Friends of the Geography and Map Division Summer 2014 Volume XII, Number 3 Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Find Us Online: of the www.loc.gov/phillips Library of Congress Joe Fitzgerald Steps Down from Inside this issue: Steering Committee

Father of GIS 2 Joe Fitzgerald, M.D., has Dear reader, imagine my Archive in G&M served as a Steering Committee sticker shock! Since that was member of the Phillips Map Soci- all I made in a month, he said Imperial Cartog- 3 ety since 2000. Recently, he I could pay for them over a raphy Atlas Re- viewed stepped down from the Steering period of time. So I agreed Committee but intends to stay and gave him all the money I New Book on 4 active in the world of maps. Dr. had in my pocket, except for Columbus Fitzgerald is a vigorous promoter $2 to take a taxi back to the of maps and a self-proclaimed hospital where I lived, because Redesigned G&M 5 “map-o-holic.” He describes how the maps were too big to carry Reading Room he became involved with maps and on the subway. what he has enjoyed about the My next brush with maps son. We continue to show- WWI Maps on 5 Phillips Map Society. Dr. Fitz- occurred when I was serving case antique maps, rare Display gerald lives in Miami. as a “jump doctor” for an Ar- books, panoramas and atlas- American History 6 As an undergraduate at my paratroop battalion in es from around the world. Professor Joins Harvard University, I ma- Mainz, Germany from 1960 to My interests led me to Academic Com- jored in history and went on 1962; during that time, I held join the Phillips Map Society mittee to medical school at the Uni- the rank of captain. Then I in 1995 of which I became a G&M Focuses on 6 versity of Virginia. A few was making a bit more money Steering Committee member Latvian Maps years later in 1957, as a sur- and was able to buy more in 2000. The Society has gery intern and resident in maps, because the German helped me stay involved in New York City, I used to go Mark was almost nine to the maps. And for that, I would

with a couple of friends to U.S. Dollar. I collected maps like to thank Ralph Ehren- bookstores in Lower Man- of European cities and cartog- berg. Over the years, I have hattan to look—not to raphy reference books. enjoyed getting to know buy—because I did not Well friends, that was the Ralph and John Hébert, their wives, and other committee make more than $75 a beginning of the addiction that members. The meetings are month. One day, at the book made me a “map-o-holic.” store Dauber and Pine, there very informative, and I have were three maps for sale. In 1993, Marcia Kanner learned a lot about the Li- One was the so-called and I organized a map event brary of Congress during my called “An Afternoon with visits. The staff members do [email protected] “Beaver Map of North America.” I was fascinated Historic Maps.” We attracted a wonderful job. News and information about some fifty-five people to the by it and wanted to buy it. By Joe Fitzgerald, M.D. the premier map collections of The store owner said he event. This was the origin of

the Library of Congress. would sell all three for $75. the Miami International Map Fair, which is in its 22nd sea-

Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Volume XII, Number 3 Pa ge 2

