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Street to The Museum is located on Central Park West from 77th Street to 8ist Street and on 77th Columbus Avenue. It may be reached as follows: By Buses—8th Avenue or Columbus Avenue lines or 81st Street crosstown. By Elevated Trains—gth Avenue to 81st Street station. By Subway—8th Avenue to 81st Street (Museum) station. 7th Avenue to 79th Street station. Lexington Avenue to 77th Street station. Take crosstown bus from East 79th Street to 81st Street and Central Park West. The Main Entrance is on Central Park West at 79th Street. The South Entrance is on 77th Street. Telephone: ENdicott 2-8500.

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— ii EXHIBITION HALLS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Compiled by ROY WALDO MINER

Assisted by Members of THE MUSEUM STAFF

AS«"» THF // AMERICAN ('J MUSEUM I: ' Of 11 NATURAL HISTORY

NEW YORK

*939

PUBLISHED BY THE MUSEUM

MIBBICAB MUSI OF HATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS * - »«<- **t - 0J« PAGE

Map: How to reach the American Museum of Natural History. . .Inside front cover

Frontispiece <>

Title Page 3

Table of Contents 4 Theodore Roosevelt Memorial 6

General Information 10

Index to First Floor 16

Index to Second Floor 17

Index to Third Floor 18

Index to Fourth Floor 19 Astronomy and Planetarium 20

Geology 24 Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontology 24 Hall of Petrology 26

Mineralogy ? 29 Hall of Minerals and Gems 29 Geology and Minerals of New York State 31

Palaeontology 35 Fossil Invertebrates 36 Fossil Vertebrates 38 Fossil Fishes 38 Fossil Reptiles 39 Hall of Jurassic Reptiles 41 Corridor of Marine Reptiles 42 Hall of Cretaceous Reptiles 42 Hall of Mongolian Vertebrates 45 Fossil Mammals 45 Osborn Hall of the Age of Mammals (Tertiary) 45 The Horse Under Domestication 48 Osborn Hall of the Age of Man (Quaternary) 51

Jesup Hall of Forestry 54 Living Invertebrates 56 Darwin Hall 56 Coral Reef Group 62 Shell Corridor 65 Invertebrates ol New York State 65

Insects 66 Hall of Insect Life 66 Local Insects 68 Butterflies of New York State 68

Living Fishes 7 1 Hall of Living Fishes 7 1

[4] TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) page

Living Amphibia and Reptiles 7*)

Hall of Living Reptiles 7<» Amphibia and Reptiles of New York State 79

Living birds 80 Whitney Wing So Whitney Memorial Hall N<> Hall of Biology of birds 85 Gallerv of bird Art 85 Audubon Gallery 85 birds of the World Hall 86 Hall of North American bird Groups 88 Local birds 90 Synoptic and Geographic Hall of birds 92

Living Mammals 94 Akeley Memorial Hall of African Mammals 94 Yernay-Faunthorpe Hall of South Asiatic Mammals 99 Hall of North Asiatic Mammals 105 Allen Hall of North American Mammals 105 Oceanic Mammals 108

Synoptic Hall of Mammals ' '3

Mammals of New York State 1 '3

Anthropology (Including Origin of Man) '4 Hall of Primates >4 Hall of the Natural History of Man •4

The Skeleton from Fish to Man •I Ancestry and Early Races of Man 18 Hall of Prehistoric Cultures '9 The Woodland Indians 20

The Plains Indians -'4 Indians of the Southwest 28 Indians of the North Pacific Coast 3' Eskimo 33 Mexican and Central American Hall 33 Indians of South America 43 Pacific Islands Hall 48

New Guinea, Philippines, and Malaysia 5 1 Asiatic Collections 56 Drummond Collection of Jade 56 Hall of Asiatic Ethnology 57 Hall of African Ethnology 65

Hall of biological Principles and Applied biology 69

behind the Scenes 70

The American Museum of Natural History: board of Trustees

Administrative and Scientific Staffs . . .

5] ENTRANCE HALL ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL THE THEODORE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial, thian cornice overarched by an octagonal erected by the people of the State of New- coffered barrel-vault 100 feet above the York in memory of the man whose name floor. The central part of each wall is three parts it bears, forms the main entrance to the recessed and divided into Museum on Central Park West. Its grace- by two Roman Corinthian columns 48 ful architecture follows a stately Roman- feel high supporting the entablature. esque design. Three of these recesses are adorned with Passing through the central archway great mural paintings symbolic of the the visitor steps into the great Memorial varied career of Theodore Roosevelt. Hall. Above the marble mosaic floor, rise On the walls, quotations from Roosevelt's walls of cream colored marble and lime- writings are displayed in raised bronze stone extending to an elaborate Corin- letters. The facade of the Memorial is adorned by four Ionic col- umns fifty-four feet high rep- resenting Boone, Audubon, Clark, and Lewis, pioneers in the early exploration of our countrv. (Above) Theodore Roosevelt stands over a Nubian lion and lioness. Several birds which completed the collections at the American Museum are included

MURALS IN MEMORIAL

(Left) Events in old Russian historv are represented here through several historic per- sonages of the period before 1000 A. I). At the bottom are shown the ancestors of the Roosevelt family, their names being inscribed above them. This and the opposite mural commemorate Roosevelt's pari in the Russo-Japanese peace treaty of 1905 (Above) In a tangle of gnarled trees, hemmed in by rocks, an African elephant is captured by a group of native hunters with shields and spears

ROOSEVELT HALL

(Right) Japanese spiritual be- liefs are here represented in the figures of various gods and goddesses and in the first historic Japanese emperor, descendant of the Sun God- dess. At the bottom are the maternal ancestors of Theo- dore Roosevelt GENERAL INFORMATION

The American Museum of Natural tors. Information concerning the exhibits History is located in Manhattan Square or lee tines may also be obtained here. and occupies most of the space between Announcements «>l lectures and meetings Centra] Park West, and Columbus Ave- of societies held at the Museum may be nue and 77th and 81st Streets. The main obtained here free of charge. entrances are on Central Park West. Mi st 1 m Bookshop through the Roosevelt Memorial, at three lex els: street, vehicle (driveway beneath "Fhe entrance to the Museum Bookshop is right of the steps), and subway. There is also an located at the corner Memorial entrance on West 77th Street (foot and Hall as one enters it from 77th Street. vehicle, center of block), and one on Co- There is also an entrance facing (he 77th lumbus Avenue, near 77th Street (foot). Street elevators on the ground floor. (See Frontispiece.) Guide Leaflets and other Museum publi- The Planetarium may be entered from cations are sold here as well as postcards and souvenirs. West IS ist Street (vehicle and foot) and through the Museum. Cars may be Books on natural history and its allied parked within the Museum square (en- subjects bv Museum authors and others in good standing are for sale here. ter from Si st Street) and at the curb on the streets surrounding the Museum Bulletin Boards square. The main bulletin board is at the right Admission of Memorial Hall in the East Corridor, directly opposite the elevators. Here pro- There is no charge for admission ex- grams of lectures and meetings are dis- cept for the Planetarium. The Plane- played and also directory the exhibits tarium, which was constructed by Recon- a to on the various floors. Pictorial plans of struction Finance Corporation funds, is a the floors of the Museum are posted in self-liquidating project, and admission the elevators and at convenient points will be charged until the loan has been throughout the Museum to aid in guid- repaid. ing visitors to the various halls. The Museum is open to the public from 10:00 A. M. to 5:00 P. M. daily except Note Sundays, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, Due to constant rearrangements of ex- New Year's Day and July 4th, when it is hibits in the halls, certain discrepancies open from 1:00 to 5:00 P. M. only. may be noted at times between the ar- rangements in the halls and those in this Check and Information Desks Rooms volume. The Alphabetical Guide to Ex- The main check room is located at the hibits and various guide leaflets sold in right as one enters the main entrance on vending machines and the Bookshop will the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial keep the visitor informed for the most (carriage entrance). Coats and packages part, while the most recent changes will may be left here. Wheel chairs for chil- be announced on the bulletin boards and dren and adults are available free of in connection with the Bureau of Infor- charge. There is also a checking room at mation. the left of the 77th Street entrance. There Sketching and Photographing is no charge for checking. Information may be obtained at the Artists and students are encouraged to check rooms and also at special informa- draw from specimens on exhibit. Chairs tion desks located on the main (2nd) may be had on application from the at- floor of the Roosevelt Memorial and at tendant. Permission to photograph in the the right of the vestibule at the 77th halls of the Museum should be obtained Street entrance. This is also the Educa- from the Director's office. tion Bureau for the registration of in- structors and students and the conveni- Guiding ence of Members desiring guidance Free Service: This is offered to public through the building by Museum instruc- schools and similar educational institu-

[10 tions and to Members of the Museum and Library upon presentation of Mem- rake elevator to Fifth Floor) their friends I bers' inscribed tickets. In order to secure The Library is located on the fifth floor a guide, an appointment should be made of the Museum. It is devoted to works on in advance. Please state the day and hour natural history, anthropology, and travel. de-.ired. the number to be guided, and It contains some 125.000 volumes which any special halls to be seen. comprise not only the important periodi- 2- For appointments call ENdicott cals of our own and foreign countries but 8300. Extension 255. also all representative and standard works Groups for the general public are on zoology, physical anthropology, eth- specially conducted on Wednesdays, Fri- nology, prehistory, archaeology, geology, days and Saturdays at 11 A. M. and 3 and palaeontology. The collection on ver- P. M., throughout the year. There will be tebrate palaeontology forms the Osborn no guide service on Saturdays from June Library of Vertebrate Palaeontology, to September. founded by President Henry Fairfield Paid Service: This is provided for in- Osborn. dividuals not members of the Museum al The Reading Room of the Library is 25 cents per hour lor each person in a also located on the fifth floor, and is open group. Minimum charge. St.00. to the public from 10 A. M. until 4 P. M. Arrangements lor groups from private except on Sundays and holidays. The Li- schools in New York City and for pri- brary is also closed on Saturdays from vate and public schools outside of Greater June to September. Those interested in New York must be made with the Bureau consulting the books and periodicals are of Private School Service. The rate is welcome to do so during the available $2.50 per hour. For appointments call hours. ENdicott 2-8500, Extension 261. Reading tables have been placed in various halls of the Museum. Specially designed cases contain books pertinent to Restaurant the exhibits. These may be consulted by (Index Plan, Floor II, Hall p. 17, 2) applying to the guard. Adjoining the Birds of the World Hall

is Restaurant, which is operated as the Publications a Museum department, for the conveni- the ence of visitors to the Museum, under The publications of the Museum fall direction of a dietitian-manager. It is naturally into two groups, technical and open from 1 1 :oo A. M. to 4:45 P. M. every popular. day except Sunday, Memorial Day, July The former, comprising the Anthropo- 4th, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas. logical Papers, Memoirs, Bulletin, and On the evenings of lectures in the American Museum Novitates, contain in- Members' Course, the restaurant will be formation gathered by the various expe- open to Members and friends. Dinner will ditions, or derived from the study of ma- be served from six until eight at $1. 10 terial collected. The Anthropological per plate. This also applies to any evening Papers, as the title implies, are devoted on which special lectures to Members are to researches carried on under the aus- given. It will assist us in providing this pices of the Department of Anthropol- service if Members will kindly telephone ogy. The Memoirs, quarto in size, con- ENdicott 2-8500, Extension 304. and tain monographs, many of which require make their reservations the day before, if large illustrations. The Bulletin contains possible. the longer scientific papers, covering rec- ords of explorations and collections of Cafeteria for School Children the Museum. The Novitates comprise the shorter scientific contributions, de- (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 11, Basement) scriptions of species, etc., which demand A cafeteria in the School Service Build- immediate publication. The scientific ing caters especially to school children publications are distributed to libraries and their teachers. of scientific institutions and societies [»] throughout the world, largely on an is used for important temporary exhibits exchange basis. and special gatherings, also a display <>l The popular publications include Nat- the circulating collections relating to nat- ural History. Junior Natural History ural history and geography available for (a children's magazine), Guide Leaflets. loans to public schools in New York City. Handbooks, and School Service Series. The second floor contains a lecture and are intended for the information of hall, seating five hundred, which can be the public. Natural History informs the divided into smaller halls, and there are Museum members of the work of the in- classrooms and a model school nature stitution, giving the results of the many room. expeditions, and important information On the third floor are offices for the gathered. It describes interesting or note- stall, the slide-circulating department, worthy exhibits and acquisitions, and in the teachers' reference library, and con- addition it contains articles of popular sultation room. scientific appeal. The illustrated Guide On the fourth floor is the office of the Leaflets, one hundred of which have been photographic division, with the photo- published, deal with exhibits of particu- graphic studios, the motion picture edit- lar interest, calling attention to impor- ing room, and film inspection room. tant objects on exhibition and giving special information regarding them. The Membership

Handbooks, twelve of which have been Through its explorations, The Amer- issued, deal with themes related to the ican Museum of Natural History is bring- collections, rather than with the objects ing together rare and valuable natural themselves. They are frequently used as history collections from all parts of the text-books. world. Through its exhibition halls, its The distribution of these popular pub- lectures, its work with school children and lications is a part of the educational work its publications, the Museum is making of the Museum, as are exhibits and these wonders of nature easily accessible. lectures. The growth of this work is in large meas- An Annual Report is issued yearly. ure dependent upon the contributions of School Service Building friends. Membership receipts are applied Adjoining the West Corridor is the directly to these purposes. There are ap- Bickmore Memorial Corridor, named in proximately twenty-six thousand mem- honor of Professor Albert S. Bickmore bers, who believe that the Museum is do- who inaugurated the work of the Mu- ing a useful service to science and to edu- seum with the schools. This leads to the cation, and are contributing to this work. School Service Wing which contains the The Trustees invite you to lend your exhibits, offices and classrooms of the support by becoming a member. Department of Education. Membership blanks may be obtained at Booth. The Department of Education is con- the Education Bureau or Sales cerned directly with work with the public or from the boxes near the elevators. schools of New York City through its Memberships may start at any time and loan collections of lantern slides and ob- will continue for a full year's period. jects of natural history and through illus- The various Classes of Membership, trated lectures given at the Museum and with the sums they contribute, are: at certain of the public schools. In co- Endowment Members $ 100.000 operation with the College of the City of Benefactors 50,000 New York, New York University and Associate Founders 25,000 Hunter College, several courses for col- Associate Benefactors 10.000 lege credit are given for teachers and col- Patrons 5,000 lege students. Adult education is also Life Members 1,000 receiving special attention. Fellows 500 The department occupies the School Supporting Members— Annualh 100 Servi< e Section, a five-story structure com- Contributing Members 50 pleted in 1926. Sustaining Members 25 On the first floor is Education Hall, Annual Members 10

(Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 1 1) which Associate Members 3

,2] Associate Members of The American Museum and Library of Natural History; Museum ot Natural History enjoy the of encouraging and developing the study following privileges: of Natural Science; of advancing the gen- Current issues of Natural History — a eral knowledge of kindred subjects, and popular illustrated magazine of science, of furnishing popular instruction. For travel, exploration and discovery, pub- eight years its home was in the Arsenal lished monthly (except July and August), in Central Park. the volumes beginning in January and The cornerstone of the present build- June. ing in Manhattan Square was laid in A copy of the President's Annual Re- 1874 by President Ulysses S. Grant. In port on request. 1877, the first section (South Central An Annual Pass admitting to the Mem- Wing) was completed, and on December bers' Room. This large tower room on 22, 1877, it was formally opened by Presi- the third floor of the building, open every dent R. B. Hayes. day in the year, is given over exclusively In 1880, the educational work with the to Members, and is equipped with every schools was inaugurated by Professor Al- comfort for rest, reading and correspon- bert S. Bickmore. dence. The Museum building is one of the Two Complimentary Tickets admit- largest municipal structures in the city, ting to the Members' Room for distribu- and has cost to date approximately $16,- tion by Members to their friends. 000,000. The South Facade is 710 feet in The services of an Instructor for guid- length, and the present East Facade, on ance when visiting the Museum. An ap- Central Park West, is 600 feet. When pointment must be made in advance. completed, the building is designed to In addition to these privileges, Mem- occupy all of Manhattan Square. bers of the higher classes, to which The building is largely erected and all friends of the Museum are eli- maintained by the City, through the De- gible, enjoy the following: partment of Parks. The Roosevelt Mem- orial section was the gift to the City by An Annual Pass admitting the Member the State of New York as its monument and friends accompanying him to the Re- to Theodore Roosevelt, and the Whitney served Seat Section of the auditorium at Wing was erected jointly by the late Lectures for Members. Harry Payne Whitney and the City of Two Single Admission Course Tickets New York. The Hayden Planetarium was to Spring and Autumn Series of Lectures financed by funds loaned by the Recon- for Members, to distribute to friends. struction Finance Corporation of the Two Single Admission Course Tickets Federal Government. 1 he annual City to Spring and Autumn Series of Lectures appropriation, known as the Mainten- for the Children of Members. ance Fund, is devoted to the care and up- Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets, of building on request. keep the and the safeguarding of the collections. Members' Room. To the left of the The Museum is under the control of a south elevators on the third floor (Index self-perpetuating Board of Trustees, who Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 2b) is a room give their services. set apart for the use of honorary and sub- The scientific and educational work is scribing members of the Museum, where carried on by fourteen departments, each they may rest, write letters, or meet their in charge of a Curator, under the leader- friends. It contains portraits of Presidents ship of the Director. and Founders of the Museum, and here The funds through which specimens may be found books by members of the are purchased, exhibits constructed, ex- Museum staff, in many cases based on ex- plorations carried on, and scientific in- peditions in which they have taken part. vestigation conducted, are contributed by the Trustees, Members, and The History and Work of the Museum other friends. The scientific and popular pub- The American Museum of Natural lications of the Museum and the enlarge- History was founded and incorporated ment of the Library are also made pos- in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a sible throua.li these contributions.

