al he was convinced were due him by previous agreements wilh th e rulers. His firstborn son, Diego (lhen aboul 24), was in the King's service at co urt, andlhe Admiral immed iale ly initiated a steady correspondence pressing hi s claims. Very shortly after hi s relurn, in December he dispalched hi s own always dependable brOlher Barlholomew and Diego's younger half-brolher Fern and o (Ferdinand , lhen about 16), ofT Lo co urLlo help D iego in th ese mallers. Both Bartholomew and Fernando had jusl returned with him from lhal lasl disastrous 400 Michigan Avenue Northeast venture lo the New World. Anoth er friendly face from that voyage now at lhe Washington, District of Columbia court was th e devoled and admirable Diego M endez, who on it had several limes 202-5 26-8300 www.nationalshrine.colll over proven himself a genuine and selness hero. (In conlraSllo th e problem of 63 18 NATID NAL CENTER FD R URBAN AND BTHN Ie AFFAIRS CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA WASHINGTON 0 C The Last Days and Death of Columbus as recorded by his younger son, Ferdinand (Fernando),

17 J 507 - Martill Waldseel1'l1111er proposes th e New World be called " America " afi er Amerigo Vespllcci ITALIAN-AMERICAN CLUB 1509 - Columbus's remains arc moved to Carthusian monastery outside of Se ville. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA 1514 - His brolher Bartholomew dies and is buried at the Carthu sian mona stery. WASHINGTON D.C. ]515 - His remaining broth er, Diego, a pri es t, di es, and is also buried th ere. 1523 - Columbus's older son , Diego, dies and is buried at th e Carthu sian monas tery. 1537 - Remains of Co lumbus and Diego are tran sferred to Hispani ola and interred G reetings All, in the Ca th edral at Santo Domingo. The ce lebrati on of this Columbus D ay, October 9, 2006, brings 1539 - Columbu s's other son, Fernando, di es and is buried in Se ville Cathedral. to mind th e many celebrations that have gone before it. T here is a 1795 - When Spani sh withdraw from eastern Hispani ola (present-day Dominica n tremendous o utpouring of eff o rt by individuals and orga nizations to Republic) and cede western Hispani ola (present-day Haiti) to th e French, remains at Santo Domingo are haslily removed and taken to Havana. honor th e grea t and noble C hristoph er Columbus and his discoveries, and 1877 -Box di scovered in Sanlo Domingo ca thedral desc ribing contents as remains it is well worth th e effort. of Columbus gives ri se to theory th at th e remain s of son Diego, not Chri stopher, had It is f itting that w e pause once a yea r to reca ll th e beginnings of been sent to Havana. the Americas. Columbus w as th e f orerunner of ltalian immigration. 1899 - After Spani sh-A meri can war and Cuban independence, remain s in Ha va na, thought to be Columbu s and hi s son Diego, arc tak en back to Sev ille to be interred Ita lian-Ameri ca ns arc th e o ffs pring. in th e ca th edral th ere. For many yea rs, I have to iled to bring attention to th e many 1960 - Contenls of tomb at Santo Domi ngo arc exami ned and found to contain co ntributions ofltalian-Ameri ca ns to our America n society. My yea rs incomplete remains of two dillerent persons. w ith NATION AL ITALIAN-AM ERI CAN FOUN DATION (N1 AF) 1992 -Remains in Santo Domin go ca thedral arc transferred to th e huge new Columbus Lighthouse , th e Faro a Colon in Santo Domingo and other as sociations w ill so attest. It has bee n a labor of love! It is a 2003 -Remains of Fern ando and purported remains of Co lumbus ex humed at the zea l th at I hope to pass on. A long with oth ers, I have chose n to be an Sev ille Ca th edral, as arc th ose of the Admiral 's brOlher Diego, all to be taken advocate for th e Italian-A merica n C lub at the Catho lic Unive rsity of temporarily to Granada for DNA and oth er tes ts. (Columbus's casket found to A merica. What better way could I have chosen to pass o n th e legacy of contain remain s of a single person, but onl y about 15% of hi s skeleton.) 2005-2006 -Res ults of tests arc publ ished. Researchers are convinced th at Sev ille C olumbus and those w ho cam e after him? contain s pari of Columbus' s bones and admit th e possibility th at Santo Domingo It is my fond hope th at C o lumbus and Italian C lubs on the may also have part of Ihem. Santo Domingo refuses to allow any tests. -EMS ca mpuses of our unive rsit ies and co lleges w ill flouris h and th at all will plan to ce lebrate eac h Columbus ho liday in a spec ial w ay. For our local + + + The original of John Vanderlyn 's picture of Ihe "Landing of Colu mbus al the Island of c lubs th ere is no better w ay to do so th en to attend the splendid annual Guanahani , Wesllnd ies , OClober 12, 1492," reproduced allhe beg inning of this ch ronology, ce remonies at the Columbus M onumen t in th e nation's ca pital on hangs in Ihe ROlunda of Ihe U.S. Capilol. The slatu e of "Columbus in Chains" was given 10 C olumbus Day. I hope to sec you there, ifnot this year, for th e y ea rs th at Pope Pi us XI on hi s golden jubilee, later bequeath ed to Supreme Seretary of the Knights of fo llow . Co lumbus (1939-1964) Joseph F. Lamb and is now in th e Knights of Co lumbus Headquart ers Mu se um in New Haven, Connectucut. Photo by John Pelvert s. Sincerely,