Archive of ‘GIS Father’ Comes to G&M

For many years, I have kept three through smarter land development, urban books on the desk in my office, and planning, and geographic design. they are considered by some to be In his thesis, Tomlinson set out a pro- classics in the field of analytical geog- gram for the use of GIS in geography, and raphy and early Geographic Infor- he wrote how it might affect policy deci- mation Systems (“GIS”). They sit on sions in areas well beyond academic re- the shelf more for inspiration than for search: “Within the discipline… it is sug- reference, but rarely a week goes by gested that the mutual development of that I don’t find myself paging formal spatial models and geographic in- through them. formation systems will lead to future bene- Two of the titles, Peter Haggett ficial shifts of emphasis in both fields of and Richard Chorley’s Network Analy- endeavor. Within government, there are sis in Geography (1969), and William expected changes in operational procedure The Philip Lee Phillips Map Bunge’s Theoretical Geography (1962) are and the possibility of changes in decision Society of the Library of Congress is probably known to many of the mem- making processes that deeply affect the named in honor of Philip Lee Phil- bers, as they are classics in the field of lives of citizens…it is apparent that the lips (1857-1924), the first Superin- modern cartography. development of GIS cannot sensibly pro- ceed in isolation, but must be undertaken tendent of Maps at the Library of The third, however, might be more Congress when the Hall of Maps of a surprise. This book, now more a as an integral part of the very large struc- and Charts was established in 1897. collection of loose papers, having ture of data gathering, data analysis, and decision making.” been continually used over the years, The group is a non-profit, vol- is Roger Tomlinson’s thesis from the As part of the Library’s History of GIS untary association whose objective University of London, called, The Ap- and Computer Cartography Project, the is to develop, enhance, and promote plication of Electronic Computing Methods technical and personal papers of this great and Techniques to the Storage, Compilation, computer and cartographic pioneer have the work of the Geography and and Assessment of Mapped Data (1974). been donated by his widow, Lila, to G&M. Map Division by advancing its pub- Roger Tomlinson passed away on This has been made possible by the help lication, education, exhibition, February 9, 2014, at the age of 80. He and dedication to the history of GIS by preservation and acquisition pro- Duane Marble, a GIS pioneer in his own was one of the great pioneers in GIS, grams. a term that he coined in 1962 and a right, who first contacted me several years field that he helped to invent. Most of ago about our program and who has been To obtain membership and ac- his developmental work in the earliest instrumental in bringing this important gift tivities information, please contact: years of the experimentation with to the Library. Ralph E. Ehrenberg computer mapmaking and geographic Tomlinson’s papers will, in the near analysis was for the Canadian Land future, be made available to researchers p) 202/707-1992 Inventory, where he created the first alongside those of other archival collec- f) 202/707-8531 geographic databases and techniques tions of modern and pioneering cartogra- for studying land use. Many are still phers like John Snyder, Nicolas Chrisman, PLP Newsletter Staff used today by GIS analysts across Alden Colvocoresses, Fredrick Doyle, Ma- Ryan Moore, Canada. rie Tharpe, and many others, as we seek to Editor Tomlinson was a visionary and make the Division a center for research in recognized in his early published pa- the history of computer cartography. [email protected] pers, along with a few others in geog- By John Hessler 202-707-7779 raphy at the time, that computers could be used to improve geographic Ralph E. Ehrenberg, analysis. The obvious next step was to Managing Editor improve the lives of regular people [email protected] Friends of the Geography and Map Division Pa ge 3

G&M Chinese Cartography Book in Review Retired Diplomat Provides Historical Context

Editor’s Note: This article original ap- the persistence of traditional map- peared in The Portolan and appears courtesy making up to the late 19th century, of The Washington Map Society. despite the introduction of western Reading Imperial Cartography: techniques by Jesuit missionaries. Ming-Qing Historical Maps in the Dr. Lin Tien-jen of Academia Sini- Library of Congress. Taiwan: Academ- ca describes the salient features of ia Sinica Digital Center and Washington: each map presented in the book The Library of Congress, 2013. Hard- and his analysis is summarized in bound, 10.5 x 14.5 inches, 444 pages, English by Min Zhang, G&M’s 157 maps, table of contents, three pref- cataloging team leader. Especially aces, essay, user’s guide, appendix, Eng- valuable to scholars is the appen- lish and Chinese. Limited Edition. ISBN dix prepared by Min Zhang that 978-986-03-9363-7. NT$1500. lists G&M’s pre-1900 Chinese maps with bibliographic infor- Available to the first 200 Philip Lee Phil- mation and notes. lips Map Society members who join or rejoin in 2014 with a donation of $100 or more; limited The 157 maps in this book to one copy per member. Membership infor- were selected from over 400 pre- mation at www.loc.gov/phillips 1900 Chinese maps in G&M’s holdings and are grouped into nine lar from the late 1600s to the mid- Reviewed by Harold E. Meinheit broad categories, each treated in a sep- 1800s. The “Great Qing Dynasty’s One of the largest collections of Chi- arate chapter: (1) General Maps; (2) Complete Map of all Under Heav- nese maps in the western hemisphere Local Administrative Maps; (3) Flood en” (pp. 86-87) is one such example. has its home in the Library of Congress. Control and Embankment Maps; (4) Atlases also appear in later chapters, Although well-known to scholars work- Military and Traffics [sic] Maps; (5) with a particularly striking work in the ing on traditional Chinese cartography, City Maps; (6) Political and Boundary chapter on military maps -- the Ming the collections have been less accessible Maps; (7) Maps of Temples, Palaces, atlas of Quangzhou prefecture in Fu- to a more general audience of map en- and Royal Gardens; (8) Maps of Social jian province (pp. 284-290). Created thusiasts, in part because of the chal- and Economic Conditions; and (9) late in the reign of the Wanli emperor lenges of language but also because of Mixed-theme Maps. As Cordell Yee (after 1602), the atlas portrays military the difficulty in understanding a non- notes in his introductory essay, almost and commercial locations in what was Western tradition of cartography. With all of these maps would have been then southeast China’s most im- the publication of Reading Imperial Cartog- made by Chinese scholar-officials, portant port for international trade. raphy: Ming-Qing Historical Maps in the Li- who were expected to know how to Flooding was a perennial problem brary of Congress, this remarkable map draw and use them as part of their for the Ming and Qing dynasties, and collection should find a much wider au- governmental functions. a major concern for local officials, dience, both in the West and in China. A group of rare atlases opens the who produced richly detailed maps of In a textbook example of interna- first chapter on general maps. The the waterways in the areas under their tional cooperation, G&M and Taiwan’s Ming atlases generally follow the style administration. Reflecting the im- Academia Sinica have produced a high- of the most influential mapmaker of portance of river control is the exten- quality, folio-sized book that will appeal the period, Luo Hongxian (1504-1564), sive collection in the chapter on flood to scholars as well as to anyone who whose atlas, Guang yutu (Enlarged Ter- control and embankment maps. In appreciates the extraordinary beauty of restrial Atlas), c. 1555, was noted for fact, this chapter holds more maps early Chinese maps. For those unfamiliar its use of scaling grids and served as a (forty-seven) than any of the other with Chinese cartography, an essay by model for many years. Several of chapters. The Grand Canal and major Cordell Yee, a member of the Phillips those from the Qing Dynasty reflect Chinese rivers are represented, Map Society Academic Committee, pro- the style of “Complete Maps of all but maps of the Yellow River, vides an excellent overview, emphasizing under Heaven” (tianxia quantu), popu- Story continues on page 7 Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Volume XII, Number 3 Pa ge 4