l 3 For the instruction of the public the South Entrance Archway halls of the Museum are devoted to the Under the arch on Seventy-seventh large series of exhibits which are de- Street, before entering the Museum door- scribed in this publication. This is sup- way, may be seen the Bench Mark estab- plemented by lectures and publications lished by the United States Geological of a popular nature. course of evening A Survey in 1911, on which are inscribed lectures is given every Spring and Fall the latitude and longitude, 40°46'47.i7" for the Members, also Saturday morning X.. 73°58'4i" W., and height above sea courses of Science Stories for children of level, 86 feet. Members. All lectures are illustrated by On the right is a Glacial Pot Hole from lantern slides and motion pictures, many Russell, St. Lawrence County, New York, of which have been secured by Museum formed by an eddy in a stream beneath expeditions. the melting ice of the glacier that once Under the direction of the Department covered northern New York State. Peb- of the Museum, extensive of Education bles, whirling around the eddy, cut and series of lectures are given for the public ground this hole, which is two feet across school of York, for children New and and four feet deep. students of high schools and colleges, Glacial Grooves. On the left, is a large some of the latter carrying college and slab of fossiliferous limestone from Kelly university credit. Series of radio talks on Island in Uake Erie, near Sandusky, Museum activities also are broadcast. whose surface has been smoothed, The larger audiences meet in the main grooved, and scratched by the stones and auditorium of the Museum on the first sand in the bottom of the vast moving floor (Index Plan, 16, Floor I, Hall p. 7). ice sheet that covered northeastern North This hall seats about 1400 persons and America during the Glacial epoch. is completely equipped with stereopticons Beryl Crystals. On either side of the and apparatus for projecting silent and archway are the two largest beryl crystals sound motion pictures. ever quarried. They were cut in Albany, Scientific Societies meet at the Museum Maine. These hexagonal crystals show regularly and a number of their lectures the typical aquamarine color in their are of general interest. clearer portions. The New York Academy of Sciences, the oldest scientific society in New York Memorial Hall City, founded in 1817. has its headquar- (Index Plan. p. 16, Floor I, Hall 2) ters in the Roosevelt Memorial Building One enters Memorial Hall, through the (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 12a). from It offers to scientists interested in pure re- lobby the South Entrance. Here, at search a forum for the discussion of their the left, is the statue of Morris K. Jesup, problems from a technical standpoint, for twenty-seven years President of the and opportunities for the publication of Museum. In niches around the Avail are their results. busts of noteworthy pioneers of science in America. In this hall are placed tem- The Exhibition Halls of the Museum porary exhibits of current interest, repre- senting research in various departments Fifty-eight halls of the Museum cover- of the Museum and recent results of ex- ing thirteen acres of floor space are now ploration by Museum expeditions. open to public exhibition. The visitor begins his journey through this immense Exploration and Geography treasure house of natural history (as al- readv mentioned in the caption under Interesting exhibits, relics of famous the frontispiece of this book), from one explorations made in cooperation with of three sections of the Museum; first, the Museum are located in the corridor the Roosevelt Memorial, witli entrances leading to the elevators. (Index Plan, p. on three levels (See pages 6-8); second, 16. Floor I. Hall 2b). the Planetarium (See page 20); and. Here are sledges that with Peary (1906) third, the South, or Seventy-seventh and Amundsen (191 1) reached the North Street Entrance, which will now be de- and South Poles, respectively; also sou- scribed. venirs of the Amundsen-Ellsworth expe-

«4 ditions ol 1925 and 1926. Maps of the northward up the Atlantic Coast to New Polar Regions show the routes of various York, covering a total of 30,000 miles. explorers and the polar air flights. Index Plans to the Museum In a room at the left end of this cor- On the four following pages. Index ridor is the large Mainka seismograph for Plans are given, through which the vari- recording earthquakes. This was pre- ous exhibition halls described in this sented to the New York Academy of book may be readily located. After the Sciences by Emerson McMillin, and re- title of each hall is the page reference to cently donated to the Museum by the the appropriate floor-plan, followed by Academy. the floor number in Roman numerals; Lindbergh Plane. Another exhibit of and the hall number, corresponding to historical interest for scientific explora- that on the plan, in Arabic numerals. tion, now in the Hall of Ocean Life (In- Thus (Index Plan. p. 17. Floor II, Hall dex Plan. p. 16, Floor I, Hall 10), is the 5) indicates that the hall referred to is airplane flown by Charles and Anne marked by the number "5" on the Index Lindbergh "North to the Orient." and Plan for the second floor on page 17. In later to Europe via Greenland and Ice- this instance, the North Asiatic Hall is land: then down to Africa, returning: meant. Pictorial illustrations symbolize across the South Atlantic to Brazil, and the exhibits in each hall.

[*5 FIRST FLOOR 8I"STREET N Besides the 'Drama of the 5k/es' the Hayden Planetarium otters numerous interestmgexhibits such as The Mall ot the Sun where the planets swin^ in their orbits, a lar^e collection of meteonte5,murals, astronomical instruments C and transparencies ot heavenly phenomena

PLANEUBIUH ENIMNC rtntrnals of New York State 5 MEr1BERSHIP0FEICE„ m AND RECEPTION ROOM THEODORE ROOSEVELT Fuft/rr North rlmncan AUDITORIUM @ MEMORIAL 'gl CROUPS |0t| Hopi Croup Apache baskets Turquoise Exhibit1 Pueblo Bonito Canyon del tlucrto *.-

INDEX PLAN FOR FIRST FLOOR OF MUSEUM

Numbers in list below refer to the Hall Numbers shown in circles in the above diagram

Anthropology. Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8. Elevators. Halls 12a and 2b. (See also Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Eskimos. Hall 7a. Floor III, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Fishes. Hall 9. (See also 12a.)

Halls 6 and 8.) Forestry and Conservation. Hall 3. Auditorium. Hall 7. (See also smaller lec- Gold Ornaments. Halls 4 and 8. ture 100ms, Floor II, Hall 11; Floor III, Indians. Halls 1, 4, 6, and 8. (See also Hall 12a; Floor IV, Hall 12a; Floor V, Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8.) Hall 12a.) Invertebrates (Living). Halls 5, 10, and Birds (Biology of). Hall 19. (See also Floor 12a.

II, Halls 1, 2, and 19; Floor III, Hall 1; Lindbergh Plane, Hall 10. Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.) Mammals (Living). Halls 10, 12, and 12a.

Birds, Local. Hall 12a. (See also Floor II, Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13; Book Shop. Halls 2 and 2b. (See also Sales Eloor III, Halls 2, 3, and 13.) Booth, Floor I, Hall 18.) Planetarium. Hall 18. (See also Floor II, Check Rooms. Halls 2 and 12 (Vestibules). Hall 18.) Coral Reef Group. Hall 10. Polar Exploration. Hall 2b.

Darwin Hall. Hall 5. Seismograph. Between Halls 1 and 2b. Education Bureau. Hall 2 (Vestibule); Subway. Hall 12a (Basement).

and 1 1 (Temporary Exhibits). (See also Temporary Exhibits. Halls 2 and 1 1. Floor II, Hall 11; Floor III, Hall 11.) Tree of Life. Hall 5.

[16] SOUTH SECOND FLOOR SEX BIRDS ® The Hayden Planetarium presents an nspinng, instructive and interesting

parade ot the stars by means ot the Zeiss Projector which throws upona man-made sky, light images ot our Sister planets.and the thousands of stars that are visible to the unaided eye

Nazca Pottery Mummy of a Copper Miner Shrunken Human Heads Textiles

CLASS AND LECTURE ROOMS (Q)

Stone Implements Early Pictorial Art Mound Builder Pottery Modeled Clay Bison

CENTRAL-?, | MEXICAN AND i^AMERICANINDlANS

^CULTURE, ^

fGiant Stone Sculptures 1 Stone *Jade 4 Gold Ornaments

INDEX PLAN FOR SECOND FLOOR OF MUSEUM

diagram Numbers in list below refer to the Hall Numbers shown in circles in the above

Akeley African Hall. Hall 13. (See also Information Desk. Hall 12. (See also Floor Floor III, 13.) I, Hall 2 (Vestibule).)

Anthropology. Halls 4, 6, and 8. (See also Lecture Room. Hall 1 1. (See also Floor I, Floor I, Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8; Floor Hall 7; Floor III, Hall 12a; Floor IV, III, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Halls 6 Hall 12a; Floor V, Hall 12a.) and 8.) Mammals (Living). Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13. 19. (See also Floor I, Birds. Halls 1, 2, and (See also Floor I, Halls 10, 12, and 12a; Halls 12a and 19; Floor III, Hall 1; Floor III, Halls 2, 3, and 13.) Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.)

Panda, Giant. Hall 5. Copper Man. Hall 8. Planetarium. Hall 18. (See also Floor I, Education. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Hall 18.) Halls 2 (Vestibule) and 1 1 (Temporary Exhibits); Floor III, Hall 11.) Restaurant. Hall 2. (See also Cafeteria, Elevators. Halls 12a and 2b. Basement under Hall 11.)

['7 THIRD FLOOR ® WHITNEY WING

Carved Ivory Large Signal Drums Blacksmith Group

iBenin Bronze Work J

SCHOOL SERVICE OFFICE LANTERN SLIDE COLLECTIONS @ Tibetan Ceremonial Object's Ancient Bronzes-China Carved Ivory Tusk-Japan Siberian Fur Coats ANTHROPOLOGY m (2)

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INDEX PLAN FOR THIRD FLOOR OF MUSEUM

Numbers in list below refer to the Hall Numbers shown in circles in the above diagram

Anthropology. Halls 4, 6, and 8. (See also Lantern Slides and Photographs. Hall 11.

Floor I, Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8; Floor Lecture Rooms. Hall 12a. (See also Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Halls 6 I, Hall 7; Floor IV, Hall 12 a; Floor V, and 8.) 12a.) Biology, Public Health. Hall 12a. Mammals (Living), Biology and Evolu- Birds. Hall 1. (See also Floor I, Halls ig tion of. Halls 2 and 3; Akeley Hall Gal- and 12a; Floor II, Halls 1, 2, and 19; lery, Hall 13. (See also Floor I, Halls Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.) 10, 12, and 12a; Floor II, Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13; Floor IV, Hall 2a.) Comparative Anatomy. Hall 4. Members' Room. Hall 2b. Education. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Halls 2 (Vestibule) and 11; Floor II. Petrologv. Hall 7a. (See also Floor IV,

Hall 11.) Hall 1.)

Elevators. Halls 12a and 2b. Primates. Hall 2.

Insects. Hall 5. (See also Floor II, Hall Reptiles (Living). Hall 9. (See also Floor 12a.) II. Hall 12a; Basement, Hall 12.)

Jumbo Skeleton. Hall 3. Whale Model. Hall 3.

[18] —

FOURTH FLOOR

The Scientific Reference Librar y ma y be reached by elevators.in Roosevelt Memorial or at the 77U? street entrance buildin g •

Outrigger Boat Tree House Javanese Shadow Plays and Puppets Headhunter's Knives) —=r=

Feather Cloak-Hawaii Fire Walk Group-Tahiti Melanesian Masks aori Tattooed Heads

The Elements Gems and Gem Stones (Amethyst Crysta ls-PetrifiedTrees

fChmese and Japanese Jade drummond HALL V_ Ivory Craftsmanship

INDEX PLAN FOR FOURTH FLOOR OF MUSEUM

Numbers in list below refer to the Hall Numbers shown in circles in the above diagram

Anthropology. Halls 6 and 8. Horse, Evolution of. Hall 3. Audubon Art Exhibit. Hall 12a. Horses, (Modern, including famous rac-

Bird Art Gallery. Hall 19. ers). Hall 2a.

Camel, Evolution of. Hall 3. Invertebrates (Fossil). Hall 1.

Dinosaurs. Halls 5, 9, 12a, and 13. Jade, Drummond Collection. Hall 6.

Drummond Collection of Jade. Hall 6. Library. Take elevators to Floor V, Halls 12a and 2b. Eggs, Dinosaur. Hall 5. Mammals (Fossil). Halls 2 and 3. Fishes (Fossil). Hall 5. Man, Origin of. Hall 2. (See also Floor Fossil Exhibits: III, Hall 4.) Fishes. Hall 5. Minerals and Gems. Hall Invertebrates. Hall 1. 4.

Mammals. Halls 2 and 3. New York Academy of Sciences. Hall 12a. Reptiles. Halls 5, 9, 12, and 13. Philippine Natives. Hall 8.

Gems and Minerals. Hall 4. Reptiles (Fossil). Halls 5, 9, 12a, and 13.

Geologv. Hall 1. (See also Floor III, Hall South Sea Natives. Hall 6.

' 7 a.) Tracks, Dinosaur". Hall 12a. [iQl HWDl* t'J^V^X'JV

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HAYDEN PLANETARIUM AT NIGHT

ASTRONOMY AND PLANETARIUM

(Index Plan, pp. 16-17, Floors III, Hall 18)

The new Hayden Planetarium, with tion Finance Corporation to construct main entrance on Eighty-first Street and and equip such a planetarium. Mr. Central Park West, constitutes the Mu- Charles Hayden of New York, after seum's Hall of Astronomy. The principal whom the building is named, generously feature of the building is the Zeiss Pro- donated both the Zeiss projection plane- jection instrument. Installed in the cen- tarium instrument and the Copernican ter of a hemispherical dome seventy-five planetarium on the first floor, feet in diameter, the weird instrument is Tne performances in the Zeiss Projec- of a series of projectors which made up t j on Chamber on the second floor are stars, throw on the artificial sky the fixed scheduled as follows until Nov. 1, 1939: the sun, planets, the Milky moon, and Weekdays, Saturdays, and Holidays- Way. Since there are no pillars to inter- |i;oo A M i:oo 2:oo cept the light, the illusion of the depth of g. QO an(j Q p jyj space is perfect. „ , 1 „, 'r r .1 Sundays— 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 0:00 Plans tor an astronomy, section of the 1 • p c m ' 9- • Museum were first developed in 1925 by • the late Howard Russell Butler, in colla- General Admission-

Afternoons. . 25c. boration with the Museum staff and the Mornings and . architects, Trowbridge and Livingston. Reserved Seat 50c. In the spring of 1933 the Trustees of Evenings 35c. the American Museum formed a sepa- Reserved Seat 60c. rate corporation under the Reconstruc- Children 15c.