A LFRED RONTA D AR O. PhD Di rector Emeritus, N IA F

rh, R

, ~ ~ -W~ ttt ,,~vt t:/C'I1'-'I1'-u.:U

Columbus'S signature: J

16 a rew miles turn back due to overloaded ca noes, headwinds, and their own inexperience. They throw everything but their weapons overboard. including Indian paddlers, or whom 18 perish. Two more unsuccess rul attempts convince them to return to Santa G loria. 1504 - February 28-29: Meanwhile, anticipating th at th e Indians had become hostile and want to kill th e Spaniards, Columbus invites them to a palaver, and cows them into submiss ion by using his rorek nowledge or a lunar eclipse to convince th em that he has power to intercede with God to control such things and keep terrible evils rrom beralling them. 1504 - End of March: a small ca raval rinally sent by Ovando (after ahout six months' delay !) arrives to learn what has happened to Columbus, but with orders to bring no one home. However, it does carry a welcome letter rrom Mendez saying he is chartering a resc ue vessel. 1504 - May 19: The rebels return to Santa G loria and, choosing to fi ght, are dereated in a battle with Bartholomew and Columbus's rirty men. The ringleader, Porras, is shackled, but th e oth ers pardoned. and allowed to remain ashore under a leader Columbus se lected . 1504 - June: T he rescue ship promised by Mendez arri ves. and on June 18 The Bladensburg Rotary Club Columbus and his 100 men leave ror Santo Domingo, where he is now well trea ted by Ovand o who, however, releases Porras . 1504 - September 12: Columbu s leaves the New World ror th e las t time. salutes the 1504 - November 7: The Admiral arrives at San Lucar in Spain , in bad health, mu st he ca rried as hore, and moves to Sevi lle. 95th Columbus Day Last Days