G&M Specialist and Colleagues Explore Columbus’ Book of Privileges

The lands known today as North and South America were first refer- enced in a letter by the Vatican in 1493. It was less than a year after Co- lumbus landed in the . John Hessler, G&M Specialist, Chet Van Duzer, invited scholar at the John Cater Brown Library, and Daniel De Simone, Librarian of Folger Shakespeare Library, have researched and analyzed that document in their new book, Book of Privileges: The Claiming of a New World. Published by Le- venger Press, it is available online from Levenger, as well as from the Library of Congress bookstore. The 184-page hardcover book is sized at 10" x 13”. Book of Privileges is a compilation of contracts, decrees, and privileges granted by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to Christopher Columbus. The documents vested the Italian ex- plorer, known as Don Cristobal Colon in his day, with the legal power to act on behalf of the Spanish crown and to discovery of a new route to the East Mr Hessler argues that the book is journey in search of a route to Asia. Indies (or so he thought), as well as historically important because it laid the conquest and Christianization of the foundation for the exploration and Only four copies of the book are new lands brought under the domin- conquest of the New World. known to exist, however, the Library’s ion of . The book’s publication is the only one that contains the Papal Creating an historic and geographic resulted in legal dispute between Co- Bull Dudum siquidem. The four-page context, Mr. Van Duzer, who also lumbus and the monarchy. letter that Pope Alexander VI com- translates key sections of the book, posed on September 26, 1493, is the Mr. Hessler and his co-authors explains why Columbus was con- first known written reference of the examine the book from different per- vinced that he had reached Asia. New World. spectives. Investigating the structure Lastly, Mr. De Simone discusses of medieval and Renaissance law on The book was completed in 1502, the bibliographic resources pertaining which Book of Privileges is based, Mr. shortly before Columbus's fourth and to Columbus that the Library of Con- Hessler explains how the documents final voyage to the . Colum- gress has amassed and the role that would have been written and, just as bus hired lawyers and notaries to vali- Book of Privileges plays in them. He also significant, how they would have been date documents issued from the Span- recounts how the Library’s copy nar- understood at the time. In addition, ish crown, which he used to support rowly escaped a fire. he translates key passages from the his claim for rewards that he believed documents. were owed to him for the successful By Ryan Moore Friends of the Geography and Map Division Pa ge 5 G&M Reading Room Redesigned, Reopened

This summer, G&M’s Research Center (formerly known as the Reading Room) underwent a complete redesign and renovation, its first since established in 1980 in the basement of the Library’s Madison Building (LM-B01). The reference desk (left) has been resituated in the center of the room. Research computers and GIS-dedicated terminals (geographic information systems) are available to registered read- ers. An enclosed space is available for meetings and to researchers who wish to photograph materials. In the back of the room is a space dedicated to lectures and public forums, which will allow the Research Center to remain open during such events. Free WiFi is available and research tables have outlets for portable electronic devices. Stop by and take a look!

