AP Borsboom, Fredrik Barth, Cosmologies in the Making

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Book Reviews - A.P. Borsboom, Fredrik Barth, Cosmologies in the making; A generative approach to cultural variation in Inner New Guinea, Cambridge studies in social anthropology, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 99 pp., - H.J.M. Claessen, Paul van der Grijp, Sporen in de Antropologie; Liber Amicorum voor Jan Pouwer, Nijmegen: Instituut voor Kulturele en Sociale Antropologie, 1987. Bibl., tab., ill. 330 pp., Ton Lemaire, Albert Trouwborst (eds.) - Simon Kooijman, Adrian Horridge, Outrigger canoes of Bali and Madura, Indonesia, Bishop museum special bulletin 77, Honolulu: Bishop museum press, 1987. xii + 178 pp., 4 maps, 1 colour photograph, 19 black and white photographs, 71 line drawings. - Jelle Miedema, D.K. Feil, The evolution of highland Papua New Guinea societies, Cambridge: University Press, 1987, xii + 313 pp. - Jelle Miedema, James F. Weiner, Mountain Papuans; Historical and comparitive perspectives from New Guinea fringe highlands societies. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1988, 230 pp. - Jetta Wille, Paulus M.F. van der Grijp, Produktie en denkwijzen in Polynesië; Sociale asymmetrie, ideologie en verandering op de Tonga-eilanden, Proefschrift Nijmegen, 1987. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 144 (1988), no: 4, Leiden, 565-576 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 01:13:09AM via free access BOEKBESPREKINGEN Fredrik Barth, Cosmologies in the making; A generative ap- proach to cultural variation in Inner New Guinea, Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 99 pp., ISBN 0-521-34279-1. A. P. BORSBOOM The focus of this book is in particular the local variations in cosmoldgical traditions among the OK people. The OK are a population of cultivators and hunters living in a remote part of Inner New Guinea. The OK people comprise a number of cognate communities, who pos- sess similar material and ecological traditions and speak similar lan- guages. Yet, their social organization and cosmology vary, and Barth, rejecting the existing anthropological theory as inadequate for explaining this vari- ation, presents a new model of the mechanisms of change. This model emphasizes the role of individual creativity in cultural reproduction and change. It asserts that cosmologies can be adequately understood only if they are regarded as knowledge in the process of communication, embedded in the social organization, rather than as fixed bodies of belief. Barth formulates various theoretically grounded hypothe- ses and shows that these hypotheses fit the actual patterns of variation that are found among the OK. i His aim is to contribute to the development of a comparative anthro- pology of knowledge and to develop the relevant theory in constant confrontation with empirical data: 'I subscribe, to a methodology that meets the challenge of fitting theory to the broadest possible range of facts' (p.l). The author convincingly develops the proposed methodology and illu- strates on the basis of fieldwork material how the process of reproduction and modification of earlier knowledge takes place in OK cosmology today. He demonstrates how processes of codification, transmission and creati- vity operate to generate the pattern of variation which the ethnographies record, and not how the first bit of knowledge may have been created. The emphasis is on cosmology as a living, dynamic tradition of knowledge and not as a set of abstract ideas 'enshrined', as Barth calls it, in collective representations. Not abstract collective representations or the received tradition, but the way in which ritual specialists reproduce and modify these in communication with their social environment is the most import- ant. This is the process that accounts for the many variations in the cosmology and social organization of the OK. The book, with a foreword by Jack Goody, provides a fine example of the interaction between factual observation and theoretical constructs. Barth's theoretical model not only is inspired by a puzzling variation in field data within an otherwise similar material and ecological setting, but as it stands also explains the mechanisms of change generating the vari- ations. Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 01:13:09AM via free access 566 . Boekbesprekingen Paul van der Grijp, Ton Lemaire en Albert Trouwborst (red.), Sporen in de Antropologie; Liber Amicorum voor Jan Pouwer, Nijmegen: Instituut voor Kulturele en Sociale Antropologie, 1987. Bibl., tab., ill. 330 pp. ISBN: 90-6915- 005-0. H. J. M. CLAESSEN Dit boek, een 'Liber Amicorum' in de beste zin van het woord, is ge- schreven door vrienden en collega's van Jan Pouwer, sinds 1976 aan het Nijmeegse Instituut verbonden. De aard van zo een boek brengt mee dat uiteenlopende artikelen tezamengebracht worden. Er zijn artikelen bij zonder enige pretentie, waarin de persoonlijke relatie met Pouwer wordt beschreven (Wassink) en artikelen met pretentie, zoals dat van Abbink, waariri in 12 pagina's een poging wordt gedaan om (inhevig jargon) de betekenis van de biogenetische optie in de antropologie uit- een te zetten. De meeste artikelen reflecteren duidelijk de invloed van Pouwer op het denken en doen van de auteurs. Verschillende stukken handelen over de rol en de betekenis van 'ideologic' - een stokpaard van Pouwer, waar hij zeer eigen opvattingen over ontwikkelde. Haenen stelt er kritische vragen over, Van Meijl probeert Pouwers visie verder uit te werken en Otto bespreekt nieuwe vormen van ideologic bij de Paliau beweging. Aridere artikelen gaan over het concept wederkerig- heid. Lemaire onthult socialistische bewogenheid bij Mauss en Bloem- berg zet verschil en overeenkomst tussen geschenkenruil en liefdadig- heid uiteen. Paula van den Berg bespreekt Vrouwen en OntwikkeHng in Papoea Nieuw Guinea (maar waarom 'subsistentie-landbouw' ge- noemd wat in normaal Nederlands 'bestaans landbouw' heet?). Morenc .gaat in op de dialectiek tussen ontwikkelingsdenken en ontwikkelings- praktijk. De mythenanalyse - een ander belangstellingsveld van Pouwer -komt aan bod in artikelen van Metge, Serpenti, De Wolf en De Ruyter; . laatstgenoemden zetten verschil en overeenkomst tussen mythe en we- tenschap uiteen en concluderen dat mythen niet minder rationed zijn dan wetenschappelijke kennissystemen ('tenminste voor zover we se- mantische intersubjectiviteit als criterium nemen' - wat dat dan ook moge wezen . .). De etnografie komt aan bod in artikelen van Bors- boom (stervensritueel bij de Aborigines) en Van der Leeden (verwant- schapsterminologie bij de Ma'ya), en in de reeds genoemde artikelen van Haenen, Otto en Serpenti. Van der Grijp geeft een historische beschouwing over de eerste contacten tussen Tonganen en Westerlingen (waarin blijkt dat de Tonganen minder onder de indruk van de Wester- lingen waren dan op de eerste pagina's gesuggereerd wordt). Kooijman stelt vast dat Pouwer een matige museum antropoloog was, maar geeft daarnaast aan dat juist diens gedetailleerde informatie het hem mogelijk maakte een aantal voorwerpen uit de Mimika-cultuur te interpreteren. Trouwborst gaat in op de problematiek van 'keuze en regels'•- aangesne- den in Pouwers oratie - en Molenaar behandelt de moeilijkheid om concepten als kaste en clan toe te passen in Mali. Ploeg, tenslotte, behan- delt de toekomst van de Oceanistiek (in feite de Melanesie-studie) in ;het post-Pouwer tijdvak. Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 01:13:09AM via free access Boekbesprekingen 567 Sporen in de Antropologie is een waardig afscheidsgeschenk voor Jan Pouwer, een Nederlandse etnograaf/etnoloog. Het boek heeft vakgeno- ten, in de ruimste zin des woords, iets te bieden. Adrian Horridge, Outrigger Canoes of Bali and Madura, Indonesia, Bishop Museum Special Bulletin 77, Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1987. xii+178pp., 4 maps, 1 colour photograph, 19 black and white photographs, 71 line drawings. SIMON KOOUMAN Before becoming Professor of Neurobiology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Adrian Horridge worked as an aircraft engin- eer. Sailing and windsurfing were his favourite hobbies. The book under review, which sprang 'purely from curiosity and spirit of adventure', as the writer modestly puts it (p. x), has been written against the background of these professional and spare-time activities. The author's professional skill is particularly manifest from his meticulous descrip- tions of the construction of sailing craft and from the highly illustrative line-drawings which provide supplementary technical information. The book is based on field research and the study of written sources, photo- graphs, and models in museums in the Netherlands, Berlin, Jakarta, London and Salem, Massachusetts. The information supplied by the models is not always reliable, however, since '. (they) can (easily) be incorrectly rigged when suddenly needed for an exhibit or before reaching the museum . .' (p. 90) - the regrettable truth of which statement few museum curators would dare to deny. The author became interested in the sailing craft of Indonesia in 1975, when he spent three months as chief scientist aboard a research ship in the Moluccas. His fieldwork, carried out during a number of visits to various islands in the Archipelago, extends over a period of ten years. His research consisted in the observation of the design and construction of the canoes and the ceremonies pertinent to this, and of sailing techniques, as well as interviews with the fishermen and boat-builders with whom he was able to communicate in Bahasa Indonesia.
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