[20] THE SUX GOD PURSUES THE MOON GODDESS ACROSS THE SKY. Mural painting b Charles R. Knight

As the visitor enters the first-floor cor- 1923, and 1925, in Oregon, California, ridor he sees opposite the entrance a and Connecticut respectively. large mural painting by Charles R. Notable also among Mr. Butler's Knight, based on astronomical legends paintings is the strange and beautiful and myths of the American Indians. The "Lunar Landscape," showing the sky as myths represented were selected from the it would appear from the surface of the Blackfoot Indians. The central figure moon, with the earth as a heavenly body depicts the Sun God pursuing the Moon shining in the distance. The two paint- Goddess across the sky. In the upper ings of the red planet Mars, as seen from right may be seen the Pleiades as con- its inner and its outer moons, show the ceived by the Indians, and in the upper so-called canals and other surface fea- left the Big Dipper and the North Star. tures. The exquisite painting of the On a mountain in the lower left coiner Northern Lights as seen in August, 1919, sits the Ancient or Original Man sending from the coast of Maine, is one of the the little animals down below the water most beautiful of all astronomical paint- to bring up mud out of which he makes ings. the world, in accordance with a wide- On the first floor is the Hall of the Sun, spread creation legend. with its animated model of the solar sys- On the second floor of the Planetarium tem, forty feet across. Here we see the sun are hung the astronomical paintings of and six of the nine known planets— part the late Howard Russell Butler, of of that family of heavenly bodies to Princeton, the most striking of which are which our earth belongs—as though we the three eclipse subjects over the south- were viewing them from a great distance, east entrance to the Planetarium dome from far out in space. representing eclipses observed in 1918, In the center of the circular room, sus-

[2. pended from the ceiling, is a large lumi- the instrument, and yet it is certainly the nous globe representing the sun itself. At most impressive. When the light is grad- increasing distances from this are the ually dimmed, bringing on the darkness small globes of those planets nearest the the stars are "turned on," giving a realis- sun: little Mercury, closest of all; Venus, tic illusion of the starry heavens. veiled by a dense layer of bright clouds; The projection of the stars is controlled Earth, with its seas and continents and by a switchboard arranged like a desk-top its attendant moon; Mars, long disputed with switches reminiscent of organ-stops. as a possible abode of life; Jupiter, the These turn the stars on and oft. On the giant planet, bigger than all the rest vertical part of the board are rheostats rolled together; and Saturn, surrounded controlling the brightness of the stars and by its unique and beautiful rings. other celestial objects. With this instru- The miniature worlds of this compli- ment before him, the lecturer has over cated machine not only revolve about the two thousand combinations at his com- sun but rotate on their axes as the real mand. planets rotate, moving always at the cor- The apparatus has several different rect relative speeds. speeds, all many times faster than the real The three planets farthest from the motions. This makes it possible to con- sun, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, are not dense a very long astronomical story, so included in the apparatus because of as to give in a few minutes a clear under- their enormous distances. standing of the seemingly intricate work- Before and after each Planetarium per- ings of the heavenly bodies. formance Dr. Clyde Fisher, by means of The American Museum of Natural electrical transcription, directs the atten- History collection of meteorites exhibited tion of the visitors to the motions of these in the first floor corridors of the Plane- bodies in the Solar System and gives a tarium is one of the largest collections in short lecture on the important and inter- the world, comprising 3498 specimens esting facts concerning them. from huge masses like the Cape York The floor of the Hall of the Sun is meteorite, weighing 36I/9 tons, the largest enriched by a reproduction in terrazzo meteorite in any museum, to thousands bv Victor Foscato of the famous Aztec of small specimens like gravel compris- Calendar Stone in Mexico City. The orig- ing the study collection. inal symbolizes the Sun which was. to Meteorites are those extra-terrestrial the Aztecs, the most important of the bodies which fall to the earth from outer heavenly bodies adored by them, and space. They consist of stone or metal, or commemorates the four past epochs of a combination of these materials, and the world and the one in which they vary in size from dust particles to im- lived. A cast of the original is to be found mense masses weighing tons. When pass- in the Mexican Hall on the second floor ing through the earth's atmosphere these of the Museum. celestial objects are usually accompanied The projection apparatus itself is in- by manifestations of light and sound, stalled on the second floor. It is shaped and are known as shooting stars, meteors like a huge dumb-bell about twelve feet or fireballs. The term meteorite is applied long, at each end of which is a large only after they reach the ground and globe. These two globes contain the pro- form a part of the earth. jectors of the fixed stars, one globe for Also in the first floor corridor is a re- the northern hemisphere of the sky, the markable collection of sun-dials, com- other for the southern. Lantern slides so passes, and astronomical instruments. shaped that their images fit together This fine loan collection covers almost when projected on the dome, make a the entire range from ancient Chinese complete picture of the starry heavens instruments through the fine metal in- without overlapping and without gaps. struments made in the middle-centuries The representation of the fixed stars, in France and Germany, down to the including the Milky Way, is a compara- very accurate compasses which play such tively simple part of the performance of an important part in modern navigation.

[22] *Ow ^f

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THE GREAT ZEISS PROJECTION INSTRUMENT IN THE PLANETARIUM. This is the principal feature of the Planetarium builcing. Through its means the illusion of the heavens with the fixed stars and planets, following the ; r apparent paths through the sky, is thrown upon a dome-shaped ceiling GEOLOGY

(Index Plan, pp. 18-19. Floor III, Hall 7a; Floor IV, Hall 1) The geological exhibits in the Museum have been installed to show the most evi- are found in the Hall of Geology and In- dent and striking results of geologic forces vertebrate Paleontology on the fourth acting through long periods of time. Be- floor, and on the third floor, in the Hall ginning at the left near the entrance, they of Petrology and Economic Geology. are as follows: past Geologv is the science of the and 1. The model of the Bright Angel sec- present conditions of the earth. It enters tion of the Grand Canyon of the Colo- into a consideration of the materials com- rado River, Arizona, illustrated on page posing the earth, their composition, struc - distribution, and the physical ture, 2. A model of the Niagara Falls region, changes they have undergone or may be built to the same scale as the Grand undergoing. It deals with minerals and Canyon, showing the falls and the seven- association in their arrangement and mile gorge which its waters have cut in rocks and ores. It considers the occur- ancient sedimentary rocks, and also the rence, distribution, origin and history of more recent glacial deposits covering the the principal kinds of rocks, namely: surface. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. 3. The Potomac River section, show- deposi- It especially treats of the order of ing the Appalachian Mountain type of of the stratified beds tion and sequence folding and erosion, with rivers adjusted together the fos- of rock, for these, with to the softer rocks of Silurian and De- not only sils found in many of them, give vonian age. a chronological account of the events in 4. The Van Horn, Texas, region, fea- the development of the earth's crust, but turing lault block structures and a bolson reveal the succession of life forms on the basin — a depression nearly enclosed by earth. The processes and agents which mountains. are at work within and on the surface of 5. Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, in- the earth, tending to modify it, such as cluding the geyser basins and Rocky rock weathering, underground waters, Mountain type of topography. glaciation, diastrophism, vulcanism, 6. The Pike's Peak, Colorado, model, metamorphism and gradation, are forces showing the mountain composed of red which are acting to-day and have been granite, and the bordering stratified de- acting throughout the long history of the posits of the Great Plains near Colorado earth. The processes of change are most Springs. conspicuous where air, water and rocks 7. The caldera of Mt. Mazama, five are in contact with one another. miles in diameter and two thousand feet The field of geology is so broad that, deep, which has been made a National for convenience and specialized study, it Park, and has become famous under the has been divided into numerous branches. name Crater Lake. Numerous outpour- The three principal branches are: (1) ings of lava suggest the structure and Structural geology, treating of the form, history of the ancient volcano. arrangement and internal structure of 8. The Standing Stone district near the rocks; (2) Dynamical geology, deal- Monterey, Tennessee, showing normal ing with the causes and processes of geo- subaerial erosion and the production of logic change; (3) Historical geology, sink holes in horizontally disposed beds which, aided by other sciences, aims to of limestone and shale. give a chronological account of the events Continuing on the opposite side of the in the earth's history. hall are the following models: Geologic Exhibits in the Hall of 9. The Mt. Tom-Mt. Holyoke district Geology and Invertebrate ol western Massachusetts, showing a great Paleontology trough, traversing the ancient crystalline (Index Plan. p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 1) rocks, which was filled with the sands, To illustrate the three principal muds and intruded lava flows in Triassic branches of geology, pictorial models of lime.

fifteen areas within the United States 10. 1 he Watkins Glen-Seneca Lake

24 THE ERUPTION OF MT. PELEE OX THE ISLAND OF MARTINIQUE. This was one of the most destructive eruptions known in history. It took place in the year 1902 and completely de- stroyed the city of Saint Pierre causing the death of 30.000 inhabitants. From a painting in the Hall of Geologv

district of central New York State, show- talline pre-Cambrian rocks on Manhattan ing moraine deposits and other features Island to the north and east; the Triassic due to the advance and retreat of the rocks west of the Hudson, which include continental ice sheet over a region of red sandstone, shale and conglomerate, horizontally bedded limestone, sandstone the Palisades diabase and the Watchung and shale. In the background appears a basaltic ridges; also the glacial drift and representation of the retreating ice-front terminal deposits on Long Island, on of the last glaciation. Staten Island, and in New Jersey.

1 1. The Mt. Washington, New Hamp- 15. The last model in this series is one shire, region, showing typical glacial of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, cirques and other glacial phenomena in showing a narrow submerged platform an area of crystalline rocks. and neighboring vast oceanic "deeps." 12. The picturesque Yosemite Valley Facing the entrance of the Hall is a geo- in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Cali- logical relief model of the lower Hudson fornia, with U.shaped glaciated vallev River region from New York City nearly bottom and precipitous marginal yvalls. to Albany. A relief map of the Panama 13. The San Francisco, California, Canal occupies the center of the aisle model, exhibiting a portion of the Pacific toward the rear. Ocean, the Coast Range with volcanic In each of the eight alcoves on the west and sedimentary rocks, the California side of the hall is placed a model show- trough or inner lowland with plains bor- ing a stage in the geographic development dering San Francisco Bav. and the famous of the North American continent. Those strait. Golden Gate. represented fall within the following geo- 14. The New York City model, show- logic periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Si- ing the Hudson River estuary: the crys- lurian. Devonian, Permian. Cretaceous,

[ 25 1 Eocene and Pliocene. The present known Tin Mail of PETROLOGY or surface, evidenced by outcrops ol lossili- Rock History ferous rock of the age represented, is (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 7.1 shown in black. From this and other data the extent of the ancient epicon- The new Hall of Petrologv. on the third tinental seas lias been determined and floor, is approached through the Hall of the shore-lines marked. The present North American Birds (III. 1), and has oceanic depths are shown in relief, while been designed to present the visitor and the various marine basins and elevated student with a concise and graphic visual- land masses on the continent ate marked ization ol the basic processes of lock for- with colors without relief. The present mation, as well as the application of the outline of North America, shown on each science ol Geology to modern life and the model, indicates that the geography din- industrial world. ing the first six periods was quite different At the entrance to the Hall is a series from that of to-day. of paintings and exhibits depicting the most spectacular and best-known vol- At the rear of the hall, to the right, is canoes in the world— Mt. Lassan. Mi. the Copper Queen Mine exhibit. A large Pelee (see page 25), Vesuvius, Sakurajima model, tS bv 12 feet, shows on a minia- and others — and a map showing the ture scale the surface features build- and world distribution of volcanoes. ings over lour of the principal mines lie- Leading from this section the Hall ex- longing to the Copper Queen Consoli- hibits products of magma, or molten dated Mining Company of Bisbee, Ari- rock, from deep in the earth. The various zona, while a painted background repre- products of volcanic eruptions, such as sents the surrounding mountains and the ash. pumice, lava, volcanic bombs, gas- town of Bisbee. The sides of the model eous deposits, are also shown. give vertical sections to the depth of The following cases and diagrams show about 1.200 feet, illustrating the geolog) the result ol igneous intrusions of molten of the area and showing the general man- rock into cold rocks at various levels and ner ol getting out the ore and hunting the types of rocks so formed — how man .lor new deposits. is able to glean the precious stores of gold, Specimens of ore. minerals and 10c ks silver, copper, iron, radium and lead as from the mine and the adjacent country a result ol these cooling processes. illustrate the geology of the region, in- In the succeeding exhibits the visitor cluding velvet malachites and a great observes the break-down of primary rocks block of malachite and azurite weighing by wind and water and then the deposi- about three tons taken from the original tion in seas and \alle\s to build up a new- "Queen" mine. class of rocks — the sedimentary rocks- forming sandstones, shales and lime- Opposite the Copper exhibit is Queen stones. a display ol caves and cave material, in- Exhibits describing structural geology c hiding a reproduction of part of a beau- show how rocks can be folded and broken tiful cave discovered at the Copper Queen when the surface of the Earth is being mine. It was formed bv the dissolving ac- molded into new mountain chains and tion of water traversing joints in lime- new seas. The third group of rocks shown stone, and its walls, roof and bottom were is that of the metamorphic rocks — those afterward coated with incrustations, stal- created under such terrific pressures and actites and stalagmites of calcite. some ol heat that an entirely new class of crystal- which are dazzlingly white while others line rocks is made. are colored green with copper salts or Further economic geology is shown by pink with manganese compounds. exhibits of ore-bearing rocks, and the

Near b\ is a reproduction of a c hamber various processes which produce coal and in Weyer's Cave, Virginia. Here the heavy oil. as well as the history and types of rainfall of the region is probably the prin- coal and their distribution in the United c ipal lac lot in producing a greater wealth Slates. ol stalactite and stalagmite growth than The nature of the interior of the earth in the Copper Queen Cave. is shown in another case.

2(> MODEL OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO

Miniature Model or the Grand level and the excavation of the present Canyon of the Colorado canyon was started and is still progressing. This relief model represents a region (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 1) about sixteen miles wide from west to Showing General Appearance and east and thirteen miles from north to Geological Section south. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado The Grand Canyon was first seen by River is represented in this model in such white men early in the sixteenth cen- a manner as to show not only the chief tury, when Cardenos and his twelve com- features of this magnificent example of panions were guided by Hopi Indians to erosion but also the successive layers of some now unknown point on the rim. rock which make up its geological struc- He remained there four days looking in ture. The Grand Canyon is more than vain for a way to descend. Cardenos had three hundred miles long, thirteen miles been sent out by de Coronado to find wide and a mile in depth from the brink the wonderful river the existence of which of the canyon to the river bed. For count- had been related to de Tovor, another less ages the gneiss and granite were member of the famous exploring expedi- formed laver upon layer. Then it sank tion. The first sure traverse of the Can- beneath the sea and successive layers of yon was made in small boats in the sum- de- sandstone, limestone, and shales were mer of 1869. by Major J. W. Powell with posited upon it to a depth of more than eight brave companions. 4.000 feet. After several millions of years The head of the Bright Angel Trail these rocks were raised above sea level, is 6866 feet above mean sea level while and erosion by streams, wind and frost the river in front of this spot is about took place. A second time this region was 2400 feet above the sea, making the can- submerged beneath the sea and more von about 4460 feet deep below an ob- marine deposits were laid upon it. Similar server standing in front of the hotel. The changes continued to take place through- opposite brink of the canyon, however, is out the ages until about a million years eight thousand feet above sea level so that ago the whole plain was again above sea the total depth is more than one mile.

[27] BLUE TOPAZ FROM JAPAN. Egg-shaped, brilliant cut, with 440 facets and weighing 1,463 carats. Natural size. Gift of M. L. Morgenthau.

ENGRAVED EMERALD ORNAMENT. This engraved emerald weighing 87.64 carats was orig- inally from Muso, Colombia. Sir Purden Clarke placed this gem, probably of Delhi cutting and used as a head ornament by some Hindu prince, in the period of the Mogul domination of India (1526-1739). Gift of Elisabeth Cockcroft Schettlei

yellow color, resembling sherry wine, is generally accepted as typical. To such an extent is this true that we find the word topaz often incorrectly used to describe *r', *x* # -" " -•*». other yellow stones, as for example, ori- ental topaz, (yellow sapphire) and false topaz (quartz). A colorless variety is oc- casionally used as an imitation diamond in cheap jewelry, its brilliancy surpassing that of cut glass. The hardness of topaz, greater than that of amethyst (quartz) is almost equal to that of emerald. It is therefore emi- nently fitted for the high rank which it takes among semiprecious stones, gems of fine color ranking in value with choice aquamarines of equal weight. tion usually taking the form of cracks and Although topaz is obtained from a inclusions which greatly impair the trans- great number of localities, the best col- parency of the stone. It is this rarity of de- ored stones come from Brazil. sirable stones of the first quality which renders the emerald the most costly of The Edith Haggin De Long Star Ruby precious stones, the value of the best gems being between three and four times The finest and largest gem of its kind that of diamonds of equal weight. known to exist in the world. Its color is a The principal source of emeralds is the peculiar milky crimson which can best be Muso Mines of Colombia, a locality which described as "orchid red." The curious was furnishing gems to the aborigines at and beautiful six-rayed star which glows the time of the Spanish conquest. within the gem results from a myriad of minute hollow tubes which are distrib- The Topaz uted throughout the crystal with great Although gem crystals of the mineral regularity, parallel to its six sides. When topaz are found in a variety of yellow, cut en cabochon, so that the rounded orange and blue shades, the deep orange- dome arches over this hexagonal pattern

30] THE EDITH HAG- GIN DE LONG STAR RUBY. This unusual- ly beautiful star ruby is reputed to he the largest and finest gem of its kind in the world. It weighs too carats and was discov- ered in one of the mhv mines of Burma. lis color is a peculiar orchid-red. A remark- able six-rayed star glows within the gem, formed from a myriad of minute hollow tubes which are distributed throughout the crystal with great regularity, parallel to its si\ sides. The stone has been cut in a rounded dome, the shape which best re- flects the light from the interior. It was pre- sented to the Museum by Mrs. George Bowen l)e Long, in whose honor it is named

of cavities, stones of this kind reflect the Geology and Minerals of New York light from the interior as a six-rayed star State. Two cases illustrating these fea- and consequently they are termed star tures are exhibited on the first floor of rubies and star sapphires. This gem, the Roosevelt Memorial (Index Plan, p. weighing 100 carats, was discovered in i(i. Floor I, Hall 12). One case shows the one of the ruby mines of Burma and was principal minerals characteristic of the presented to the Museum by Mrs. George State and the localities where they may Bowen de Long, in whose honor it is be found. The other demonstrates the named. It is unique among star rubies extent of the sedimentary, igneous, and and the largest of such rubies only re- metamorphic areas within the borders of moiely approach it in quality. the State.