WWI Map Exhibit on Display in G&M

Marking the hundredth anniversary lips Map Society members may receive ing. Prince was a sergeant and a cartog- of the start of World War I, G&M has a free copy. rapher who made the maps used by American soldiers, and he gained noto- on display maps created during the war The maps primarily were drawn riety after the war for designing the that depict trench warfare, strategic mil- from the Summerall, Tasker Bliss, and itary plans, the war at sea and peace Willard Prince collections. Summerall Heisman Trophy for the Downtown Athletic Club. settlements. The exhibit is in the foyer was the commander of the American of the Division located in the basement Fifth Corps and ordered an attack on For more information contact Chief of Madison Building (LM-B1) and will the last day of the war, which resulted Ralph E. Ehrenberg at (202) 707-1992 be on display until the end of Novem- in a congressional inquiry. His plan for or [email protected] ber. artillery fire on that infamous day is on The exhibit complements a recently display. Bliss was a general and served published guide to the Division’s WWI as President Woodrow Wilson’s military maps by G&M staff member Ryan advisor during the peace negotiations in Moore titled, Maps of the First World Paris. His once top-secret, brilliantly War: An Illustrated Essay and List of Select colored, wall-sized map that depicts the Maps in the Library of Congress. All Phil- last day of the war is available for view- Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Volume XII, Number 3 Pa ge 6

History Professor Joins Academic Committee Has Strong Interest in American Cartography

Susan Schulten joins the Phillips Map Historical Geography 33 (2007), and Society Academic Advisory Committee. "Barack Obama, Abraham Lincoln, and She is professor and chair of the history John Dewey," The DU Law Review department at the University of Denver, (2009). and is the author of Mapping the Nation: Professor Schulten teaches courses history and cartography in nineteenth-century on Lincoln, the Civil War and Recon- America (2012) and The Geographical Imagi- struction, America at the turn of the nation in America, 1880-1950, both pub- century, the history of American ideas lished with the University of Chicago and culture, the Great Depression, the Press. She received her B.A. from the Cold War, war and the presidency, and University of California at Berkeley, and the methods and philosophy of history. her doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania. In 2010, she was named a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Some of her recent work includes Foundation; in 2013, the Pacific Coast "The Civil War and the Origins of the Branch of the American Historical As- "Disunion" series, which commemo- Colorado Territory," Western Historical sociation awarded Professor Schulten rates the sesquicentennial of the Ameri- Quarterly (2013), which was awarded the the Norris Hundley Prize for the most can Civil War. She also writes about the annual prize for best article to appear in distinguished work of history published relationship of maps and history for The the journal; other articles include: in 2012 written by a scholar living in New Republic. "Emma Willard and the Graphic Foun- the American and Canadian west. She For more on her research see dations of American History," Journal of also writes for the New York Times www.mappingthenation.com.

Cataloging Team Focuses on Latvia

Seanna Tsung, G&M Cataloging Spe- featured at the event. Cater will begin her studies in library cialist, led a team of interns to catalog the The special skills of the three interns science at the University of Illinois. Division’s Title Collection for Latvia. were utilized to complete the project. Natalia White provided Russian lan- The Title Collection consists of maps Daira Moruss conducted an analysis of guage translation. Ms. White has a mas- received by the Division prior to 1968 the maps and created a reference guide. ter’s in library science from the Univer- and are not represented in the online cat- Ms. Moruss has a bachelor's in English sity of Maryland, where she has worked alog. They are often of interest to histori- literature from Michigan State University for many years as a chemistry lab in- ans and contain both political and geo- and a master's degree from Wayne State structor. logical features. University in linguistics. Her thesis, The Latvian map cataloging efforts “Isolating the Agent: An Examination By Ryan Moore were made in preparation for an event on of Agentive Compounds in Latvian,” September 11 at the Library sponsored dealt with complex word formations in by the American Latvian Associa- Latvian. tion: “Second Conference on Latvian Julia Cater cataloged the maps, creat- Diaspora Archives, Libraries, and Materi- ing entries for 100 maps in Latvian, Rus- al Culture.” G&M’s maps of Latvia were sian, German, and Latin. This fall, Ms. Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Volume XII, Number 3 Pa ge 7

