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The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes. Author(S): A The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes. Author(s): A. C. Haddon Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 50 (Jan. - Jun., 1920), pp. 69-134 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843375 . Accessed: 24/06/2014 21:30 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.78.108.81 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 21:31:00 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 69 THE OUTRIGGERS OF INDONESIAN CANOES. By A. C. HADDON. CONTENTS. PAGE Material ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70 Terminology ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 72 Double Canoes ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 77 The Distribution of Single and Double Outriggers ..., ... ... ... ... ... 78 The Number of the Outrigger-Booms ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 The Attachment of the-Booms to the Hull ... ... ... ... 82 The Float .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 83 The Attachmentsbetween the Booms and the Float and theirDistribution A.-Direct:- 1. Inserted ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 83, 123 2. Lashed ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 83, 124 3. Mixed Direct Attachment ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 B.-Indirect: (a) Attachmentinserted into the Float 1. Stick ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 84, 125 2. Ro d ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 87 3. Spike ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...79, 87, 127 4. Y-shaped Stick ... ... .. ... ... ... 87, 127 5. Board ... ... ... ... ... ... ..87, 128 6. Balinese ... ... ... ... ... ... 73, 88, 128 (b) Attachmenttied to the Float:- 1. Moluccan ... ... ... ... ... ... 89, 129 2. Halmaheran ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 90, 129 C.-Mixed Attachments:- 1. Mixed Direct and Balinese ... ... ... ... ... ... 84, 92 2. Mixed Direct and Rod ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 92 3. Mixed Direct and Halmaheran ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 94 4. Mixed Rod and Halmaheran ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 96 Notes on the Characteristic OutriggerCanoes of the Main Districts of Indonesia ... 97 Notes on the Native Names for Canoes and Outriggers ... ... ... .. ... 116 General Conclusions ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 Bibliography ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131 For several years I have been accumulatingmaterial dealing with the outrigger canoes of Indonesia, of whichI now presenta brief and generalaccount, though I am fullyaware of the imperfectionof my data. Much more remainsto be done by observationsin the field,by a more exhaustivetreatment of the literatureon the subject,and by a study of photographsin the librariesof certainlearned societies This content downloaded from 195.78.108.81 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 21:31:00 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 70 A. C. HADDON.-The Outriggersof Indonesian Canoes. and museums,as wellas of specimenspreserved in numerousmuseums in variousparts of theworld. I hope,however, that thisessay will help towards a moresystematic con- siderationof the details of constructionand of the problemsof culturaldistribution. M,ATERIAL. A wordof cautionis necessarywith regard to theavailable data. A photograph, or an illustrationmade froma photograph,is good evidencethat a certainform was then presentin a given spot, but it is not conclusivethat it is the usual or common formthere, as any canoe may be a chance visitor. It is only when a photograph shows numerousexamples of the same type that it becomes authoritative,or when differentphotographs agree in this respect. Of far greatervalue is the explicit statementof a traveller,and I have endeavouredin all cases to recordsuch statements. In drawingsor sketchesmade by travellersa greatdeal dependson the skill of the drauglhtsman,his keennessof eyesight,and his knowledgeof the details of con- struction. The unsatisfactorycharacter of illustrations holds good formodels, except that the commontype is far morelikely to be represented. But a furthersoufrce of errorawaits one. The model may be carelesslymade and certaindetails may be slurredover or even wronglyconstructed to save trouble. On the otherhand, the models as a rule seem to be made by those thoroughlyconversant with the vessels, and probably,in many cases, are made by those who actually build boats. The technical skill in model-makingwhich is characteristicof these peoples, and the pride of the