[3' TWO FINE SPECIMENS OF NATROLITE FROM THE MUSEUMS COL- LECTION OF MINERALS. The specimen of natrolite, to the left, tame from Lip- pa, Bohemia. The slender orthorhomhic crystal - like prisms, nearly square in cross section, form a radiat- ing group somewhat resem- bling clusters of organ pipes

(Right) NATROLITE FROM WEST PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. Besides the tetragonal crystals, finer hair-like crystals in the form of long slender silkv needles radiate from a cen- tral nucleus suggesting a fluffy seed hall of the dan- delion

3-M TWO QUARTZ AGATE GEODES FROM URUGUAY. The rock cavity which finally became the geode shown in the upper figure was encrusted in successive layers of agate deposited from the silica dissolved in the water which circulated through it, and which ultimately added crystallized quartz in a final layer. This quartz, colored with a purplish hue. is known as amethyst

[33] ASBESTOS (to the left) is a variety of acrino- Lite, a lime-magnesia silicate with some fer- rous iron, consisting of white, gray or green fibers which arc easily separated and can be spun or filtered to make non-combustible fabrics

SI IBM IK (to the right) is a sulphide of the semi-metallic substance known as antimony. The slender orthorhombic prisms are made up of main crystals joined parallel to each other. Ibis mineral is the chief source from which antimon) is obtained. The specimen illustrated came from lino. Japan

[34] PALAEONTOLOGY

A FOSSIL AMMONITE of 150,000,000 years ago, related to the ancestors of the common nautilus

(Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 1)

Closely connected with geology, and in- deed almost inseparable from it, is palae- ontology, or the study of ancient forms of life. The sedimentary rocks have been found, on examination, to contain in many places remains of plants or animals, which may closely resemble, but more often appear very different from, those now living on the earth. The order of deposition of the beds, with the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top, and the imbedded fossil forms of life, give the geologist the means of construct- ing a chronological chart, or time scale, depicting the eras, periods, epochs and formations of geologic time. There are five eras: Archaeozoic (Primal life), Pro- terozoic (Primitive life), Palaeozoic (An- cient life), Mesozoic (Medieval life), and Cenozoic (Modern life). The rocks of the Archaeozoic era have not afforded recog- nizable fossils, although the indirect evi- dence is sufficient to assume that life ex- isted at that time. In a few localities (as in Montana and southern Australia), fos- sils have been obtained from the rocks of late Proterozoic age. Beginning with the

FOSSIL SCORPION* (right). A eurypterid (Eu-

sarcus scorpionis), one of the first air-breathing, r ... ^urf, FOSSIL BR ACHIOPODS OF THE SILURIAN basal period of the Palaeozoic era, the AGE. Primitive shelled creatures somewhat re- Cambrian, well-preserved fossils indicate sembling clams externally but not related to that all of the various classes of inverte- them brate life were in existence, but not so abundant and varied as in later periods. The earliest known forms of vertebrate life are the fossil fishes from the upper Ordovician rocks of Colorado.

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES OF ANCIENT A FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE As installed in the Hall of Geology and SEAS. (Below) A well-preserved crinoid, or sea- Invertebrate Palaeontology the exhibits lilv. a flower like animal related to modern star-fishes of fossil invertebrates occupy alcoves on either side of the hall. The specimens in the cases on the left are arranged to illus- trate historical geology, beginning at the with the Pre-Cambrian rocks J entrance I through the til and advancing regularly Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devo- nian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Tri- assic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligo- cene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene periods of geologic time. Most of the specimens on exhibition are from Ameri-

TRILOBITES (below) flourished in Devonian seas and became extinct millions of years ago. Perhaps related to the ancestors of modern Crustacea Portion of a large rock crowded with

br ach i opods (Spirifer vanux- emi).

can localities. The specimens shown are life of different periods of the worlds those particularly characteristic of the history. various horizons, the object being to give The specimens on the right side are ar- an idea of the general character of the ranged to illustrate the classification and relationship of the plants and animals of past geologic times. The series starts with the invertebrate animals, beginning with the lower, or simpler, forms and continu- ing to the highest. The specimens have A CLAM OF THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN AGE. The sands of these ancient seas have been been drawn from foreign and domestic hardened to rock in the perfectly preserved clam localities and different geologic ages. The shell shown below partially imbedded in its exhibits illustrate at a glance the wide stonv tomb range of variation which each group has taken during geologic time. In the center of the hall arc the stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pennsylvania. Millions of years ago, in the geological period known as the Car- *k boniferous, this tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most valuable bed of coal. The stump was left in the roof of the mine when the coal was extracted for commercial and domes- tic uses. It fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned, and it was discovered ouh through the chance visit of a miner. Two stumps of a large fossil tree-fern ol Middle Devonian age from Gilboa, New York, appear in the first alcove on the right. These specimens were obtained from a quarry opened in connection with the great engineering work of the New York Cit\ Board of Water Supply. They "H are the oldest trees known. iv.\Sx<*^

GIANT BULLDOG FISH (Portheus molossus). This huge fossil fish came from the chalk heels of Kansas, li is i-, feet. 8 inches long and about 80 million years old

FOSSIL VERTEBRATES life thereon. The skeletons exhibited in lived (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, these halls are of animals which

Halls 2, 2b, 3, 5, 9, 12a, 13) from 10,000 to 250,000,000 years ago, while in the Hall of the Age of Man speci- Fossils are the petrified remains of mens of fossil man are exhibited dating plants or animals that lived at some past from 10,000 to 1,250,000 years from the period of the earth's history. Sometimes, present. as with the bones of the great Irish elk, To prepare a specimen for exhibition, the objects have been buried in swamps the matrix in which the bones are em- or bogs, and in a few rare instances, as bedded is carefully chipped away and the with the mammoth and woolly rhin- missing parts restored in cement and plas- oceros, entire animals have been pre- ter. The bones are then assembled as in served for thousands of years in ice or life. In the specimens on exhibition, the frozen mud. Fossils are found in locali- restored parts differ in color from the ties where the dead animals or plants were original skeleton and can readily be dis- gradually buried under layers of sedi- tinguished. ment to such a depth and for so long a The Museum's collections of fossil ver- time that they finally became petrified. tebrates are probably the finest in the Later, through upheaval and erosion, they world considering not merely numbers, were again brought to or near the sur- but especially variety, quality and per- face of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow fected methods of preparation and ex- replacement of animal or vegetable ma- hibition. terial by such minerals as carbonate of The walls of several of the halls are lime or silica, which are carried in solu- adorned by mural paintings by Charles tion by the underground waters. The R. Knight, portraying some of the more process is very slow and for this reason striking animals of the various geologic the soft parts usually decay before they ages, culminating with those contem- can be petrified. Fossil beds are found in porary with early man in Europe and even continent. In our own country. America. Texas, Montana, Wyoming and the Bad The Museum's exhibits of fossil verte- Lands of South Dakota are famous for brates are all displayed on the Fourth their large fossil beds, and many of the Floor. finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities. Fossil Fishes As it takes thousands of years for the

1 Index Floor IV, Hall various layers of earth to accumulate Plan, p. 19. 5) over the bones, and for the latter to be- The Bashford Dean Memorial Exhibit come hardened to rock, the study of fos- of Fossil Fishes occupies the Southeast sils and of the strata in which they are Tower of the Museum on the Fourth found is an important aid in determining Floor. the age of the earth and the succession of One enters the exhibit below a model

[38 of the jaws of an enormous fossil shark to us today. But the most interesting about 9 feet across, with the actual fossil group are the "lobe-fins," which were the teeth set in place. This monster, closely direct ancestors (or close relatives) of the related to the modern White Shark or later land-living vertebrates. "Man-eater," is estimated to have been At the far-off period of the earth's his- 46 feet long. tory, some of the lobe-fins, or primitive At the left of the entrance is a bronze ganoids, through their ability to suck at- portrait plaque of Professor Bashford mospheric air into a moist internal sac Dean (1867-1928), former Curator of or lung, finally emerged from the water Fishes at this Museum, where he studied in the edge of the swamps, using their especially the armored fishes of past ages, stout paired paddles to push themselves a fine series of which are included in this up into the muddy margins. These exhibit. evolved the first limbs, and thus the ad- The huge fish shown as if swooping venturous air-breathing fishes began the down from the ceiling is a model of Di- conquest of the land and became the an- nichthys, one of the great armored fishes cestors of all land vertebrates, including from the Devonian of Ohio. The original man. skull, shown near by, is one of the prizes The great fish on the rear wall, oppo- of the collection. site the entrance, is Portheus molossus, These curious forms, of numerous popularly called the Giant Bulldog Fish. species, all had a pair of joints connecting It comes from the chalk beds of Kansas. their bony head-pieces with their shoul- This huge creature is 15 feet, 8 inches der plates. This gave rise to their group long and about 80,000,000 years old. At name, "Arthrodira," or "joint-necks." that time, Kansas, now in the midst of They were the tyrants of their day and the continent, was submerged under a were doubtless unpleasant neighbors to shallow sea, somewhat like the Mediter- the nearly naked fin-fold sharks, their ranean, swarming with giant sea-lizards, contemporaries. These latter show a very huge marine turtles, and great and small interesting stage in the evolution of the fishes of many kinds. fins, in which the skeletal rods supporting In the first alcove to the right, a wall- the primordial fin-fold, had begun to chart illustrates the stream of fish life in push outward well beyond the line of the geologic sequence, 500,000,000 years of body. Even our own arms and legs are fishes. It gives at a glance the basic ar- only greatly enlarged and modified fin- rangement of the specimens shown, not- paddles. able among which are Ostracoderms from At the far end of the exhibit is a "fossil the Silurian and Devonian, the giant aquarium" — restorations in miniature Portheus, and the saw-finned Protosphy- of various well-known forms from the rtena from the Cretaceous of Kansas. Old Red Sandstone of Cromarty, Scot- land, as they would have appeared in life, Fossil Reptiles more than three hundred million years The dinosaurs, the largest of the fossil ago. reptiles, form the most spectacular part They include Pterichthys and its allies of the Museum's palaeontologic exhibits. of the distant past, when they were near- The more primitive reptiles and also ing the time of their extinction. Others those of such other groups as the fossil represent "spiny sharks" and "joint- alligators and turtles are also well repre- necks" which were then dominant groups. sented in the Museum's collections. They A third lot includes advancing types, the are displayed in a series of halls on the "fishes of the future," the ancestors of the fourth floor of the Museum as described swarming teleost or bony fishes familiar on the following pages.

39 J 0* Hi Q Z 3 3! h h < UJ at O I A CARNIVOROl'S DINOSAUR AND ITS PREY (Allosaurus and Brontosaurus). Though not as large as Brontosaurus, the Allosaurus was a formidable carnivorous reptile which, it is believed, was able to devour its larger but more sluggish dinosaur contemporary

Hall of Jurassic Reptiles brain weighing only a few ounces. The arching backbone is composed of verte- (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 13) brae which rapidly increase in size to- The skeleton which dominates the cen- ward the middle of the back where they ter of the hall is that of the great Bronto- are enormous, showing cavities for spinal saurus or Thunder Reptile, big-bodied, ganglia many times the size of the brain. small-headed, with massive limbs, whose A double series of huge bony plates are joints, capped in life with cartilage, indi- supported upright along the back and cate that he lived in swamps and in the were probably defensive in character. At edge of streams where the great weight the end of the tapering tail are six long of his body, 25 to 30 tons, would be sup- spines of bone with which the Stego- ported in the water. saurus is supposed to have struck at its Near Brontosaurus is Allosaurus, "ap- enemies, the formidable weapons being parently turned into a fossil while brought into play as the creature rotated munching on the tail of a defunct rela- upon its hind legs. tive of that big beast." Looking closely, The more ancient reptiles, such as one sees that the tops of the vertebrae Diadectes and Naosaurus, are found in are scored with grooves where some mil- cases toward the end of the hall. Near by lions of years ago they were marked by them are the most ancient types of land the claws of the flesh-eating dinosaur vertebrates known, the stegocephalian which destroyed it. amphibians which lived during the Car- In a case to the left of the Brontosaurus boniferous and Permian times. Some of skeleton are displayed the remains of a these are quite small in size, but one splendid example of Stegosaurus. This species, Eryops, is represented by a skele- curious creature had a small head with a ton 6 feet in length.

[4'] Corridor of Marine Reptiles visitor sees towering over his head the great Tyrannosaurus, the Tyrant Lizard, (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 12a) his head 18 feet above the ground. The corridor, situated in the Roose- This terrible jaws and tremendous claws of velt Memorial, occupies the angle to the this monster doubtless placed all con- as one comes out of the Jurassic right temporaries at his mercy, unless pro- Hall. Here, on the wall, are displayed tected by defensive armor or menacing slabs of stone containing well-preserved horns. fossils of the marine ichthyosaurs, includ- A huge skeleton of Triceratops is seen ing one specimen with embryos visible at the left. This monstrous-headed crea- through the ribs as they lay in the body ture doubtless fed on coarse vegetation. cavity of the mother. A fine specimen His jaws terminated in a great horny of Plesiosaurus is exhibited in a case at beak for clipping off branches and rushes the foot of the staircase leading to the and his back teeth were adapted for floor. As one turns the angle of the fifth shearing them. These teeth were ar- corridor, on the wall to the left, are slabs ranged in several rows and as they wore containing fossil foot-prints somewhat re- out they were replaced by new teeth huge bird tracks. These are in sembling which pushed from below. The squatty reality impressions left by great Creta- fore-legs enabled the animal to lower his ceous dinosaurs which ran on hind legs head to the ground with ease, and the big with a stride of 15 feet. bony "frill" with which the skull termi- nated above the neck served as a protec- Hall of Cretaceous Reptiles tion and as a counterweight to the head (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 9) and jaws. The Cretaceous Age was the period of To the right of Tyrannosaurus are the his relatives, the greatest development of dinosaurs dinosaurs, Trachodon and Saurolophus. pair and at the close of that period they be- Corythosaurus and A skeletons are came extinct. At one end of the hall the of towering Trachodon

STEGOSAURUS, a strange armored dinosaur of the past

v mttm 9, li

THE DUCK-BILLED DINOSAUR (Trachodon). These remarkable herbivorous dinosaurs had a curious duck-like bill used in gathering aquatic vegetation. They walked on their hind legs or swam about using the tail as a propeller A GIANT FLYING REPTILE (Pteranodon longiceps), the largest known American fl\ing reptile with toothless skull and long, pointed beak

equipped with flat, expanded jaws which Nearby is the forepart of Palaoscincus enabled them to strain out and crush the whose sides bristled with huge bony water plants and mollusks growing abun- spines and whose back was protected by dantly in the Cretaceous swamps where bony plates. they fed. Nearby is a remarkable Tracho- On the right and left of the entrance don specimen in which the impression of are two lightly but powerfully built a large part of the skin has been pre- flesh-eating dinosaurs known as Gorgo- served, giving us definite information as saurus. They were doubtless swift and to the covering of the animal. fierce and preyed upon smaller and Two extraordinary armored dinosaurs feebler animals. are represented by parts of their skele- Near these are examples of a small tons. A nky losaurus, which has been called dinosaur whose general appearance sug- "the most ponderous animated citadel gests an ostrich, but with a long tail. On the world has ever seen," was protected account of this resemblance it is known about its head and body by thick plates as Struthiomimus. This bird-like appear- of bone, while the tail, instead of tapering ance, however, is purely superficial as it to a point, ended in a great bonv ball. is not at all related to the ostrich. Never-

DINOSAURS AND THEIR EGGS (Protoceratops andrewsi). From the western Gobi

/'>,,/ BALUCHITHERIIM. A gigantic fossil mammal 34 feet in length, probably related to the rhinoceros

theless, primitive birds originated from Hall of Mongolian Vertebrates light-boned pre-dinosaurs of a far earlier (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 5) of epoch (Triassic). Some examples Here are exhibits of specimens ob- further fossil birds are shown in the tained by the Central Asiatic Expeditions. right hand corner of the hall, including Among them are the famous dinosaur the giant long-legged Diatryma with its eggs and skulls and skeletons of the dino- swim- powerful beak, and the ancient saur, Protoceratops, that laid them. Here Hesperornis. In a neigh- ming water bird, also is the skull of Andrewsarchus, the famous boring case are casts of the largest of carnivorous land-mammals; the Archccopteryx. This creature was actually shovel-tusk mastodon; and the skull and birds, transitional between reptiles and feet of Baluchitherium, an ancient rela- characteristics, clawed having the skeletal tive of the rhinoceros, of titanic propor- tapering tail of the former fore-limb, and tions. On the wall is a life-size model in feathered and the beak-shaped jaws and low relief of this largest of all land- covering of the latter. On the wall oppo- mammals. site are fossils and drawings of the great Pteranodon. huge thin flying reptile, A Osborn Hall of the Age of Mammals fold of skin extending from the elongated (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 3) fifth finger to the outer edge of the feet enabled it to flit through the air like a This hall includes fossil remains of bat. mammals of the Tertiary Period. To the

[45] ,

left as one enters from the Hall ol Mon- marsupials (opossums, kangaroos, and golian Vertebrates, is a magnificent series their allies) are also typically represented of titanotheres, hoofed mammals related here. to the horses and rhinoceroses. This The ancestr) of dogs, cats, and other "roup lias long been extincl bul it em- living flesh-eating mammals and the braces a remarkable series ol evolutionary various sorts of extinct carnivores includ- sia»es hom creatures not much largei ing rare creodonts is shown near the mid- than a dog, up to great towering bulky dle ol the hall on the light. animals with huge heads terminating in Kossil rhinoceroses are shown near the flat shovel-like horns of tremendous center of the hall on the left. A fine series weight. ol skeletons illustrates the diverse types Opposite the titanotheres are the re- ol American rhinoceroses, and a synoptic mains of condylarths and amblypods, scries shows the evolution of this group very ancient hooied mammals with no of mammals. The large block in the cen- close relatives in the modern world. The tral aisle is from Agate. Nebraska, and mosl si riking of these is the skeleton of contains heaped-up bones, chiefly of the Uintatherium, a six-horned amblypod double-horned rhinoceros, Diceratherium with a tiny brain. This race became ex- still in the original rock, as found. There tinct early in the Age of Mammals. are twenty-one skulls and innumerable Beyond the amblypods are cases de- other bones in this single block, giving a voted principally to the smaller lossil graphic conception of the enormous num- mammals. Although fragmentary, these bers of prehistoric animals that once are among the rarest and most interest- roamed over our West. Near this, in the ing of fossils. The fossil primates center of the hall, is the skeleton of (lemurs, monkeys, etc.) include unique Moropus, a most extraordinary mammal specimens known throughout the world of bizarre proportions and equipped with because of the light they cast on the great claws. Nevertheless, it belongs earliest stages in the origin of man. Ro- amonsj the hoofed mammals and is re- dents (squirrels, rabbits, and their kin), lated to the horses and rhinoceroses. insectivores (moles, hedgehogs, etc.), and In the last four alcoves on the right