Diplomat Reviews G&M’s Book on Chinese Maps Story continued from page 3

"China's River of Sorrows," take center stage. The 1782 map of the source of the Yellow River (pp. 196-198) also serves as a good example of the point made by Cordell Yee that early Chinese maps were not considered complete unless accompanied by text. In this case, the text is in both Chinese and Manchu, the language of the Qing rulers. Military affairs and border defense were also priorities for Ming and Qing government officials and required maps. The representation of the Great Wall and the naming of various tribes on Ming maps illustrate the preoccupation Bird’s-eye view of Taiwan that shows busy life of native island people and defense walls during Kangxi with the northern border. Another ma- period (1684-1722). jor concern was the threat of Japanese pirates along the coast. Several beautiful pages and portrays incredible detail, of The Portolan), Robert Batchelor photo- coastal maps on scrolls were made to including Chinese and tribal houses, graphed important 16th-century maps help officials deal with this threat. By the soldiers, government officials, and even found in the Asian Division. These in- late 19th century, maps began to reflect a group of men hunting deer. (Deer clude maps from Luo Hongxian’s Guang the Qing Dynasty’s preoccupation with skins were one of Taiwan’s main ex- yutu and a map of Japanese pirate routes European threats, as seen in two de- ports.) Like most maps of Taiwan be- from Zheng Ruozeng’s Chouhai tubian tailed military maps of sections of fore the late 19th century, the map (“Ocean Plan: Compilation of Maps”). Guangxi’s border with Vietnam (p. 291 shows only the western side of the is- As suggested by Professor Li Xiaocong and pp. 364-365), where the Chinese land, terminating at the central moun- of Beijing University in his bi-lingual and the French came into conflict in tain range. The eastern side had not yet carto-bibliography, Descriptive Catalogue of 1884-1885. “come onto the map” (ru bantu) and did the Traditional Chinese Maps Collected in the not until Qing authorities extended Library of Congress (Beijing, 2004), further Besides serving the practical purpos- their administration in the wake of the research is needed to focus on the Asian es of government, traditional Chinese maps were often works of art, done in a brief Japanese military occupation of Division’s maps. Nonetheless, scholars pictorial style that merged cartography the southern tip of the island in 1874. and map-lovers will find an unprece- with landscape painting, an art form Shortly thereafter, Qing maps began to dented wealth of material in Reading Im- show the entire island, including details perial China, a fine work of art and an popular with the scholar-officials who of the eastern side, as seen in two maps essential book for anybody interested in governed Ming-Qing China. Many ex- of Taiwan produced in 1878 and 1880 traditional Chinese cartography. amples exist, such as the dramatic early- Qing period map of the Min Jiang, pic- (pp. 128-129 and pp. 120-121). Harold Meinheit is a former American turing a river bordered with soaring Comprehensive as this bi-lingual diplomat with wide experience in Asia. A regu- mountain peaks as it flows through Si- annotated atlas of maps is, there are lar contributor to The Portolan, his article in chuan and Hubei provinces (pp. 270- other early Chinese maps in the Library the Winter 2008 issue (“A Glimpse Into Vi- 273). Not to be outdone is the spectacu- of Congress that might be mentioned. etnam’s Turbulent 19th Century”) offers some lar panoramic view of the Qing emper- Besides the primary collection in G&M, thoughts on the map of Vietnam on page 360 ors’ summer palace and gardens at Rehe, some additional early Chinese maps are of the book under review. He is a member of the northeast of Beijing (pp. 374-376). to be found in the Library’s Asian Divi- Washington Map Society and currently serves One of the local administrative maps sion, where they are often included in as its secretary. also demands the reader’s attention. Da- books or gazetteers. For his recent ting to the early Qing period, the Taiwan book on the Bodleian Library’s Selden di li tu (pp. 123-126) folds out to four Map (reviewed elsewhere in this issue Friends of the Geography and Map Division Pa ge 8 Steering Committee

George Tobolowsky, Texas (Chair) Dianne G. Powell, Texas (Vice Chair) Wesley A. Brown, Colo. Robert David, Fla. William B. Ginsberg, N.Y. Arthur Holzheimer, Ill. Jay Lester, N.C. Glen McLaughlin, Calif. Kenneth Nebenzahl, Ill. Richard Pflederer, Va. Seymour I. Schwartz, N.Y. J. Thomas Touchton, Fla. James Walker, Ore. William Wooldridge, Va.

Ex Officio Academic Advisors

Ralph E. Ehrenberg, Chief, G&M Ronald Grim, Boston Public Library John R. Hébert, Chief, G&M , 1999-2011 Alice Hudson, New York Public Library, Ret. Mark Monmonier, Syracuse University John A. Wolter, Chief, G&M, 1978-1991 Mary Pedley, Univ. of Michigan Dennis Reinhartz, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Emeritus Susan Schulten, Univ. of Denver Norman J. W. Thrower, Univ. of California at LA Cordell D. K. Yee, St. John’s College, Annapolis