66 J5 and trading, Bartholomew starls 10 bui ld lhe sellie menl on lhe Belcn River, Some great benefits come from with being Italian ha ving found no beller localion, lhough lhi s sile is nOl a good one. Heavy or wishing you were! Enjoy them now with the fl ooding ra ins have ceased, but now sandbars allhe moulh of lhe ORDER SONS OF ITALY IN AMERICA previously-flooded ri ver lrap th e ships in lhe estuary. T hey also learn lhatlhe The Order Sons of Italy in America (OSIA) is the oldest and largest Indians, di spl eased allheir seltl emenl, pl an 10 deslroy il and kill them. national organization in the U.S. for men and women of Italian heritage. 1503 - March 30: Bartholomew wilh 74 men goes to Veragua , and captures th e Founded in 1905, today it has 600,000 members and supporters and a network of 700 lodges or chapters coast to coast. cacique, who laler escapes. Rains come, lhe ships can leave, and Columbus Join a Sons of Italy Lodge in your community to meet other Italian decides to leave immedialely for Hi spaniola wilh three ships. Seeing th em gone, Americans for fun, social activities and a host of member benefits. Ind ians allack lhe selliemenl. Barlholomew is wo unded . Columbus, o ff shore, is Too busy for meetings? Become 8 Sons of Italy National At-Large out of conlact with the selli ers, and Indians slaug hter a ten-man parly he sends to Member for only $351 year. fe lch fresh water. (On April 6 he is le ft a lo ne o n hi s shi p, all hi s men asho re, All Sons of Italy members receive: and sick and feveri sh in a lerrible storm whe n he can do nOlhing for th e ship a nd A free subscription to Italian America magazine, can gel no help, has either a halluc inali on or myslical experience.) Ten days the most widely read cultural quarterly in the U.S. pass wilh no communicati on wilh the selli ers o n accounl of the wealher, then all for people of Italian heritage. are evacualed a fter anoth er wealher delay o f severa l more days. J n lhe nearl y Access to OSIA.ORG, our cutting-edge Web site lhree-monlh Slay al Veragua , ship worms have done greal damage. and Gal/ega full of information about issues. programs, reports and is le n in the estuary. The sit e does have gold , bUl e nvironmental condilio ns research important to Italian Americans. Eligibility for OSIA schola .... hlps and partiCipation make it impracli cable even later 10 ex pl oit the mines. In 1536 Columbus's in OSIA youth programs. grand son, D. Lui s Colon, will be granled by Emperor C harl es V 25 square A host of discounts on Italian specialty items and leagues in lhe area along with th e title Duke of Veragua, wh ich will be passed services of interest to Italian Ameficans, including genealogy research, travel , on 10 hi s descendant s 10 th e presenl day, in exchange for renunciali o n o f Italian language instruction, and more. hered itary litles and privileges over all of lhe Spani sh Indies. I.o become a member of your local lodge: 1503 - April 15: Colum bus heads easl again 10 Portobelo, where Vi zcafna is • Fill in your mailing info below (send no money) and mail or fax to us. also abando ned because of worm damage. He conlinues cast beyond Retrele 10 To become an At-Large Member: whal is probably lhe present Punla des MosquilOS. • Pay by credit card or check for $35, payable to ' OSIA Supreme lodge." Return 1503 - May 1: Flagship La Capitana and Bermuda, lhe onl y ships left and bOlh form below and payment to us. needing continual pumping due 10 worm ho les, head north for Hispaniola, bUl on ~ : ( YOU MAY WISH TO MAKE A copy RATHER THEN CUTTING UP THIS BOOK) SENOTO: May 13 arrive well 10 lhe wesl, al islands off lhe soulh coaSl of C uba. (Sick and Name ______exhausted, Columbus had been persuaded to lurn north before he had inle nded.) Order Sons of Italy in America 1503 - June 23: T he leakin g ships have limped 10 Jamaica and lwo days laler Address ______219 ESt., NE are permanently beached al Sanla Glori a. Columbus had been lhere len years Washington, OC 20002 earli er, and experienced hostil e re latio ns wilh lhe Indians, so reslri cls hi s me n 10 Tet : 202/5-17-2900 li vin g aboard th e beached ships, as at sea. He barlers for food and canoes fr om Telephone ______Fax: 2021546-8168 lhe Indians. e-mail Web: www.osia.org 1503 - July: Since lhere is no hope of any ships visiling lhe place, lwo loyal ship capla ins, Diego Mendcz, and Bartolomeo Fieschi of Genoa, take an expediti o n Credit Card (please circle) AMEX VISA MasterCard of lwo canoes with Indi an padd lers to lhe easl e nd of Jamaica and lhen across lhe Credit card Number Exp. Oate_ ___ lreacherous hundred-mile passage to Hispaniola. Afler arriving lhey musl slill go 350 miles 10 gel 10 SanlO Domingo, which lhey reach in September. Bul Name as it appears on card:______Ovando the governor has no interesl in sending he lp. He forces Mendez 10 wait 5ignature______for th e next fl eel from Spain 10 charter a rescue vessel. 1503 - In Spain, Fe rdinand and Isabella issue a decree granting liberty to Indians; in Italy, Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa. 1504 - January 2: After monlhs with no news from lhe party sent for he lp, 48 me n, under th e leadership of Franc isco de Porras, have decided to revolt. T hey lake len canoes, are join ed by others who do n'l wanllo be le ft behind, and head easl, leaving Columbus and a handful o f loyal me n al Santa Gloria. They rob th e Indians along the way and set out to cross lhe strait to Hispaniola, bUl a fter o nl y 67 J4 from th e colony, sent by his agent. Among th e drowned are fleet commander de FORUM PROPERTIES1 INC. Torres (formerly Columbus's second in command), Bobadilla, who had sent Columbus home in chains, Roldan, and many other rebels. 1502 - July 14: A fter repairs to his storm-damaged ships, Columbus leaves Hispaniola, head ing for th e mainland (Central America), farther west th an anyone had gone before. Winds and currents force him to toward the Cuban ,....,....--r-----__"""""=--..,----, coast, whence he heads south by west toward his original intended REAL ESTATE des tinati on. 1502 - July 30: He arrives at th e island of Guanaj a, off th e north coas t of present-day Honduras. August 14: Ashore thi s Sunday th ey attend the first Mass kn own to have been celebrated on the continent, in an area he names La Costa de la Orej as . August 17: Columbus formally claims ....______.;;;.._ .... ____ .J th e mainland for the sovereigns. 1502 - September 14: After slow and torturous progress east along the PAUL E. BICIOCCHI forbidding coas t aga inst the prevailing wind under terrible stormy conditions, he rounds the cape he names Grac ias a D ios ("Thanks be to God"), and turns so uth . 1502 - October 5: W ith several stops en route meeting and trading with Indians, they reach a large body of water first mistaken for the passage to Asia, but in fac t PRESIDENT the beautiful Ch iriqui Lagoon, where they spend a week and a half. Columbus learns that an isthmus separates him from another ocean to the west, and apparently loses hope of finding a wes tward passage through the land mass, settling for finding gold to bring some success to his royal sponsors. 1502 - October 20: He arrives at the Guayga river, the beginning of a gold-bearing region ca lled Veragua by the Indians. 1502 - November 2:, Dri ven eastward by a storm , he arrives at a harbor he names Portobelo. Weath er forces him to stay seven days before continuing east , CABIN JOHN SHOPPING CENTER and then being pushed part way back by winds to a pl ace near Nombre de D ios, 7825 TUCKERMAN LANE SUITE 201 where he stays until November 23 to repair vessels and casks. POTOMAC, MD 20854 1502 - November 26: Heading eas t aga in he is aga in driven back and shelters in a small harbor he ca lls Retrete ("closet") nine days in more miserable weather. 1502 - December 5: In the face of continuing bad weather and headwinds from 301-299-1199 - (FAX) 301-299-1081 the east, Columbus decides to go back west to learn the truth of what lndians had sa id about gold mines of Veragua. Winds now begin to whipsaw between eas t and west, with fierce thunderstorms and the ever-present danger of ree fs. 1502 - December 20: T he ships are blown back into the same harbor th ey had been in eight days earlier. T he new year finds Columbus anchored near the end of what will be A merica's answer to his long-sought passage--th e Panama Canal. They stay until January 3, 1503, then head west again. 1503 - January 6: On th e Feas t of th e Epiphany Columbus reaches a river he christens Belen (a fter Bethlehem) nea r Veragua and the reputed gold mines. T hey explore and trade. February 6: He has decided to make a settlement in th e area, lea ving Bartholomew with most of th e men and one ship, while he returns 68 to Spain for rei nforcements and supplies . February 24: After further expl oring 13 Capitol Hill's Premier Choice for your Special Occasion!