TITANOTHERES. These strange creatures began as primitive forms about the size of a small fox. Their descendants evolved heavier bodies and nostrils equipped with large horns. The final types were unwieldy monsters of enormous size and finally became extinct

PER] m ReJf

U' -\f. m A GROUP OF MIOCENE CAMEL SKELETONS (Stenomylus hitchcocki) mounted in characteris- tic attitudes as if they were clothed in flesh and blood. Others are lying on the rock as their re- mains were actually found bv a Museum expedition. These camels inhabited America at the besrinninar of the Miocene Period

side of the hall are specimens illustrating Among the other cloven-hoofed mam- the evolution of the camel, deer, and mals, the so-called giant pigs or entelo- other cloven-hoofed animals. Like the donts and the oreodonts are noteworthy. cow of to-day, these animals walked on The latter, a totally extinct group some- the third and fourth toes, and the gradual what pig-like in appearance but with reduction or disappearance of the other teeth more like those of sheep, are strik- toes can be traced. ingly represented by three complete The exhibit of camel skulls and skele- skeletons huddled together, still intact tons also forms an interesting evolution- in the rock just as death overtook them ary series. A striking display is the group millions of years ago. of small camels in the central aisle. The One of the most outstanding exhibits graceful little animals, Stenomylus, lived is the series of skeletons in the last alcove in Nebraska during the middle of the on the left showing the evolution of the Age of Mammals. Four skeletons are horse. This is one of the most complete shown exactly as they were found in the in the world, and contains two skeletons rock, and five others have been mounted of Eohippus, the little four-toed dawn in various living poses. horse, as well as numerous other unique

[.« '

MAMMALS OF THE LOWER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN NEBRASKA. During this period short-limbed rhinoceroses lived with ancient camels with no humps and single-toed horses of small size. Murals by Charles R. Knight

specimens. As shown by skeletons of increased in the race horse, weight and horse and man iri another hall, the single strength in the draft horse, while the toe of the horse corresponds to the mid- Shetland Pony has been reduced to a dle finger or toe of man, and the same diminutive size. The modifications in the correspondence is seen in each of the skeleton that have accompanied these other leg and arm bones. In the modern changes are well shown in the notable horse, all but the middle finger and toe series of beautiful skeletons mounted by have disappeared, or have been reduced S. H. Chubb. to "splint bones," but the remote ancestor The similarity in structure (homologv) of the horse had five toes. (See Guide of the skeletons of horse and man is Leaflet No. 36, The Evolution of the brought out in the exhibit of a rearing Horse.) horse, controlled by man. It is interesting to note that both skeletons have the same principal parts, in spite of many con- The Horse Under Domestication spicuous differences. In the horse the (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 2a) long upper and lower jaws, together This hall is devoted to exhibits illus- with the high-crowned grinding teeth, trating the great modifications that man form a very efficient mechanism for crop- has brought about by selection in adapt- ping and grinding the tough stems and ing the horse to his various needs. hard kernels of grasses and similar vege- Under his management speed has been tation, whereas the short upper and lower

MAMMALS OF THE UPPER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN TEXAS. The single-toed horses (Plesippus) were of larger size than those above, while the camels were more nearly like those of modern t\pcs. The Glyptotherium, a gigantic armadillo-like animal is shown in the lower ' left

ft m «*-- T HIND FOOT SKULL FORE I GEOLOGIC SUCCESSION SKELETONS OF HORSE AND MAN COMPARED

[50] jaws and low-crowned cheek teeth ol man trating what is known of the early history are adapted lor a mixed diet. Moreover, of our own race as shown by the remains the horse's long jaws enable him to reach of early man and the implements used by his food, which is normally on or near him, is displayed through the center of the ground, while the short jaws of man the hall. As fossil remains of man are have the food brought up to them by the rare and usually very fragramentary, hands. these are represented mainly by casts, The bony cranium or braincase of the but they include examples of all the more horse is much smaller in proportion to perfect and noteworthy specimens that the weight of the body than is the brain- have been found, from the Neanderthal case of man, which is greatly enlarged and Gibraltar, to the Piltdown and Tal- by the enormous growth of the human gai. (See Guide Leaflet No. 52, The Hall brain. of the Age of Man.) These are illustrated It has been shown above (pp. 46-49) and further described on pages 118-119. that the bony hands of the remote ances- In the surrounding cases are some of tors of the horse have become greatly the principal skeletons and skulls of modified during long ages of specializa- animals mostly of Pleistocene Age, known tion for swift running. Thus each "hand" to have been associated with man espe- of the modern horse has but one finger, is cially in North and South America. Skele- very long and slender, and terminates in tons and skulls on the right side of the a thick horny hoof corresponding to the hall show the evolution of the Probos- nail on the middle finger of the hand of cidea. They fall naturally into two man. Likewise the bone beneath the hoof groups; first, the mastodons; and sec- corresponds to the last bone of the mid- ondly, the mammoths and elephants. In dle finger of the human hand. The visitor the former division, beginning near the may enjoy making similar comparisons entrance of the hall, are the most primi- for himself: for example, where is the tive mastodons, with two upper and two so-called "knee" of the foreleg of the lower tusks, and a very short proboscis. horse and to what does it correspond in The succeeding cases show the gradual man? (Answer: the wrist.) Where is the reduction of the number of teeth and the true knee in the hind leg of the horse shortening of the front part of the skull and where is its heel bone? What has be- for the accommodation of the longer come of the fibula or outer bone of the proboscis found in all of the later stages lower leg in the horse? Where is the "can- of mastodons and mammoths. non bone" in the foot of the horse and On the left is a group illustrating the to what does it correspond in man? famous asphalt trap of Rancho la Brea But why do the skeletons of horse and at Los Angeles, California, and fossils man have so many parts that correspond from South America, the most striking to each other? There can be no reason- of which is the group of giant ground able doubt that the remote common an- sloths. There are also good examples of cestors of horse and man wr ere small glyptodonts, gigantic relatives of the mammals with five toes on all four feet. armadillo. Among other strange extinct The structural differences have arisen as animals are the camel-like Macranche?iia, the result of gradually increasing differ- and the rhinoceros-like Toxodon. These ences in habits, the horse finally becom- evolved in South America during the Age ing highly specialized for running and of Mammals when it was an island con- leaping on all fours, while man uses his tinent as Australia is today. Here, too, is fore limbs as arms and hands and bal- the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the ances his body on his hind legs. host of northern animals that invaded the southern continent upon its union with the northern world after the Isthmus Osborn Hall of the Age of Man of Panama was formed. (Index Plan, Floor IV, Hall p. 19, 2) On the walls are mural decorations This hall is devoted to early man and painted by Charles R. Knight showing his contemporaries, the mammoths and the typical groups of Pleistocene animals mastodons, and the giant ground sloths of North and South America and Europe of South America. The collection, illus- that were associated with early man.

[51] .

MOUNTED SKELETONS OF EXTINCT ANIMALS OF SOUTH AMERICA

PREHISTORIC ANIMALS (sabre-tooth tiger and giant sloth). Caught in the tar pools of La Brea, California. (Above) as mounted skeletons; (below) as conceived by the artist, Charles R. Knight WOOLLY(A bove) MAMMOTH on the River

S o m m e , France, dur- i n g the Fourth Gla- cial Period. (Left) SKELETON O F T H E - J EFFER S O N I A N MAMMOTH Erom Indiana.

THEWOOL- LY RHI- NOCEROS DURING A GLACIAL WINTER IN NORTHERN FRANCE. The Murals by Charles R. Knight. MODEL OF RHODODENDRON IN FORESTRY HALL. Many of the trees in the Forestry Hall are accompanied by models of leaves, flowers or fruit

FORESTRY

(Index Plan, p. ifi, Floor I, Hall 3)

Jesup Forestry Hall. The Forestry Hall covered. The label, illustrating the con- of the Museum contains a nearly com- clusions reached by Ellsworth Hunting- plete collection of the native trees north ton as the result of long study, shows how of Mexico presented by Morris K. Jesup. the climate of the past is recorded by the

On the right is a bronze tablet, by J. E. trees, and how great historical events are Fraser, the gift of J. J. Clancy, depicting related to great changes in climate. Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite In the center of the hall near the en- wood at Lenox, Massachusetts, and in trance from the 77th Street Foyer is a front a bust of Charles Sprague Sargent splendid life-size model in wax and other under whose direction the collection was materials of a magnolia blossom sur- brought together. At the farther end is a rounded by its long, tapering leaves be- bust of John Muir, by Malvina Hoffman, longing to the species Magnolia macro- presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. phylla. To the left is a section of one of the Beyond, in a glass case extending Big Trees of California, sixteen feet in through the greater part of the aisle, is diameter and 1341 years old. (See Guide the trunk of a fossil tree 45 feet long and Leaflet No. 42.) It began its growth in several million years old. the year 550, so that it was nearly a thou- In the last alcove to the right is the sand years old before America was dis- Menken Collection of Glass Flowers rep-

54 resenting many of the common species the labels give the distribution of the of American flowers. They are modeled species, the characteristics of the wood its economic uses. The trees are skillfully in glass and (heir colors faith- and grouped by families and the location of fully copied from nature. each family will be found on the floor hall show- The other specimens in the plans in the first case on either side of cross, longitudinal and oblique sections the hall. The reproductions of the flow- of the wood of North American forest ers, leaves and fruits are made in the trees, finished and unfinished, and Museum laboratories.

MODEL OF A MAGNOLIA IX THE FORESTRY HALL

[55] LIVING INVERTEBRATES

The Darwin Hall of the Alcove 3, Polyps. Here arc shown Evolution of Life coral animals and their relatives: among them, colonial hydroids; jellyfishes, bril- (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 5) liantly colored sea anemones, sea fans hall is devoted chiefly to inverte- This and sea plumes: the stony corals, and illustrating biologi- brates and exhibits the precious coral. cal principles, especially those concerned Alcove 4, Flatworms. The besl known with the evolution of life. It is, therefore, species include the tapeworms, whose dedicated to Charles Darwin. Facing the development and structure are shown l>\ entrance is a bronze bust of Darwin by models in the left-hand alcove case. The William Couper, presented by the New less familiar free-living flatworms. which York Academy of Sciences on the occa- inhabit both salt and fresh water, are sion of the Darwin centenary in 1909. represented by enlarged models. The Tree of Life Alcove 5, Roundworms. The round- worms are parasitic, since they live in In the first upright case at the left is the digestive canal of mammals. The most of the Animal Kingdom, a Family Tree familiar is the common stomach worm, each class being represented by a color Ascaris, of which an enlarged model sketch, the branches showing the rela- shows the internal structure. tionships of the various classes and in- Alcove Rotifers. The minute wheel dicating the evolution of each group 6, animalcules, otherwise called rotifers, from the parent stem. comprise many exquisite and grotesque forms, some of which construct lubes of Synoptic Series a gelatinous substance, sand-grains, etc. The exhibits in the succeeding up- A few species are parasitic, but most of right cases comprise examples of the them live a free, active life. They are various groups or orders included in the found mainly in fresh water. See group Classes shown on the Family Tree. Pass- in window showing rotifers in their nat- ing around the hall from left to right, ural environment and the comparative the progress of evolution is illustrated series of enlarged models of typical roti- from the lowest forms, the Protozoa, to fers in the case to the left. the highest, the Primates, which include Alcove 7, Sea-Mats and Lamp-Shells. man. The sea-mats are minute, colonial ani-

Alcove 1, Protozoa. This alcove con- mals of plant-like growth, often occur- tains the lowest forms of animal life. All ring as encrustations on shells and sea- are single-celled individuals. Some are weed. A few species also occur in fresh abundant in swamps and stagnant water, water. The lamp-shells shown in this al- others are found in the sea. These ex- cove superficially resemble clams, but by hibits are mainly models, some of which structure are more closely related to the represent Protozoa enlarged more than sea-mats. a thousand diameters. Alcove 8, Sea-Stars and Their Rela- tives. Here are shown sea-stars, brittle Alcove 2, Sponges. Sponges are prin- stars, sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers and sea- cipally of three kinds — distinguished oyster from each other by their skeletons of lilies. The sea-star is the pest of the beds, where it feeds on oysters and de- lime, silica (i. e., flint) and of horny fiber. stroys them in large numbers. The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. In the dry specimens ex- Alcove 9, Annulates. As typified by hibited, the skeleton only can be seen, the familiar earthworm, these are worms the living tissue having been removed. whose bodies are made up of rings or Sponges range in size from the tiny segments. They are inhabitants of both Grantia of the New England coast to the fresh and salt water, many kinds living gigantic "Neptune's goblets" of the east- in the mud and sand of the shore while ern seas. others bore into wood and shells. Their

[56 England V CORNER OF THE NAHANT TIDE POOL GROUP. On the rocky northern New Coast are numerous basin-like crevices in the cliffs. At high tide, many of these are totally tub- merged, but as the water recedes they are left as stranded pools richly populated with marine animals and plants. In the Tide Pool Group in the Darwin Hall, sea-anemones and hydroids are disclosed among the rockweed, sea-lettuce and kelp

[57] A DETAIL FROM THE ROTIFER GROUP. A world of microscopic life magnified a million limes shown in (he

I). 11 u in Hall

(Left) The curious HORSE SHOE CRAB is a "living fossil" with ances- tors dating hack 700,000.000 \eaiv \ detail from the

Sou 11 (1 Bo t 1 0111 Group GLASS MODEL OF A TYPICAL RADIO LARIAN. These tiny floating marine creatines make glassv shells of intricate patterns and. when thev die. sink to the sea-bottom to form radiolarian ooze, a flinty sand used for polishing precious stones

MODEL OF A ROCK FORMING PROTOZOAN (Globigerina). The microscopic creature shown above at the right builds tiny shells from lime dissolved in sea water. These become compacted into limestone layers on the sea-bottom. The Chalk Cliffs of Dover are composed of elevated masses of this rock

ENLARGED MODEL OF THE PLUMED (.1 \SS MODEL OF THE PORTUGUESE WORM (Diopatra) MAN-OF-WAR IN THE DARWIN HALL body structures are often very beautiful ing the natural history of the commoner and interest in» examples of ingenious and more typical forms. adaptation. Marine Worm Group. In the Annulate Alcove 10, Arthropods. Here are in- Alcove is shown the Marine Worm cluded the familiar crabs, lobsters, myria- Group, reproducing these animals with pods, insects, spiders and their relatives. their associates in their natural surround- The number of existing species in this ings, as seen in the harbor of Woods group is greater than that of all the rest Hole, Massachusetts. of the animal kingdom. Shore Mollusk Group. In the Mollusk On the wall are the two largest lobsters Alcove is shown the natural history of a ever taken. They weighed when alive sand-spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, thirty-one and thirty-four pounds, respec- including some of the shore mol- lusks and their associates. tively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, which, like that Wharf Pile Group. This shows the sub- placed on the wall, may have a spread merged piles of an old wharf at Vineyard of about ten feet. Haven, Massachusetts, covered with A series of models of insect heads, care- (lower-like colonies of sea-anemones, hy- fully wrought in wax and glass, shows, droids and other stationary animals. greatly enlarged, their comparative an- Rock Tide-Pool Group. In the further atomy. left-hand corner of the hall, a window

Alcove 1 1, Mollusks. The mollusks are group shows the animals and plants of a next to the arthropods in the diversity rock tide-pool, the "Agassiz Cave," at Na- and vast number of forms which they era- hant, Massachusetts. The falling tide has brace, including marine, fresh-water and left a pool in a rocky basin, sheltered land animals. All mollusks have soft within which is a community of sea-ane- bodies, but nearly all secrete a shell which mones, sea-stars, and other invertebrates. is often of pearly material (mother-of- Sound Bottom Group. In the Arthro- pearl). Well-known examples of this pod Alcove, a group shows the struggle group are the common clam and oyster. for existence among Crustacea on the Enlarged models show the anatomy of sandy bottom of Vineyard Sound, Massa- these species. The main collection of chusetts. Here is a den of lobsters in a mollusks is shown in the Hall of Ocean crevice beneath the seaweed-covered Life. granite boulders forming the reef known as the Devil's Bridge. Alcove 12, Chordates, including Ver- tebrates. Vertebrates include the largest, Bryozoa Group. Another group repre- most powerful and most intelligent of ani- sents two scpiare inches of sea bottom as mals, the group culminating in man. though enlarged under a microscope to Among the ancestral forms suggesting an area five feet square. The front of the transitional stages from invertebrates are case is built to represent a huge magni- the "acorn-worm," Dolichoglossus; the fving glass, through which the visitor sees Sea-squirts, or Ascidians; and the Lance- marine plants magnified to tree-like pro- let. Amphioxus. Enlarged models show- portions, encrusted with colonies of Bry- ing, carefully dissected, their comparative ozoa or "sea-mats," composed of thou- internal anatomy are exhibited in the case sands of individuals, each of which builds to the left. Various species of Ascidians a shell of vase-like form. Associated ani- with their associated environment are mals, such as the flower-like, tube-build- shown among the animals on the wharf- ing worms and sea spiders, are enlarged piles in the window group. Other models to grotesque proportions. in a case toward the front of the hall show Rotifer Group. A companion exhibit the development of the egg of certain represents a cubic half-inch of pond bot- typical vertebrates. tom enlarged one hundred diameters or cubically a million times, transforming a minute area into a towering aquatic Window Groups forest peopled by rotifers and myriads of In several of the alcove windows are other strange creatures ordinarily invis- habitat groups of invertebrates illustrat- ible to the naked eve.