artificer,however, give one confidencein acceptingmodels as trust- worthy,even though the variousparts may not be made exact as regardstheir relative proportions. Bearingin mind these limitations,I have not shrunkfrom accepting modelsas good evidence. In a considerablenumber of cases the writtendescriptions by travellersare far fromsatisfactory, as they oftendo not appreciatethose details whichare of interestto a specialist; frequentlyno descriptionat all is vouchsafed, and we have thento relysolely on any illustrationthat may be supplied. Several of the followingmuseums are referredto by the names of the towns in whichthey are situated: Amsterdam,Konitnklijk Zoologisch Genootschap. EthnographicalMuseum of the Natura ArtisMagistra. BritishMuseum, London. Gambridge,Museum of Archweologyand Ethnology. Edinburgh,Museum of Science and Art. Halifax, BankfieldMuseum. HornimanMuseum, Forest Hill, London,S.E. Leiden, Rijks EthnographischMuseum. Oxford,Pitt-Rivers Museum. Rotterdam,Ethnologisch en MaritiemMuseum. Salem (Mass., U.S.A.), Peabody Museum. This content downloaded from 195.78.108.81 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 21:31:00 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions +++tt Limit of sinZe- ouatre,e-s \oo oPapo -iqistra/c?zn ared ofdoitce oatrijirer$wim -/ e' g; /tro1ors. 54tcAk hnetatscoitic&<' .Z t _ MantDAeo++, 4d MaftL ~~~~~~~wil~kAeayas wet4sed1y?aL g + e1 } 9 y z t @p% cxcladay Nti.s. ut i- Are of6oZ yersritmo rLt W9 u<t W.-| X1U - tk 'artk o ers *d% nzire tA1, two + fJzt @ Zan1tQ{ooStL+(7 460M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~onSVOuLtkof it. + \\ 9\ 8 ..................... / ............... ; '\ Direct laske-d afta4uneartt fD' S,,,0-TQLUR _,.h Lae-rcvt- C,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C lIE NTAVY&E 1-~~+oR +g ~tSAfl ~ d7 C 0BAWE4AN 5BUTON ~ j\KS DJSTRIDUTIONOF INDONESIAN OUTRIGCERS This content downloaded from 195.78.108.81 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 21:31:00 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 72 A. C. HADDON.-The Outriggersof Indonesian Canoes. I take this opportunityof thankingvarious friendsand colleagues who have helped me with information,and would more particularlylike to mentionHenry Balfour,Ivor H. Evans, Dr. G. Friederici,Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard,Lawrence W. Jenkins,Dr. H. H. Juynboll,H. Ling Roth. For convenienceof referenceI shall, as a general rule, mentionthe several islands and places in the followingorder: Andamans. Nicobars. Nias, Mentawei Islands, and Engano (islands to the west of Sumatra). Sumatra: Palembang (in the south-eastof Sumatra). Java. Madura. Bawean Islands (northof Madura). The Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali to Tenimber): Bali; Lombok; Sumbawa; Sumba (Sandalwood Island); Savu; Flores; Solor; Lomblen; Ombai (Allor); Timor; Rotti; Wetta (Wetteror Eetar); Serwatti; Baba (Babber); Tenimber(Tanimbar) or TimorLaut (Timorlao)Islands. Kei (Ke) Islands. Aru Islands. The Moluccas (Banda to Halmahera): Banda; Buru; Amblau; Amboina (Ambon); The Uliasser Islands: Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut; Ceram (Seran); Ceram Laut; Goram; Misol; Obi (Ombi); Batjan; Tidor; Ternate; Halmahera (Gilolo): Weda Bay (the southernGulf of Halmahera), Ake Selaka, Tobelo, and Galela (in the northof Halmahera). Xulla (Sulla) Isla4ds. Butong (Butung). Salaier. Celebes: Makassar and Gowa (Goa), Gulf of Boni (the southernGulf of Celebes),Tontoli (Toli-Toli,north-west Celebes), Minabassa (the north-eastpoint of Celebes) with the towns of Kema and Menado, and the island of Limbe. Banka. Talisse. Talaut Islands (includingthe large island of Sangir). Tulur (Tulaur or Salibabu) Islands. Nanusa Islands. Sulu Archipelago. Philippines: Mindanao (Zamboanga at its south-west point), the Gagayanes (Cagayan) group,Zebu (Cebu), and Manila. Borneo: Sarawak, a raj on the northcoast. North-westarea of New Guinea: Skroe on the south and Sekar on the northside of the Onin Peninsula; Waigiu (Waigeu); Saonek (an islet offthe south shore of Waigiu); Sorong (a village just south of the extremenorth-west point of New Guinea). GeelvinkBay. (See Map, p. 71.) TERMINOLOGY. To avoid ambiguityI proposeto adopt the followingterms as here defined:- The outriggeris a balancingapparatus that extendstransversely across the hull of the canoe; the transversepoles of an outriggerare outrigger-booms(or simply booms),their free extremities may be attacheddirectly to thefloat,1 or indirectlyby variousmethods; in all cases thisis spokenof as the attachment.Various methods of indirectattachment will be sufficientlydescribed in the course of this paper. They consistin the main of bent ratan in the Moluccanattachment,
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