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o 1499 - Octobe. : Culumbus scnds two caravels back to Spain ex plaining hi s settlement with Roldan as forced by circumstances, and aga in asking th at a wise GENERAL CONTRACTOR, INC. ad ministrator of justice be sent to help him govern. However, in the spring th e rulers have already se lec ted Francisco de Bobadilla, a distinguished and trusted aristocrat who has long served them, to go to Hispaniola as chier justice and also 9817 Lanham-Sel!ern Road Lanham, Maryland 10706 as royal commi ssio ncr to hear complaints. He is not well-disposed toward Columbus, apparently resenting him as an upstart foreigncr (a wave of anti Genoese sentiment is sweeping th e court at the time), has been affectcd by the negativc reports, and secms to regard hi s tas k as to rein in Columbus. It will be over a year after his se lec ti on th at he finally sa ils for Hispa ni ola, in July, 1500. 1500: Pedro Avarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming itfor Portugal; Vin cente Experienced Professional Craftsmen Yan ez Pinzon, former captain ofNiiia, lands on th.e Brazilian coast, and Providing Quality Workmanship In All Types of Vespucci and Ojeda return to Spa in. 1500-1501: King Ferdinandjighfs Moorish revolts in Granada, declaring it a Christian kingdom in 1501. 1500 - A nuther rebellion, by Adrian de Moxica, one of Roldan's lieutenants, is put down by Columbus with Roldan's help. To reinforce au th ority, Co lumbus COMMERCIAL & RESIDENTIAL has moved to a "get tough" policy, with exccutions of key rebels. August 23: Bobadilla arrives at Santo Domingo while Columbus is away CONSTRUCTION suppressing another rebellion, is up se t to see two Span ish corpses hanging from the gallows, and lea rn s of more exec utions schedu led the next day. He has a run in with Columbus 's brother Diego, who had been left in charge, arres ts him, apparently en gages in rabb le-rousing, and impounds Columbus' s house, money, NEW - ADDITIONS - REMODELING papers, and possessions. When Columbus returns in September, he perhaps at CONCRETE - FOUNDATION REPAIR first thinks that Bobadilla is anoth er of th ose explorers he has not au th orized, but then accepts his credentials and is shack led like Diego. Convinced in th e INDRUSTIAL - OFFICES - CHURCHES eventual triumph of justice, he also persuades Bartholomew, still at large with a military force, to submit as well. (Columbus has more th an once asked for a judicial ad ministrator as an assistant or even a rep lace ment for himself, and had QUALITY & SATISFACTION expn.:sscd willingness to pay th e cost. B ut he afterwards feels that th e man he got is, in his negati ve view of the enterprise, th e opposite of what is required.) Licensed, Bonded, Inofured 1500 - October: Bobadilla sends Columbus and his two brothers back to Spa in . T he Admiral is accuscd of injudicious governing of natives in Xaragua. Whcn the ship capta in, once underway, offers to remove his chains, Columbus insists on keeping th em on, to be removed by direct orders of th e rulers. T hey arrive in Cad iz by th e end of th e month. Soon freed by th e sovereigns, Columbus goes to 301-577-7768 or 301-577-8955 the Carthusian monastery in Seville where he draws maps of th e new land s to th e west, having an idea that th ey are a barrier in rront of Asia. Studying reports of License No. 5959 oth er explorati ons, he sees thc possibility of a miuule passage between th e lands explored to the north and to th e south. 1501 - A t th e monas tery, he completes his "Book of Privileges" (outlining what is hi s due from the sovereigns) and works on preparing and dictating his "Book of Prophecies" (intended as a poetic statement of th eir and his divine vocation regarding thc New World), a project th at ends by March 23 of th e nex t ycar. 70 11 1498 - July 31 - August 13: He discovers Trinidad and ex plores mainland ' ...... ~...... South America (principally the Gulf of Paria and th e Paria Peninsula on the -.. north coast of Venezuela, both just west of Trinidad), and record s on August 14/15 th at he has discovered a hitherto unknown large continent, which he later • • co mes to believe holds th e Garden of Eden. • •4 1498 - August 31: Columbus is escorted to th e new Santo Domingo by •.. AMANDA'S Bartholomew, whom he had met nea r " Hispani ola's so uthernmos t point, about 100 • • miles to th e wesl. (Nil1a and India had • ARRANGEMENTS • already arrived at £sabela.) A rebellion is in •• •• progress led by Francisco Roldan, chief • • justi ce of th e colony, who had allied • 301-384-4620 • himself with some of the Indians. The three • • or Columbus's ca ravels on th e direct route 4 G .o£ '---"___ ---" ""-"______G_v;n _"-'a had overshot th eir destinati on and ended up • • 3330 ROUTE 198 • in th e vicinity of Roldan, who was at large e.. eURTONSVlLLE, MARYlAND 20888 •• in the southwes t part of th e island (the area ca lled Xaragua, a peninsul a now part of Haiti, and had induced many fromf their crews to desert to him. • • 1498 - October 18: Co lumbus sends two vessels back to Spain with somewhat • • incoherentlcllers describing hi s discoveries in South America and ideas for a : Full service florist : settlement there, and ask ing for the appointment of someone to ad minister justice. He also suggests th at he could send all the slaves th at could be so ld -4 fruit baskets & balloons 4 (pres umab ly cap ti ves from battles with hosti le Indians), T he lellers apparently do •• custom arrangemeDts •• not make a good impression on the rulers, who are los ing confidence in him. .. delivery & wire services .. October 20: He makes a conci liatory overture to Roldan, resulting in an agreement on November 16 on terms favorable to Ro ldan and hi s men. To fulfill •• wreatbs •• a provision th at he provide transportation back to Spa in within a spec ified time .. . for th ose rebels who wished to go, Columbus sacrifices hi s plan to send •.. • Bartholomew with Niiia and India to Paria in So uth America to organ ize fishing . and the tak ing of pearl s. Instead , the sh ips arc to be used for the rebels' home • • trip. But a storm and needed repa irs delay things pas t the spec ified deadline and :