[6o] rs^jw*

A PORTION OF THE BAHAMAN (ORAL RKEF GROl'P IN THE HALL OF OCEAN LIFE. Island This group, the largest in the Museum, contains more than forty tons of coral from Andros it appears from in the Bahamas and faithfully depicts a portion of the magnificent barrier reef as the sea bottom

(Right) BLACK ANGEL FISHES swim in statelv fashion among the corals

(Below) BITE PARROT FISH peer out from a mysterious cavern in the heart of the reef SPINDLE SHELL (Fusus). These graceful shells are characterized by the long twisted spire and slender tapering canal terminating the body whorl

Biologic Exhibits The Coral Reef Grolp

Variation under Domestication. Other (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 10) exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear As you enter the Hall of Ocean Life on by Darwin and his successors. On the left, the gallery the facing the entrance, variation under level Bahaman Coral Reef Group is seen at the farther end. Its domestication is illustrated by various proscenium arch rises from the main domestic animals, the wild species from floor, passes the gallery, and which they have been derived being through frames the upper part of the group in a shown with some of the more striking breeds derived from them. half-circle thirty-five feet high. The portion of the group above the Variation in Nature. An example of gallery presents a vista of coral island. this is the variation among the finches lagoon, tropical sky. the of the genus Geospiza in the Galapagos quiet and On distant horizon the low-lying Bahaman Islands. Other displays show the range of color Island of Andros is visible, soft with its fringe ot coconut palms. the finest variation within a single species of the Here coral barrier reef in the West Indies West Indian Sun Shell, and variations parallels the shore. small island in about the normal type of the common The the is Goat Cay, just back of scallop. Foreground the barrier reef. Struggle for Existence. This law is portrayed by the meadow mouse, sur- The section of the group below the rounded by its many enemies and vet con- gallery obviously depicts the coral forest tinuing to survive by virtue of its great as seen from the bottom oi the sea. On birth-rate. either side, staircases permit visitors to Heredity. The Mendelian laws of he- descend from the gallery, to find them- redity are illustrated by the inheritance selves standing on the ocean floor, gazing of seed-coat color in the common pea, into the heart of a magnificent (oral the color of sweet peas, and the coat- forest. The branching trees of elkhorn color of rats. coral (Acropora jxthnata) rise to the The Malaria Mosquito. In the center of water surface sixteen feet above. A rock} the hall four large models show the mos- arch at the right leads into the Cave of quito, which is the active agent in the the Blue Parrot-fishes, inhabited by three spread of malaria, and stages in its de- of these magnificent creatures. velopment. Between the rocky wall and the spread-

[62] ing tangle of the coral forest a vista opens OUl into a clearing where a school of black-angel fishes swims by in the dis- tance. In the foreground are squirrel- fishes, striped and gray grunts, blueheads, slippery dicks, and spotted hinds. Above,

a school <>[ yellow-tails swims around the coral cliff and hound-fishes dart about alarmed by the approach of a barracuda visible just beneath the water-surface at the upper left. Rock beauties, butterfly fishes, and blue angel-fishes swim among the sea fans, sea-bushes and sea-plumes; while a large rainbow parrot-fish, Nassau groupers, and a huge green moray lurk in the crevices and caverns under the coral. The latter is gay with encrusting and chimney sponges of scarlet, green, purple, yellow, and gray. To the left, above the great heads of brain-coral, orb- coral, and star-coral, swim queen trigger- fishes, numerous butterfly fishes, and a grotesque trumpet-fish.

THE GLORY OF THE SEA (Coitus gloria- maris). This is the rarest and most romantic of shells. Only a dozen specimens are known and none have been collected for more than a cen- tal \. The Museum possesses two specimens

THE PEARLY OR CHAMBERED NAUTILUS (Sectioned shell with animal in place). This re- markable creature belongs to a bygone age. It is the only surviving species of a long line of fossil forms reaching back 500,000.000 years or more THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA (Cicada septendecim Linnaeus). From a Group in the Insect Hall. During May or June of a "locust year," the immature seven teen -veai-old Cicadas emerge from underground and ascend tree-trunks. Within a few hours their skin splits along the back and the adult emerges. The female deposits her eggs in a succession of slits in the slender twigs. The song is produced only by the male

HALL OF INSECT LIFE

(Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 5)

This interesting hall is virtually a text- anese Beetle. Other groups are concerned book of Entomology. A series of "A-cases" with such tropical insects as the Leaf- surrounds the hall giving a vivid presenta- cutting Ants. tion of insect biology, including the rela- The walls of the hall are used for sup- tions between insects and vegetation, the plementary exhibits. One of these dis- importance of insects as carriers of dis- plays strikingly beautiful butterflies and ease, and general biological facts and moths from all parts of the world. An- theories as illustrated by insects. These other demonstrates the wealth of insect cases are numbered to facilitate the work life at our very doors. The commercial of teachers sending students here for in- use of insect silk and the use spiders make formation. of their silk occupy the wall on either side

In the tenter of the hall is a circle of of the entrance to the Reptile Hall. On exhibits, some of which show mounted the wall around the corner to the right insects in life-like artificial surroundings. are shown some of the results of the re- Among the habitat groups is a series illus- search work of the entomological depart- trating the life-histories of common but- ment, especially in the field of experi- terflies. The very beneficial Lady Beetles mental biology. are shown next to the very injurious Jap- The insects in the railing cases of the

[66 A GATHERING OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES. In early autumn the Monarch Butterfly, Anosia plexijtpus, assembles in great swarms in the northeastern United States. At nightfall, large numbers croud the leaves and branches of trees or shrubs. These flocks move southward, much as birds migrate. Individual females come north the next spring and reestablish the northern population. The above group contains more than 10,000 specimens adjoining Synoptic Hall of Mammals (In- Habits, Enemies, Injuries to Man, Bene- dex Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 3) are fits to Man. placed there temporarily. Local Insects. In the Tower Room is a The collections in general are arranged study collection of insects found in the with special reference to the insects found vicinity of New York City. This is intend- near New York City. They are presented ed to aid in the identification of speci- in two series: mens and visitors wishing to use it for this purpose are invited to do so. Admission General Series. This is arranged in a may be had by applying to the attendant. definite order which should be followed Butterflies of New York State. A strik- as indicated by numbers. ing exhibit of some of the butterflies The topics treated are: Importance of found in the State of New York is in- Insects, Geological History and Relation- stalled in the corridor of the Roosevelt ships, Anatomy and Physiology, Develop- Memorial Building (Index Plan, p. 16, ment from Egg to Adult, Variation in Floor I, Hall 12a) just to the left of Form and Color, Natural Selection, In- the entrance from the Fish Hall on the heritance, Collection and Identification, first floor of the Museum.

MASSING OF LADY BEETLES ON MOUNTAIN TOP. From a group in the Insect Hall. With few exceptions Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae), both larvae and adults, eat either plant-lice or scale insects. The species of Hippodamia specialize on plant-lice. In the West, the adults often gather in large masses under rocks on the tops of mountains to pass the winter. Such a gathering near Boulder, Colorado, is shown here Bl MBLE-BEE POLLINATING APPLE BLOSSOMS. From an exhibit in the Insect Hall. A few insects cause a loss of about one-fifth of our fruit, but we should have little or no fruit were it not for other insects pollinating the blossoms

MODEL OF A MOLE CRICKET (enlarged five diameters). An insect with fore-legs es- pecially adapted for digging [7o] HALL OF LIVING FISHES

(Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 9)

On entering the Hall of Fishes from Feeds chiefly on fish and squid. Harmless the Darwin Hall one faces a group of to man. sharks, sweeping down upon a helpless (3) Southern Ground Shark. Some- following sharks logger-head turtle. The what resembles the Tiger Shark but dif- are represented in this group: fers in its very blunt snout, stouter body,

fins, complete ab- (1) White Shark or Man-eater. One of very large pectoral and the largest sharks, growing to a length of sence of spots. Inhabits coastal waters, 30 feet or more. This ferocious shark feeds feeding on fish, etc. Common about on large fish and sea-turtles. It has been wharves where it picks up refuse. Not known to attack men and even small dangerous to man. boats. Fortunately it is apparently rare (4) Tiger Shark. Sometimes reaches a everywhere and usually remains on the length of 30 feet. A very active predaceous high seas. shark of the high seas, with wide jaws

(2) Spot-fin Ground Shark or Shovel- and powerful sickle-shaped teeth, prey- nose. May be recognized by its small sec- ing upon large sea turtles, other sharks, ond dorsal fin and very long tapering pec- fish and invertebrates. Much dreaded in torals, in combination with a flattened the West Indies but no authentic record shovel-like nose. Produces living young. of attacks on human beings.

WHALE SHARK {Rhineodon typus). The largest species of shark represented by an eighteen-foot specimen. Note the wide month, rectangular jaw, white spots of its skin pattern, and the parallel ridges extending toward the tail r

1

I

1 1^^^

HH9IP *.-

MODEL OF THE MAX" I \ OR DEVIL FISH (Manta birostris). From a specimen taken oil the wesi toast of Florida, measuring 17 feel across

(5) Hammer-head Shark. The strange ceptional scientific interest, since they are flattened and widened face of this shark "living fossils," or descendants of the now seems to serve as a bow-rudder, which is extinct fishes of earlier geologic times. In used in making very quick turns in pur- the alcoves and wall cases on the right, suit of fish. It occasionally reaches a length the visitor will find many curious forms, of 12 feet. such as the giant catfishes. the handsome

rooster fish, the brilliant parrot wrasses, be recognized by (6) Sand Shark. May and butterfly fishes. its combination of a delicate nose, unre- On the right side of the entrance to the duced tather than sickle-shaped pectorals. inner enclosure is the Biological Exhibit. This shark captures great numbers of This considers the fish as a machine— its small fish, which are its chief diet. There stream-line form, its main principles of is no record that it attacks man. construction, its locomotor machinery,

The Systematic Exhibit includes a rep- and the mechanism of its jaws. resentative scries of fishes, from the lowly The fish life of warm seas is repre- "cartilage fishes," such as the sharks and sented in the inner enclosure, including law to the highest or most complex!) the giant Manta, or Devilfish, a small in- constructed bony fishes. Noteworthy in dividual of the spotted Whale Shark, larg- this series are the mounted groups ol est of fishes, and in the foreground a bit

"ganoids." including the sturgeons, of sandy bottom with small species as it spoonbills, bony gars, bowfins, all of ex- would appear about Bimini, Bahamas. istically marked of living sharks. Records of about 60 specimens are known, among them one reaching 38 feet in length. The striking markings form a pattern of verti- cal yellow bars separating vertical rows of yellow spots.

The Deep Sea Fishes form a special ex- hibit in an inner room. Here in the semi- darkness we view some of the hobgoblins of the ocean depths — many of them cov- ered with jewels of phosphorescent light. Fishes that live at great depths have to be able to endure enormous water pres- sure, low temperatures and total dark- ness. At one mile depth each square inch

(Below) VIPER FISH (Chauliodus) PURSUING BIGHEADS (Melamphaes)

(Above) DEEP SEA ANGLERS. Note fishing rod with luminous tip

The model of a Manta or Devilfish (Manta birostris) was made from a speci- men taken in 1915 near Captiva Islands, off the West Coast of Florida, by Russell

J. Coles. It measures 17 feet across the out-stretched wings. Still larger specimens up to 22 feet wide are on record. The Manta, like other skates and rays, may be regarded as a "winged shark" in which the body has become depressed and the breast fins enlarged into "wings" which are the chief organs of locomotion. The Whale Shark (Rhineodon typus)

is an 18-foot specimen taken at Acapulco,

Mexico, March 2, 1935. This species is the largest, the rarest and most character- '

of surface of a fish's body is under a pressure equal to about one

ton. Uut the pressure is equal in all directions. It permeates the whole body of the fish inside and outside and evidently does not injure the most delicate tissues. A small exhibit in the left-hand corner of the central dark- ened room tells of the remarkable life-history in which

there is a striking transformation of the "stalk-eyed fish" into a "Gleaming-tailed Sea Dragon." This exhibit

is based on the investigations and material of Dr. William Beebe in connection with deep sea fishes taken off Bermuda. He proved that the minute "stalk-eyed fish," which carry their eyes out at the ends of long stalks, really grow up into the "Gleaming- tailed Sea Dragons" (Indiacan- thus fasciola), formerly sup- posed to be a different species.

The deep sea life is depend- ent ultimately upon the rain of food-bearing particles from the richer waters of the sur- face. The countless myriads of microscopic plants are

nescence. In some fishes absorbed by the micro- the surface of scopic animals and these the body is stud- by the billions of tiny ded with little glow copepods or shrimps lamps, each of which which in turn are de- has a lens, a reflector voured by the raven- and a gland for pro- r ous small fishes. ducing a substance Many different called luciferin which kinds of deep sea emits a light when fishes have the supplied with oxygen [ power of ltimi- from the blood. The little shrimps and other creatures upon which the fish feeds are attracted toward the lights as the moth to the flame. The lights also enable fishes of the same kind to find each other and keep together in schools. Big Game Fishes. At the end of the Fish Hall

toward the Roosevelt Memorial is the exhibit of Big "UNA (Thunnus thynnus). A Game Fishes, including many of great size taken magnificent mounted tuna fish with rod and line chiefly by Zane Grey and Michael rom the Exhibit of Game Fishes also called Tunny and Horse Mackerel. It occurs in both the Atlantic and Pacific and huge individuals may reach a weight of over 1000 pounds.

The second specimen presented by Mr. Lerner is a fine mounted skin of a Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans am phi) which weighed 305 pounds and measured 10 feet in length. Mr. Lerner caught it on rod

and reel oft Bimini, Bahamas, on July 2, 1934. The tuna, the swordfish, the marlin, the sailfish, and the mack- erel are all related, belonging to the same suborder of fishes, the Scombroidei, a group which attains the acme of speed and

streamlined form. There is probably more confusion about

the marlin than about any other large game-fish. This is

gW due, first, to its similarity to its close relatives, the sword- fish, the sailfish, and the spearfish; secondly, to the num- ber of different kinds of the marlin itself. The external Lerner. The differences between the marlin huge ocean sun- and sailfish are obvious when one fish, caught by compares the former with the Mr. Grey with "adfish in the group forming the harpoon and gaff, central exhibit at this end of the weiehed nearlv a Hall of Fishes. The sail of the ton. A 74-pound latter is much higher and longer channel bass, a 588- than that of the marlin. pound broadbill, The swordfish above Case , ^9 and a 758-pound tuna look 53 show's a distinctly heavier down from the walls. body, longer and stouter The central feature of the sword, and shorter dorsal Sailfish Group is the mount- fin. The spearfish (Case 31) ed skin of a fish caught off the is a somewhat intermediate rocky coast of Cape San Lucas, form. Its long dorsal fin

Lower California. It is shown in is considerably lower the act of leaping from the water than that of the marlins. in a desperate effort to shake the On the wall in con- hook from its jaws. nection with the Big Many other fishes well known Game Fish exhibit to anglers and sportsmen, or greatly desired may be found as closer acquaintances, hang in these cases, charts of the such as salmon, trout, perch, muskallunge, world record rod barracuda, yellowjack, bonefish, etc. and reel catches. Two fine specimens of the fishes caught and presented by Michael Lerner are exhibited in special cases as if rising through the water. One is the mounted skin of a tuna (Thunnus thynnus) which measured 8 feet, 3 inches in length and weighed 55 pounds. It was caught on a rod and reel off Wedgeport, BLUE MARLIN Nova Scotia. This is the common or Bluefin Tuna, (Makaira nigricans ampla) LIVING REPTILES

Plan. (Index p. l8, Floor III. Hall 9)

As one cnicis this hall From the Insect show such a pronounced difference be- Hall, the attention is attracted by four tween the se\es. floor exhibits containing some of the lar- Komodo Island is uninhabited except gest existing reptiles, namely, — the alli- for a convict village of Malavs. Dragon gator, leatherback tortoise, king cobra, lizards quickly secrete themselves on the and Galapagos tortoise. A fine habitat approach of man. They apparently use group showing the largest living lizards vision alone in detecting their enemies, is at the right of the entrance. These are as they fail to react to sounds, and, in the Dragon Lizards of Komodo. 1 he hut. appear to be deaf. species Varanus komodoensis occurs only The species is diurnal and hides away on Komodo and adjacent small islands at night in large dens which it digs under in the Dutch East Inches. The scene in the the roots of trees or under rocks in the group is laid on Komodo. A large male open. dragon lizard has just killed a wild boar, Varanus komodoensis is a large monitor while another dashes forth from a nearby lizard of the family Yaranidae. It is jungle to dispute ownership with the closely related to certain monitor lizards first. of Australia, particularly to giant forms Dragon li/ards feed on deer, wild boar known only as fossils from the Pleistocene and water-bulfalo; possibly also birds and of that continent. These fossil species their eggs. They readily attack each other seem to have reached fifteen or more feet and have been known to seize a wounded in length. Varanus komodoensis does not comrade. exceed ten feet, but large specimens may The smaller lizard feeding on the boar weigh over two hundred fifty pounds. It is a female, the largest recorded indi- is therefore very much heavier than any vidual of this sex. Few species of lizards other living lizard.

THE DRAGON LIZARD OF KOMODO ISLAND (Varanus komodoensis) RHINOCEROS IGUANA. This great Iguana from Santo Domingo is the most powerful lizard in the Americas. It is terrestrial, digging burrows in limestone

The specimens and materials for this "Concealing Coloration and Form." and group, as well as the motion picture ex- "Parallel Evolution." hibited here, were secured by an expedi- Other exhibits are devoted to snake tion of the Museum under the leader- varus, the structure of reptile skeletons, ship of Mr. William Douglas Burden. and snake poisons and their treatment. Near this group a large chart is in- On the left of the hall, in an enclosed stalled, showing in outline the history of corridor, is a series of habitat groups por- all the vertebrate animals, including the traving the home life of American rep- dragon lizards. tiles and amphibians. The subjects of The central part of the hall is devoted these in order from the front of the cor- to a large series of floor groups, showing ridor are: — The Leatherback Tortoise; various species of reptiles and amphibia The Giant Salamander; The Bullfrog; in their natural environment. The cases A New England Marshland in Spring; on the right of the hall answer questions West Indian Tree Frogs; Reptiles of the frequently asked, such as, "How do rep- South West; Galapagos Iguana; Rhi- tiles and amphibians feed?" "How do noceros Iguana; Gila Monster; and the they protect themselves?" and "How do Florida Cypress Swamp. A few of these thev breed?" also, "What is the economic are described brieflv. value of reptiles and amphibians?" The Rhinoceros Iguana Group illus- The left wall of the hall contains a trates the complete life history of a typical series of exhibits installed in sunken lizard. It inhabits the desert regions of panels, in which some of the principles Santo Domingo and is the most powerful controlling the existence of reptiles and lizard in the Americas. amphibians are illustrated. Among them It is a terrestrial animal, living in bur- are "Natural Selection, the Directing rows which it digs through banks of lime- Principle of Evolution." "Isolation, a Ma- stone. The eggs are deposited during jor Factor in the Origin of Species," July in hills dug by the females in ad-

[77 A CYPRESS SWAMP IN NORTHERN FLORIDA. Detail of a group in the Reptile Hall

joining sand flats. The young iguanas alligator's nest. The group is a reproduc- hatch out and frequently pull their egg tion of a Florida cypress swamp and shells with them to the surface. The river cove in September. It portrays the Rhinoceros Iguana, like most other feeding habits of several snakes, the large iguanas, is a vegetarian, feeding on breeding habits of various turtles and Acacia beans, Saona berries, and other toads, and many other reptiles and am- products of the desert. phibians. The group depicts the western shore A New England Marshland in Spring. of Lake Enriquilla, a dead sea in Santo Toads and frogs come to the marshes Domingo, over 130 feet below the surface and ponds in the spring to breed. The of the ocean. males call loudly to attract mates. The The Reptiles and Amphibians of a shrill peeping which arises from so many Cypress Swamp. The primeval cypress ponds of eastern United Slates is made swamps of northern Florida afford a by a diminutive tree frog, while the trill home for the alligator, numerous turtles, which resounds from many orchards and lizards, snakes, and frogs. The large alli- water lily ponds is the voice of the gray gator on the left is a female guarding tree frogs. Each species of frog and toad her nest (shown in cross section). Young has a distinctive voice. In calling, the turtles arc hatching from eggs which throat of many species is blown out into have been hidden bv the mot her in the a balloon-like sac and acts as a resonating

[78] organ. 1'he group represents a small sec- tion of a swamp in southern New Eng- land during early May. Gila Monsters. The Gila Monster is well known as the only poisonous lizard in the world. In the group, there are two species of Gila Monster, Heloderma sus- pectum of southwestern United States and horridum of Mexico. The group represents a small section of one of the canyons of the Catalina Mountains, Arizona. The snake gliding over the rocks is the Sonoran Racer, Mas- ticophis semilineatus. The desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, illustrated below, is seeking a hiding place for the night. Amphibia and Reptiles of New York State. An exhibit showing the species found within the State of New York may be seen in the corridor of the Roosevelt Memorial on the first floor. (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12a).

DETAIL OF A GROUP SHOWING THE AMPHIBIANS OF A NEW ENGLAND MARSHLAND IN EARLY SPRING

DESERT TORTOISE (Gopherus agassizii). A detail from the "Gila Monster Group," depicting the reptilian fauna of one of the Arizona canyons

Ott *i LIVING BIRDS

THE WHITNEY WING end. It is through the latter that the visi- tor approaches from the Roosevelt (Index Plan, pp. 16-19, Floors I IV, Hall 19) Mem- orial building. The Whitney Wing of the Museum, At the present time only about half newest section of our structure, was a r of the exhibits are completed. In addi- joint gift of the late Harry Payne W hit- tion to the dome and the decorations in ney, and the City of New York. It is the two foyers, eight of the nine groups wholly occupied by the Museum's De- on the right-hand side of the hall are on partment of Birds. Three of its eight display. These are as follows: Moors are devoted completely or in part to public exhibits. Ship-Followers. The open ocean south The main entrance of this wing leads and east of New Zealand, in the zone of into Whitney Memorial Hall from the westerly winds. The point of view is from New York State Theodore Roosevelt a deck of an old-fashioned sailing vessel. Memorial. The display represents bird In the background is the Whitney South life on islands in the Pacific Ocean, cover- Sea Expedition schooner, the FRANCE, ing an expanse from the Hawaiian which served the Museum during ten Islands southward beyond New Zealand years in Polynesia. The expedition col- and from the Galapagos Archipelago and lected most of the specimens used small islets off the coast of Peru west- throughout this hall. ward to the Australian barrier reef and Pelagic birds shown in the exhibit com- New Guinea. Foyers at the ends of the prise a variety of albatrosses and petrels, hall contain maps and mural texts which especially characteristic of the higher describe both purpose and plan of the southern latitudes. exhibits. Near the ends of the main hall are bronze busts of the late Messrs. Wil- Samoa. A view from the hills of the liam C. Whitney and Harry Payne Whit- island of Savaii toward the ocean. The ney, father and son, to whom the build- site is at the point where forest meets ing and its contents are dedicated. more open slopes. The birds include those of both woodland and grassland, Whitney Memorial Hall such as fruit pigeons, ducks, members of the parrot family and many smaller

(Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 19) forms. Especially noteworthy is the tooth- billed pigeon (Didunculus), a very pecu- The design of Whitney Memorial Hall liar member of the pigeon family, con- is intended to give Museum visitors the fined entirely to a few islands of the illusion that they are standing in the Samoan group. middle of the Pacific Ocean and viewing scenes in every direction throughout Tuamotu. The island of Hao, an atoll, hundreds or even thousands of miles. In with the coral-grown lagoon at the left other words, the hall represents the Pa- and the surf of the open ocean on the cific itself, reduced to extremely small right. In the distant background can be compass. A common horizon crosses the seen tree- and shrub-covered segments of background of all 18 habitat groups, and the island ring. Among the coconut palms from these the sky appears to rise behind and other typical beach vegetation of a the fronts of the cases and to be con- coral island are man-o'-war birds, tinuous with the blue dome that forms boobies, a nesting red-tailed tropic-bird, the ceiling of the hall. Suspended by in- several terns, including the white fairy visible wires in this vault are examples of tern which lays its egg on rough bark or oceanic birds which inhabit the Pacific in the crotch of a bush, and also a number from the tropical environment depicted of shore birds of both migratory and resi- near the northern end of the hall to the dent species. The example of the latter edge of the Antarctic toward the south is the rare or nearly extinct Polynesian

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5- MACAWS (Ara macao). From the exhibit showing the bird life of Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone. This island, made by the spreading of Gatun Lake, has cut off a portion of the continental trop- ical jungle with its abundant mammal and bird life

A DETAIL FROM THE SAN JOAQUIN V ALLEY. CAL1FOR- MA, BIRD GROL'P. This val- ley, once a v ast desert, has now been irriga ted. Well -watered grass lands have resulted, in- habited by birds in great abundan ce and variety sandpiper, one of the smallest members group. The Galapagos lie on the equator of its family, of which two stand in the about (ioo miles west of the South Amer- left foreground. ican coast. Thev are famous as the native home of many peculiar and long isolated The Tuamotu archipelago occupies a species of both plants and animals, and huge area in the central South Pacific and thev received their first notable scientific is one of the most extensive island groups fame as a result of the visit of Charles on earth. Darwin in H. M. S. BEAGLE about 1834. Marquesas. A scene in the volcanic Man-o'-war birds, herons, an owl. island of Xukuhiva. showing a rugged mockingbirds and hawks are among the shore line and ridges dissected by the sea. birds shown in the exhibit. Most of these as viewed from a height of nearly 2000 are remarkable because of their total lack feet. On the right is the Valley of of shyness in the presence of man, a trait "Typee," famous as the locale of Herman doubtless acquired during residence Melville's romance of the same name. throughout a very long period in a land The birds include the giant pigeon without man or other mammalian ene- (Serresius). which exists only at the island mies. The most important of the Gala- of Xukuhiva, a smaller native fruit pagos birds from a biological point of pigeon, swifts of the '"edible-nest" group, view are several species of small finches warblers and old world flycatchers pecu- which show a great variation in the size liar to this island, a forest rail, a ground of the bill. These mostly belong to the dove and a pair of wild chickens or jungle genus Geosjiiza. and Darwin's observa- fowl, the ancestors of which were widely tions of them in the field is believed to distributed in the Pacific by the original have had much to do with his original Polvnesian immigrants. ideas on the principle of natural selec- tion as an explanation of evolutionary Peruvian Guano Islands. Looking change. southward across the Bav of Pisco. Peru, from the southern island of the Chincha Hawaii. This exhibit shows a deep and group. The scene represents the rainless steep vallev on the Hawaiian island of coast of Peru, where climatic conditions Kauai, with slopes and gorges descending are responsible for the accumulation on about 4000 feet from the high plateau of such islands of sea bird manure known as the island toward low banks above the guano, which was the fertilizer of the beach. The opposite or windward side of Incas and other ancient agricultural Kauai is extremely rainy and, on the peoples of the west coast of South Amer- right, fragments of storm clouds are ica. shown whisking out over the valley Despite the exhaustion of the old sup- which, however, is not very humid be- cause most of the rainfall is precipitated plies of guano, it has again become an farther to important commercial resource in Peru, windward. the industrv is and now operated upon a The Hawaiian archipelago, like that of scientific conservational basis. the Galapagos, has been isolated from The three principal species of guano- other land areas throughout many ages, producing birds, all of which are pecu- and some of the native birds and other liar to the coasts of Peru and northern animals show even more peculiar and Chile, are shown, namely, the Peruvian pronounced evolutionary changes. The cormorant, booby and pelican. Other Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanididae), birds of interest are the white-moustached for example, are obviously members of a Inca tern, two species of gulls, and on the single family of small land birds, yet the rocks of the painted background a dis- specializations in the bills of several tant cluster of Peruvian penguins. species range from short, stout, almost parrot-like beaks to extremely long, Galapagos. A scene in the heart of the pointed and sickle-shaped organs. Feed- Galapagos archipelago, looking from ing habits are. of course, correlated with James Island across the water toward such structures, for the stoutest-billed Albemarle, the largest island of the species can manipulate hard seeds and

[83] BROWN PELICANS (Pelecanus occidcntalis). Brown Pelicans inhabit our coasts from South Carolina to the West Indies. They often fly in diagonal files and under favorable conditions sail long distances on set wings. Facing the wind, they travel high, but at times they skim just above the crest of curling breakers

EMPEROR PENGUIN (Aptenodytes forsteri).

1 his is the largest of the existing species of the penguins. The mounted bird here shown, a male, weighed seventy-nine pounds. The Em- peror Penguin is exclusively Antarctic, inhabit- ing the fringing ice of the south polar continent and the adjacent islands. It rarely sets foot upon land or rock. The single egg is laid on the ice in midwinter and is carried on top of the bird's foot until it hatches, the male and female tak- ins; turns at incubation

fruits, whereas those with long slender bills must use them in extracting nectar or small insects and spiders from the corolla of flowers. Several examples of these honeyeaters are exhibited but it would be impossible to show the whole range of variation in bills without draw- ing upon species inhabiting other islands of the Hawaiian group. At the right of the group three geese are shown in flight, the species being peculiar to Hawaii. In the air, down the valley, are two white-tailed tropic-birds, and the small land birds include one or more species having tufts of brightly colored feathers which were used by the ancient Hawaiians in manufacturing the famous leather cloaks worn by chiefs of high rank.

Laysan. Albatrosses, of which there are some seventeen species in the world, re- sort during the nesting season to remote oceanic islands, where they carry on their remarkably elaborate courtship proce- dure, lay the single egg, and rear their (hick before they depart once more on

: ff i}A the oceanic wanderings which they con- by nests, and also a section of the exhibit tinue until the return of the next breed- devoted to the relationships of birds to ing season. their reptilian ancestors and the varying that evolution has taken in dif- Most albatrosses inhabit the higher lati- course orders and families of modern tudes of the southern oceans and no ferent birds. species regularly enters the North At- lantic. North Pacific Ocean, how- The Galllrv of Bird Art ever, is the home of three kinds of alba- (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 19) i losses, two of which are here shown on of original drawings and the nesting ground of Laysan Island, a A collection by Louis Agassiz leeward outlier of the Hawaiian archi- paintings of birds Bird pelago. Fuertes is installed in the Gallery of Art on the Fourth Floor of the Whitney The two species shown are the white- Wing. These works cover most of Fuertes' breasted Laysan albatross and the all dark life as an artist, from a painting made black-footed albatross. Both carry on an while a young boy to his mature work of extraordinary ritual, commonly known as the later years preceding his untimely a courtship dance, although it really par- death. The collection includes numerous takes of community behavior and the studies made in the field, many of them birds on the nesting ground salute, cross while on expeditions of the American bills, and bow not only to their own Museum, and finished pictures, both pub- mates but to other albatrosses of both lished and unpublished. sexes. The same hall contains a series of orig- A pair of the small native teal of Lay- inal water-color paintings by Joseph Wolf san, found nowhere else in the world, is which were published as illustrations of also shown in this exhibit, as well as such various of the ornithological monographs nesting sea birds as boobies, man-o'-war of D. G. Elliot, particularly the Mono- birds, the petrels that occupy burrows in graph of the Pheasants. the sandy soil, and the migrant bristle- thighed curlews, golden plovers and other Included in this hall, also, are two shore birds that make the island a resting large oil paintings from the collection of place during the course of their long mi- Auduboniana, most of which is installed gration from Alaskan breeding grounds in the ambulatory of the Theodore to a winter home among islands of the Roosevelt Memorial Wing immediately south seas. adjoining. One of these paintings is by John James Audubon, showing a dog surprising a group of pheasants. The Hall of Biology of Birds other is a portrait of Audubon with his dog, horse, and gun from the brushes of (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 19) his sons Victor and John Woodhouse The Hall of Biology of Birds, on the Audubon. first floor of the Whitney Wing, is devoted to diagrammatic exhibits illustrating the Audubon Gallery bird's place in nature and many different (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 12a) aspects of the structure, descent, relation- A noteworthy collection of objects re- ship and behavior of birds. Other animals lating to the life and work of John James will be made use of when desirable. For Audubon is exhibited in the corridor on example, in the consideration of flight, the fourth floor of the Roosevelt Mem- the plan and technique of the flight of orial leading into the Whitney Wing. insects, bats, pterodactyls, etc. will be These include original sketches and shown in conjunction with various types paintings by Audubon, and by his son, of bird flight. John Woodhouse Audubon, mainly of the At this date, the construction of ex- Quadrupeds of North America; some of hibits in the Hall of Biology of Birds has the copper plates from which the Birds just begun and the hall is still closed to of America were printed, and a portrait the public except for the first alcoves. In of Robert Havell, their engraver and these are shown examples of the wide publisher of the first edition of the varietv of bird architecture, as illustrated "Birds." Of special interest are the por-