Third Voyage: South American Discoveries; Administration of Hispaniola, 1498-1500

1498 - January 23: Niiia and India depart from San lucar with supplies for th e AGENCY DEPARTMENT 2002 KIRKLAND DRIVE se ttlement, sent in advance of Columbus's own departure .. KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS OXON HILL, MD 20745 1498 - May 30: Columbus departs from Sanluca r on his third voyage with six ca rave ls, three of which he tak es on a very so utherly route to inves tigate rumors of a so uthern continent. After a beca lming nca r the Equator in terrific July hea t, he opts not to go as far south as planned, but much more direc tly to th e west.. 72 9 three ships Bartholomew had brought and , before the return of th e Admiral , leaves for Spain with th e aggress ive Fray Buyl (who thoughl Columbus should In Honor of the have been tougher on th e Indians), arriving in November to spread more negative and slanderous reports on Columbus. On Hispa niola so me of M argarit's men and disalTecled co lonists run rampant on th e island with Great Discoverer lice nliousness and brutality lowardthe natives, with respo nses from th e Indians and counter responses. 1494 - .June 13: Meanwhile, away ex ploring th e southern coast of Cuba, the Christopher Columbus Admiral is convinced it is part of th e Asian mainland. He turns back wilhin a few miles of the western tip of the island , and his ex tended indirec t return to Isabela involves more explorations-- ineluding th e southern coast o f Jamaica and of from the Hispani ola. At th e sile of the future San to Domingo he dispatches a land parly of nine men to cross Hispaniola by way of Sa n Tomas to Isabela, which they do whi Ie he takes th e sea route arou nd th e eas tern end of th e island . On this return Officers and Members trip Columbus becomes very seriously ill. 1494 - September 29: The Admiral's exped ition arrives back at/sabela and he of has to be carri ed ashore sick, and is abed for weeks. T he three Columbus brothers arc now reunited, and th e ill Christopher appoints Bartholomew his deputy and as Adelantado (eq ui va lent to a provincial govern or), an honor to thi s Italian that is much resented by the Spani ards. Along with a friendly leller from 1Wma Lodge '1fo 71 Ihe sovereigns, Bartholomew had brought news th at many negative reports had been se nt to Spa in by dissalisfied colonists. 1494 - Fall: De Torres and the four caravels req uested by Columbus in Washin8ton, 'D.c. February arrive with more provisions, apparently the first women and ch ildren as well, and anothcr leller from the so verei gns. ]494 - late: A series of military campa igns againslthe disa ffected Indians starts. /495-98 - Leonardo Da Vin ci paints "The Last Supper. " Best Wishes 1495 - February 24: De Torres with his four ca ravel s, and Columbus's brother Diego, leaves aga in for Spain , ca rrying as slaves about 500 of th e 1600 Indian from the members of cap tives from th e recent punilive exped ilion (200 die during the voyage, probably due to lack of immunilY to unfamiliar diseases suffered by these The George Washington tropi ca l natives in a winter crossi ng of th e cold North A tl antic). 1495 - March 27: Columbus leads 200 men, horses, and native auxiliari es Lodge No. 2038 under hi s friend, the cacique Guacanagari, deep into the island where another chief had assembled an impress ive army of th ousand s. T he Indians are frightened and routed by the cavalry, and many are eaplured. A lonso de Ojeda Order Sons if'lta{y in later captures Caonab6 (responsible for the massac re al La Navidad ) by a ru se. 1495 - May: Slarting in May, for aboul ten months the Admiral and Bartholomew are engaged in subduing the island, travel ing lhroughou t il. Three ~merica forls arc built, and a harsh and much-criticized system of tribute in gold or CO lton is initiated. The Indians fi ght a guerrilla war, adopt a scorched earth policy, The officers and members of the suITer a I ~\lnine , and lhousa nd s die, from violence, hunger, and suicide. George Washington Lodge 1495 - .June: A hurricane destroys lhree ships, leav ing only th e NiHa . From sa lvage a ship similar to her, the Santa Cruz, also ca lled India, is buill. join in celebrating the 514th anniversary 1495 - October: Four carave ls arrive from Spa in under th e command of Juan Aguado, a former friend , se nl by the monarch s to conducl a judicial invesligati on of the discovery of the New World of Columbus' behavior in light of th e negalive reports lhat had been spread in Spain. There is grea t discontent in Is-abela, where most--who had come to get 73 8 '" Nonh Amer-ica

'V J\The) Caribbean Region qcniglits of Cofum6us . ("' Baha ",\ls () , \ Atlantic Our £a4!J of'llictoT!J Council # 11487 Ocean ~urks and Caicos

0 .. c. 'District of eoCum/JiIl Isabela Ca!jroan Puerto British ~ ir!!i n Is. Islands_ '" H' I U.S. Ul rgln I s . Congratufations ami 'Best wishes Angui 11a ~ I ,-!9£!-, '/ .. 'L---f .. Antigua & e • j ar a 'Most Successful St. Hi t t s &: Nev is- ~ BarLuda Ja rrt a~ Montserrat" ~ coium6us'Day Cefe6ration Dominican Guadeloupe Re public Doro inica\l Council Officers 2006-2007 Mart in ique l::l St. Luc iad Barbados Chaplain, Rev. Paul D. Lee Warden, Patrick A. Burke St. Vincent. b Me x i ~o a . Grand Knight, James E. Lonergan Inside Guard, Fred Rosario Central Aroenca Neth erlands Deputy Grand Knight, Fidel R. Blanca Outside Guard , Michael P. Nangle Aruha , en~ i lies Grenada' Chancellor, Nelson M. Morais Trustee. Robert E. Minendlortf, tPGK <4 T~~idad& Recorder, Darrin P. Sobin Trustee, Malcolm B . Holiensteiner. PGK • ~ Tohago Treasurer. Thomas M. Strike Trustee, Carl A. Linden SouthAmerica Advocate, Stephen C. Schott L-....:,______Rnancial Secretary, Raymond S. Honda, PGK distant, return ing on January 20 with some gold in hand. Several hundred men take sick by the end of Jan uary, and soon half the population arc laid low. Columbus himself will be sick aga in in April for eigh t days. 1494 - February 2: W ith provisions spo iled by ra in and humidity, Columbus orders twelve ships baek to Spa in under A nto ni o de Torres, his second in command, with a request that three or fo ur be returned with food, med icines, Prince George's Council clothing, work an imals, and 100 miners. 1494 - March: Columbus leads a party of 500 men to the area of the mines and Congratulates erec ts a fort, nam ing it Santo Tomas. A ft er ret urning to lsabela he learn s that the nati ve King Caonab6 plans to attack the fo rt. Columbus sends 400 men to deter th e Indians, and a sma ll amount of bloodshed res ults. At lsabela in this peri od The National COlumbUS. there is much dissension, and even rebellion. Unfortu nately the colony had bee n Day Celebration KD"~ set up by the crown with a fragmentation of the authority Columbus had on th e Association I first voyage. He has to arrest the comptroller, who had sc hemed to make off with ,. severa l ships and a load of gold; to th reaten to withhold rations from workers who don't work; and to dea l with th c hidalgos who refuse to do manual labor On Its 95th Annual Columbus (req ui red due to th e general sickness) and resent orders from thi s foreigner. 1494 - April 25: Leaving his broth er Diego in charge, Columbus takes an Day Ceremonies exped ition to ex plore neighboring lands . He visi ts Cuba, thinking it a peni ns ula, October 7,2006 and, for th e first time, Ja maica, and will be gone fi ve months. 1494 - June 7: Treat), of To rdesillas between Spain and Portugal moves the Pope's 1493 line of demarcation 600 miles west,folfowing Co lumbus's Rev. Msgr. Joaquin A. Bazan --- Chaplain suggestion before he left Spain tha t the Pope's original specifications be treated Hugh B. O'Donnell --- Grand knight as f!,u idefi nes forfitrther negotiations .. 1494 - June: D uring th e Admiral's absence, his deares t broth er, Barth olomew, John Landicho --- Deputy Grand Knight arri ves at lsabela with three ca ravels and supplies, j oining broth er Diego there. During the Admiral's prolonged absence, th ere is a rebe l I ion of lndians beca use of th e behav ior of M argarit, commander of th e fort at Sa n Tomas . Summo ned by 74 Bartholomew to explain hi s conduct, the quick-tempered Margarit grabs th e 7 First Voyage: Discovery of the New World (Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola), 1492-1493 .Jmmatulatr Q.Contrption ~brtnr Q.Countil Jao.4944 1492 - August 2: M ass held for Columbus and crew at. Church of Sl. George, mt~trid {If Q.C{llumbia M art yr, in Palos at noon; Co lumbus embarks from Pal os de la Frontera th at day with three ca ravels (NiHa, Pinta, and Santa Maria) and 90 men. Encourages Continued Sponsorship of the Annual Columbus Day Celebration 1492 - October 12: A fter 33 days cross ing th e A tl ant.i c, land is sighted at 2 by the National Columbus Celebration Association in Cooperation with the U. S. Park Service, Capitol Region a. m., and at dawn Columbus lands on th e island of Guanahani in the Bahamas archipelago. On October 27 at ni ghtfall th e shore of Cuba is sighted, and on Council Officers DecembCl' 6 th e three vessels reach th e wes tern end of th e island of Hispani ola, Chaplain Rev. Clement St. Jacques containing the modern Dominican Republic and Haiti. Grand Knight Allen E . Williams Deputy Grand Knight Melvin E, Brown, Sr. J492 - December 24: T he Sa nta Maria runs aground on th e north co as t of Chancellor Sidney Anderson Hispani ola. A fort and tower are constructed and 39 or 40 men left behind in Recorder Arthur H. Robinson this first. settlement, named La Navidad because of th e day of th e acc ident. Financial Secretary Freddie T. Johnson Columbus and the rest leave in th e Nina to rej oin th e Pinta and return to Spain. Treasurer Walter A. Hawkins Advocate Paul M. Washington 1493 - March 15: Columbus return s to Pa los and rece ives a spec ial audience at Warden Benjamin McCall th e Spani sh court in Barce lona. Guards Edward W. Sockwell 1493 - May 4: Pope Alexall der VI establishes a line of demarcation dividing Fred Cade. th e New World between Spain and Port ugal; it will be revised J une 28. Trustees Bernard Alston, Sr. Wilbur Wright • Marcellino C. Borges Second Voyage: Colonization of H ispaniola and Explor ation of Southern Coasts of Cuba, Jamaica, and H ispaniola, 1493-1496 Mother Seton Council #5381 , Lanham, Maryland, A re Proud Sponsors of t he 95th Annual Columbus Dav Celebration! 1493 - September 25: Seco nd voyage leaves Cadiz with 17 shi ps and I Council Officers 2006,2007 I Program and Activity Committee 1200- 1500 co loni sts, including 200 volunt.eers not on salary from Spain, Chaplain Service Program Director youngest brother Diego (G iaco mo, or .l ames, not to be confused with his son of Rev. Jerry Gamrol Fred Raga zzone th e sa me name, wh o, with hi s oth er so n Ferdinand , woul d beco me a page at. Associate Chaplain Church Direclor Deacon Lawrence Murphy J ohn Murray, PGK. FDW court earl y in 1494), and fi ve religious with the mi ss ion of eva ngeliza ti on. Grand Knight Community Direclor 1493 - November 2: Columbus's second expedition arri ves in th e Indies on a Jan Kalshoven Donald Brophy Depuly Grand Kn ighl Council Director Sunday, and he names th e landfall island Dominica. Fred Ragazzone Charles O'Berry, PG K Chancellor Family Director 1493 - November 27: A ft er sailing up th e Leeward Islands, through the Virgin James Agboli Sylvester Ikpi. PGK Island s, along th e so uth shore of Puerto Rico, and th en along the north coas t of Warden Youth Director Kevin Buller J ames Agboli Hispani ola, th e ex pedit.i on arrives at La Navidad. T hey find th e co loni sts dead , Financial Secretary Membership Director th e town and surrounding villages burned to th e ground in vicious retaliati on for John Murray, PGK. FDW Gary An son. PGK. FDW Record er Retention Chairman report ed mistreatment of the Indians by th e garrison. Columbus trea ts kindly the Joseph Corson. PGK, PFN Gary Anson, PG K. FD W Treasurer Scholarship Program Chairman local chief of thi s north west part of Hispani ola, his earlier friend Guaca nagarf, Robert Worlhin glon. PGK, PFN, OW Rodney Oak. PGK. PCP who (apparently ri ghtly) bl ames the attac k on anoth er cac ique (of th e north Advocale Concession Stand Manager George Johnson, PGK. PFN Roberl Worth inglon. PGK. PFN , OW central part of th e island), Caonab6. On December 8 t.h e ex pedition lea ves, Lecturer heading eastward . Later th at month, Columbus is sick, until mid-March. Sylvester Ikppi, PGK Truslee. 3 Year 1494 - Januar y 2: In a so lemn ceremony a new settlement is es tablished about AI Craig. PGK Tru slee. 2 Year Special Projects se venty miles eas t of La Nlividad. It is named Isahela to honor th e queen, and Edward Kin. PGK planned to be a grand capital city. Est.abli shed t.o be within reach of report.ed Trustee, 1 Year Pro· Life Couple Rodney Oak. PGK. PCP Lawrence & Bernadelle Murphy gold mines, it is otherwi se poorly sited near a river that fl ooded and a miasmic Inside Guard Firsl Degree Caplain marsh, and will last onl y a co uple of years. John Crapsi John Murray. PGK, FDW Outside Guard Newsleller Editor 1494 - January 6: On the Feas t of th e Epiphany all att end th e first M ass kn own Joseph Scabis Sera lin Avilia. PGK First Altern ateq Web Master to be offered on the soil of th e Wes tern Hemisphere, celebrated by Fray Buyl Rodney Oak. PG K. PCP Gary An son, PGK. FDW who heads the religious co ntingent. A fterwards, a party of 2 captains and 15-30 Second Alternale Historian Robert Worthinglon, PGK. PFN. OW men and Indian guides set out to find th e mines, in an area se veral dozen mi les Rodney Oa k, PGK. PCP 75 6 CHRONOLOGY OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS Gino Marinucci, CPA IN THE LIFE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS [email protected]

Gino Marinucci C.P.A., P.C.

Certified Public Accountants

76 5 Our Cover: Commemorating the sooth Anniversary of the Death of Columbus iCG INSURANCE CONSU LrJNG GROUP In observance of the 500'11 anniversary of the death of Columbus, our cover reproduces what may have been the last likeness o.fColumbus made.fi'o mlife. (In P.o. Box 1776, FRONT ROYAL, VA 22630-0038 fact, it may be the ollly likeness we have o.fhim .fi"Ol11 l(fe. ) It shows th e fi'ont view o.fthe "Christophoro Colombo" medal, made.fi"Oln an original model produced by BENEFITS - BY - DESIGN Italian Guido Mazzoni, presumably six months before Columbus's death in 1506. Mazzoni, who died in 1518, was a medal-maker associated with th e Paduan ANTHONY R. TRINGALE, CLU Naturalists School prominent in northern Italy during the lallerpart o.fColulI1bus 's PRINCIPAL l(fetime. Th e medal displays a reliefpro.file portrait of Columbus at an elderly age, with th e inscription "Christophoro Co lombo " .flanking the image. (The original BUS (540) 622-2244 / FAX (540) 622-2285 medal pictured on the cover was made available by courtesy o.f the Gaellens Family.) The death scene at ValLadolid in Spain, May 20, 1506, is shown below as ESTATE PLANNING depicted in a panelfrom thefamous Colombus Doors o.fthe m.ain entrance to the RETIREMENT STRATEGIES U.S. Capitol. LIFE INSURANCE & ANNUITIES www.ucgbcbefuls.com

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77 4 Daniel Burnham, who des igned Union Station, had been the maj or Archbishop Michael J. Curley architect of the 1892- 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Burnham's architecture was so well rece ived in Chicago th at it launched the Knights of Columbus, "City Beautiful" movement, to transform maj or cities, espec ially our nat ion's cap ital, into a seri es of well-landscaped neo-class ica l places, express in g Archdiocese of Washington, co nfidence in our Republic during the 1890 period. Burnham's Columbus Fo untain and Taft's Columbus sta tu e were influenced in part by Frederick Assembly No. 383 MacMonnies' fountain at the World's Columbian Ex hibition. The dedication of the tribute to Columbus took place on June 8, 19 12 in the presence of Pres ident Taft and accompani ed by an elabo rate three-day celebration organi zed by th e Knights of Columbus that brought 46 Years of Proud Service 20,000 Knights and the families to the cap ital, it was repo rted. T hu s bega n the annual Columbus Day ce lebrations at the site.

78 3 CELEBRATING CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN THE NA TION'S CAPITAL The Site In th e yea rs following the great 1892 qu adricentennial (400 111 anniversary) ce lebration of the achievements and discoveri es of Christoph er Co lumbus, an effort was laun ched by the Knights of Co lumbus to es tablish a monument in th e nation's capital to the great discoverer. At th eir urging, the COL. CHEV ANDREW MARTIN JOHNSON, CGTJ U. S. Congress pa ssed a law which mand ated a Columbu s Memori al in the The Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem and appropriated $ 100,000 to cover the constru ction costs. A co mmi ss ion wa s estab lished co mposed of th e sec retari es 1200 South Monroe Street (703) 892-4247 of State and War, th e chairmen of the Arlington, VA 222040-42]9 email: amjohn [email protected] I-lou se and Senate Comll1ittees on the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus. With the new Union Station rail terminal co mpleted in 1907 , plans TERMITE AND PEST CONTROL foc used on putting the memorial in the plaza in f ront of this great ed if ice. A fter a seri es of competitions, C & M EXTERMINATORS, INC. sculptor Lorado Z. Taft of Chicago was commiss ioned. His plan envisioned 5507 Landover Road wh at you see thi s day, a monument Hyattsville, MD20784 constructed of Georgia ma rble; a sem i circul ar fountain sixty-six feet broad and forty-four feet deep, and in the • 301-779-1515 center a pylon crowned with a globe supported by fo ur eag les connected by "We Treat Your Home Like We Would Our Own" a garland. A fifteen-foot statue of Columbu s, facin g the U. S. Capitol and wrapped in a med ieva l mant le, sta nd s in front of the pylon in the bow of a ship with its prow extending into LEE Funeral Home the upper ba sin of the fountain and terminating with a winged f igurehead representing democ racy. Flanking Columbus are two sea ted, allegori ca l AND CREMATORIUM figures : To hi s left, representing the O ld World, is a patriarchal figure ne of th e Wa shington M etropo litan Area's Oldest and Fin es t res ting his arms upon a shield and grasping a crumpled map, while to hi s Homes, ow ned and operated by th e Lee Fam ily for over 160 years. ri ght, representing th e New World, is a pre-Columbian figure (American O Established 1836. Bea utiful Chapel. Amp le Park ing Space. Indian) crouching behind hi s crud e shi eld and reac hing for an arrow. On the rear of the large pylon is a double meda llion picturing th e Spa ni sh monarchs LEE Funeral Home, Inc. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabell a. Set at the ex tremes of the ax is of the balu strade are couch ant lions. T hree towering flagpo les ri se behind the 6633 O ld Alexander Ferry Road • C linton , MD 20735 monument representing the hi storic ships of 1492 the Niiia , the Pinta and the 30 1-868-0900 • 30 \-855-0888 Sanla Maria. Classic-columned lampposts in front of Union Station feature 8 125 Southern Maryland Boulevard • Owings, MD 20736 replicas of ships on their cross-ax is near the base moun ts .

79 2 Application for Membership THE NATION'S CAPITAL in the National Columbus Celebration Association CELEBRATES 514YEARS The Association seeks to honor not only the memory of Columbus and his OF DISCOVERY historic achievements in linking the Old World and the New, but also the higher values that motivated and sustained him in his efforts and his trials. Those virtues-faith in God, the courage of his convictions, dedication to purpose, perseverance in effort, professional excellence, and boldness in facing the unknown- are as needed today and in the future.

Name ...... CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Address ...... MONDAY OCTOBER 9, 2006

80 May the vision and courage of Christopher Columbus :z inspire us all THE NATIONAL I ITALIAN AMERICAN FOUNDATION www.niaf.org

The National Italian American Foundation (N fA F) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving the h eritage of Americans of Italian descent, the nation's fifth largest ethnic group.