[85] traits of Audubon, one of which is dis- the Andes, below the snow line, as the played on the right-hand wall of the equator is approached. In the neighbor- Whitney Gallery of Bird Art, just inside hood of Mi. Aconcagua, Chile, shown in the entrance. Of more personal interest the background, this zone is reached at are the guns carried by Audubon on many 10.000 feet elevation but the birds are of his expeditions and the buckskin suit still closely related to those of the low- he wore. (These have not yet been trans- lands of Patagonia and southern Chile. ferred to the Theodore Roosevelt Mem- The giant Condor is a characteristic orial Wing but will be found on the land- species. ing of the stairway between the second and third floors of the corridor, outside American Tropical Zone. Barro Colo- the entrance to the Mexican Hall. Index rado Island, in the Canal Zone, was once hilltop Plan, pp. 17-18, Floors II-III, Hall 2a.) a and part of the unbroken humid tropical forest of the Panamanian low- objects presented mainly These were lands but it was cut off from the sur- by his grand-daughters, Maria R. and rounding forest when the valley of the Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, Chagres River was flooded by the closing covey pheasants, given by Miss a of was of Gatun Dam. It is now preserved as a M. Eliza Audubon. Gifts have been re- natural laboratory under the care of the ceived also from Dr. Edward H. Rogers. Institute for Research in Tropical Amer- Miss Anne E. Roelker, Robert Havell ica. It has been made known to many Lockwood, and others. through the writings of Dr. Frank M. Chapman, particularly by his books. "My Tropical Air Castle" and "Life in an Air Castle." Birds of the World Hall

(Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 2) South Georgia Group. The bird-life of the Antarctic regions is not as rich in This hall is devoted to a projected species as that of the tropics but possesses series of twelve habitat groups to show certain very interesting forms among the major faunal areas of the world and which the penguins are outstanding. The their characteristic birds. Nine groups group shows an assemblage of King Pen- have been completed and a tenth is un- guins on the island of South Georgia, der construction. The backgrounds, by 1 200 miles east of Cape Horn. Among the Francis Lee Jaques, Frank McKenzie, and other characteristic species are the Wil- Arthur A. Jansson, are reproductions of son's Petrel (one of the birds known to actual scenes made from color sketches sailors as "Mother Carey's Chickens"), the and photographs taken on the spot. Be- Kelp Gull, Giant Fulmar, the curious ginning at the right of the entrance, the Sheathbill, and (painted) the Wander- completed groups are as follows: ing Albatross. Pampas Group. The pampas and la- goons of the South Temperate Zone of East African Plains. The easterly third South America harbor a varied assem- of Africa is largely a grassy country dotted blage of birds. These include some twenty with thorny bushes and trees. The Kid- species of North American sandpipers and ong Valley, scene of the group, lies some plovers that migrate to this region to 40 miles northwest of Nairobi, Kenya spend the northern winter. Some of the Colony, in the Great Rift Valley that birds are permanent residents. The scene extends from northern Tanganyika to is laid at Lake Chascomus, near Buenos the Red Sea and southern Palestine. The Aires, Argentina, a region made famous Ostrich, Marabou, Bustard, Courser, by the writings of William Henrv Hud- Secretary Bird, Hoopoe, Coly, and Lark son to whom the group is dedicated. Gift shown in the group are typical of the of Mrs. Anna E. Erickson. plains region though some of the other birds shown have close relatives in the High Andes Group. The Paramo Zone forests. Gilt of Mr. Henry W. Sage. of South America is found at sea level at the southern end of the continent but Congo Forest Group. The equatorial occupies increasingly high elevations in forests along the Congo River in western

[86] _-*«v

BIRO LIFE OF THE GOBI

Africa are rich in bird-life. As in other the Snowline h. probably reached the Alps tropical forests, many species of birds from the Himalayas in prehistoric times often band together in loosely mixed when these two now distant mountain flocks that roam the woods for insects ranges may have been continuous. Others, and other food, searching from the like the Arctic Ptarmigan and Redpoll, ground to the tops of the trees. The ex- may have come from the north, driven by hibit shows such an assemblage together the advancing ice of the Glacial Period. with other inhabitants of the region. The Still others are inhabitants of the lower have extended their scene is at Lukolela, about 500 miles up- elevations that stream from the mouth of the Congo ranges upward to the timberline. River. Presented by Mrs. Dwight Arven Jones.

Gobi Group. The extensive desert of central Asia, known as The Gobi, con- tains a number of brackish lakes, without outlets and fed by surface and under- ground streams from mountains such as the Altai Range shown in the back- ground. The climate is cold except for a brief summer, and the bird-life consists largely of migrant species that go south for the winter, as the Demoiselle Crane, Great Bustard, and Ruddy Sheldrake. The Raven remains throughout the year. The interesting Sand-Grouse often travels long distances daily for water and has an irregular local migration.

Palaearctic Alpine Group. The Zer- matt Valley and the Matterhorn, in Swit- zerland, are shown with some of the char- acteristic birds of the upper Alps at tim- berline at 7000 feet elevation. Some of the species, like the Wall Creeper and

GREAT AUK (A mounted specimen in the Synoptic Hall of Birds). The Great Auk, or Gare Fowl, is now extinct, no living specimen having been recorded since 1844 New Forest Group. The Palaearctic naturalist finds /ones of life comparable Zone or Old World North Temperate with those to be found in traveling north Zone corresponds to the Nearctic or on the continent. Thus the Orizaba

North Temperate Zone of North Amer- group, so far as the distribution of life is ica. The families of birds found in the concerned, is an epitome of all the groups two regions are much the same and some in the hall. of the species are identical although their local names may differ. Occasionally the Cobb's Island Group. Among our most same name is applied to quite different beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the species as in the case of the European and terns and gulls, which (because of their American robins. The group shows the plumage) were once ceaselessly hunted famous "Roosevelt Walk" in the New For- and slaughtered for millinery purposes. est, in the Valley of the Itchen, in Hamp- Thanks to protection they have now shire, where Lord (then Sir Edward) Grey greatly increased in numbers. The group and Theodore Roosevelt watched the represents a section of an island off the birds together in 1910. The group is dedi- Virginia coast, where the birds are now cated to Lord Grey and was the gift of prote< ted by law. Mrs. Carll Tucker. Duck Hawk Group. The Duck Hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson almost within the limits of Hall of North American Bird Groups New York City. It nests on the ledges of

(Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 1) the towering cliffs. This hawk is the Pere- grine Falcon which was so much used for Here are the Habitat Groups of North hunting in the Middle Ages. It often American birds, prepared under the di- comes into the city for pigeons. rection of Dr. Frank M. Chapman. Cura- tor of Ornithology, who collected most of Hackensack Meadow Group. In Au- the specimens and practically all made gust and September the meadows and the field studies. The backgrounds are marshlands bordering the Hackensack reproductions of specific localities, paint- River. New Jersey, formerly teemed with ed from sketches made by the artist who bird-life, but this is rapidly disappearing usually accompanied the naturalists when before the march of "improvements." In the field studies for the groups were made. the group are swallows preparing to mi- Practically all sections of the country are grate southward, Bobolinks or "Rice represented; thus the series depicts char- Birds" in autumn plumage, Red-winged acteristic North American scenerv as well Blackbirds. Rails, Wood Ducks and as the bird-life. The backgrounds of the Long-billed Marsh Wrens. groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall,

Charles J. Hittell, Hobart Nichols, Carl Wild Turkey Group. The Wild Tur- Rungius, W. B. Cox, Louis A. Fuertes, key is a native of America and was once and Francis L. Jaques. The foliage and abundant in the wooded regions of the flowers were reproduced in the Museum eastern portion of the United States, but laboratories from material collected in is now very rare. It differs slightly in color the localities represented. (See Guide from the Mexican bird, the ancestor of Leaflet No. 28.) The visitor should follow our common barnyard turkey, which was the series to the right around the hall. introduced from Mexico into Europe Orizaba Group. The distribution of about 1530 and was brought by the colon- birds, notwithstanding their powers of ists to America. (Reproduced from studies Virginia.) flight, is limited in great measure by cli- near Slaty Forks, West mate. Thus in traveling from Panama The north to Greenland there are zones of Florida Great Blue Heron Group. bird-life corresponding to the zones of Great Blue Heron usually nests in trees. its back temperature. This condition is illustrated The bird flies with neck curved on the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, on its body, and because of this habit it where in traveling from the tropical jun- can readily be distinguished from cranes, gle at its base to its snow-clad peak the with which it is frequently confounded.

[88] ARCTIC SEABIRD LIFE. From a group in the Gallery of North American Birds. The group depicts the lower part of a 1000-foot cliff on Little Diomede Island in Bering Sea. Here myriads of sea birds come each summer to lav their eggs and rear their voting

(Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Sandhill Crane Group. Unlike the Florida.) herons, the Sandhill Crane builds its nest of reeds in the water. It differs also in its Water Turkey, or "Snake-bird," manner of flight, always fully extending the Group. In yellow pond-lily swamps its neck when on the wing. (Reproduced grown with cypresses and cabbage pal- from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies mettos, the shy Water Turkey builds its of Florida.) nest. It receives the name "turkey" from its turkey-like tail, and the title "snake- Brown Pelican Group. Pelican Island, bird" from its habit of swimming with on the Indian River of Florida, has been only the long slender neck above water. made a reservation by the United States (Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Government, and these grotesque birds Florida.) now breed there in comparative safety.

[89 ] CHIMNEY SWIFT RED TAILED HAWK MOURNING DOVE

LOCAL BIRDS. In the corridor on the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial, are shown all the species of hirds which have been known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. The first four lettered Cases, A-D, on the right, opposite the entrance to the proposed new hall of North American Mammals, contain the permanent residents, and the next four lettered cases. E-H, the migrants. The latter are changed as necessary about the first of each month. Beginning at the entrance to the Mammal Hall on the left hand wall, the numbered cases contain the general collection of all birds found within this area

(See Index Plan, p. 16, Floor

Hall i 2a)

(Above) GREEN HERON (Above) WOOD THRUSH low) RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD BALTIMORE ORIOLE (Below) KINGBIRD The view shows a section of the island at miles south of the Arctic Circle and about the height of the nesting season. (Repro- midway between Alaska and Siberia. duced horn studies at Pelican Island, The site of the group is the lower part Florida.) of the 1000-foot cliff at the south end of American Egret Group. This beautiful Little Diomede. Here, protected by isola- bird has been brought to the verge of ex- tion, as well as by the nature of their tinction in this country through the use haunts, myriads of murres, guillemots, puffins, anklets, gulls, and cormorants of its "aigrette plumes" for millinery pur- to lay their eggs and poses, and is now confined to a few pro- come each summer tected rookeries in the South. The birds rear their young. have these plumes only during the nest- Flamingo Group. There were estimated ing season, at which time the death of the to be two thousand nests in this colony. parent means the starvation of the young. The Flamingos construct their nests by (Reproduced from studies in a rookery scooping up mud with their bills and of South Carolina.) packing it down by means of bill and feet. The nests are raised to a height of twelve Turkey Vulture Group. The Turkey or fourteen inches. This protects eggs and Vulture, or "buzzard," is one of the best- young from disasters due to high water. known birds of the South, where it per- Only one egg is laid, and the young, cov- forms a valuable service in acting as scav- ered with down, is fed by the mother on enger. On this account it is protected by predigested food. (Reproduced from law and by public sentiment and has be- studies in the Bahama Islands.) come both abundant and tame. (Repro- duced from studies at Plummet" Island in Booby and Man-of-War Bird Group. the Potomac River, near Washington.) In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which three thousand Boobies and California Condor Group. The Cali- four hundred Man-of-War Birds were fornia Condor is the largest and one of nesting, the former on the ground, the the rarest of North American birds. It is latter in the sea grape bushes. (Repro- not so heavy as the condor of the Andes, duced from studies in the Bahama and has a slightly smaller spread of wing. Islands.) In the group the visitor is supposed to be standing in the interior of the condor's Florida Rookery Group. In this group cave, and is looking down on the river are Roseate Spoonbills, Snowy Egrets, of the canon. (Reproduced from studies American Egrets, Little Blue Herons, in Piru Canon, California.) Louisiana Herons, ibises, cormorants, and Water-Turkeys. Because of the great in- Brandt's Cormorant Group. The fore- accessibility of this island it was one of ground of the group shows a detail of the the last places to feel the depredations of island that is painted in the background. the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from The young birds are feeding, and it will studies in the Everglades of Florida.) be noticed that one fledgling is reaching down the mother's throat after the pre- Whistling Swan Group. A Whistling digested food. (Reproduced from studies Swan on the nest is visible far across the at Monterey, California.) arctic tundra, the summer home of this species. The nest is built of moss, etc., and Formerly San Joaquin Valley Group. in it are laid two to five white eggs, four this area was an arid place with a char- and a quarter inches long. Both male and acteristic desert bird fauna. Now the female share the labor of nest-building, ranchmen have irrigated the land and incubation, and caring for the young. aquatic bird-life abounds. This group is a good illustration of the influence of Whooping Crane Group. The Whoop- man on the bird-life of a region. ing Crane is so nearly exterminated that not only was it impossible to obtain a Bering Sea Bird Group. Little Dio- nest and young, but in making this group mede and Big Diomede form a group of it was necessary to use specimens taken two islands which lie in Bering Sea, fifty many years ago.

[91] Golden Eagle Group. The Golden Wild Goose Group. The Wild Goose is Eagle is one of the most widely distrib- one of the first birds to migrate north in uted of birds. In North America it is the spring. It nests among the lakes of common from the Rockies to the Pacific, Canada even before the ice is melted. as far east as Maine. Stories to the con- (Reproduced from studies made at Crane trary notwithstanding, the eagle never Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) attacks man. Grebe Group. The grebes are aquatic Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, birds which build their nests in the water. woodchucks and occasionally sheep. (Re- During incubation the parent bird usu- produced from studies near Bates Hole, ally covers the eggs with grass and reeds Wyoming.) when leaving the nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebes was the Red- Klamath Lake Group. The bird-life head Duck. (Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, here shows how normal nesting habits Canada.) may be changed by birds being forced to live in a new locality. White Pelicans, Loon Group. The Loon is justly famed which usually make a nest of pebbles; for its skill as a diver, and can swim with Caspian Terns, which commonly build great speed under water. Its weird call is their nests on sand, and Cormorants that a familiar sound on the northern New pass the nest on rocks are all nesting together here England lakes. Many Loons win- fifty land. on the islets of the lake. Unfortunately ter at sea miles or more from Hampshire.) the breeding ground shown here, with its (Lake Umbagog, New wonderful bird-life, has been destroyed Bird Rock Group. This rocky island by ill-advised drainage. (Reproduced thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.) Lawrence affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in considerable Arctic-Alpine Bird-Life Group. The numbers on its cliffs. Seven species are scene represented is in this group above shown nesting in the group— the Razor- the timber-line on the crest of the Cana- billed Auk, Leach's Petrel, Gannet, Puf- dian Rockies, 8,000 feet above the sea. fin, Kittiwake Gull, Common Murre, and Although these mountains are in the tem- Brunnich's Murre. This was the Mu- perate region, the altitude gives climatic seum's first large group. (Bird Rock, conditions that would be found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.) Far North, and the bird-life is arctic in also Leaflet No. 28, The character. Here are nesting the White- (See Guide Groups of North American tailed Ptarmigan, Rosy Snow Finches, and Habitat Birds.) Pipits. (Reproduced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.) Synoptic ami Geographic Hall of Birds

Sage Grouse Group. This group shows (Index Plan. p. 17, Floor II. Hall 1) a stretch of western plateau covered with The most striking feature is the exhibit sage brush. In this brush is seen the male of Birds in Flight in the domed ceiling. Sage Grouse strutting and wooing a mate. (Reproduced from studies at Medicine In the first four main cases on the right, Bow, Wyoming.) the 10,000 known spec ies of birds are rep- resented by typical examples of the prin- Prairie Chicken Group. The Prairie cipal groups arranged according to their Chickens are akin to the common grouse. natural relationship. The remaining The group represents a typical scene dur- cases on the right wall and all of those ing the mating season. The male birds go on the left show the geographical distri- through most surprising antics in their bution ol the bird fauna of the world. efforts to attract the females. They inflate In the alcoves near the entrance are the orange-colored sacs on the sides of several cases containing birds which have

1 heir necks, dancing and strutting about become extinct 01 nearly so. The Labra- and uttering a loud, resonant, booming dor Duck, the Heath Hen, and the Pas- note. (Reproduced from studies near senger Pigeon are shown here, now all Halsey, Nebraska.) extinct. Even the Great Auk and the

[92] skeleton of the Dodo are present, the lat- trated in several cases. The relationship ter also being represented by a modeled between structure and habits is illus- liie-size reproduction copied from an old trated in other exhibits, particularly by Dutch painting. one showing the feeding habits of some In certain alcoves are several cases de- birds. signed to present the natural history of At the farther end of the hall is a col- birds. lection of Birds of Paradise displaying The widely different plumages often their gorgeous plumes, presented by Mrs. worn by one species will be found illus- Frank K. Sturgis.

MAN-O-WAR BIRD (Frcgata minor). The Man-O-War Bird inhabits tropical seas. Its proportion- ate \\ing-e\panse is probably greater than that of any other bird. It can remain in the air in- definitely without apparent effort. Its tail-feathers seem to open and close in flight LIVING MAMMALS

The Akeley Memorial Hall of a large-scale map of Africa, showing lo- African Mammals calities from which the various animals and their settings were taken. (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 13) On the left-hand side of the hall, begin- The main floor of this hall, entered ning at the far end, is the Plains Group. from the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Here is depicted the teeming mammalian Building, was opened to the public in the life of the East African plains. The sev- spring of 1936. Here are recreated ex- eral kinds of antelope and the zebra in t his amples of the mammals typical of Africa, group are typical of this part of Africa. in their natural surroundings. The Greater Koodoo bears the longest At each side of the two doors are sculp- horns of any African antelope. An old tured representations of African natives male with a female and young male are by Malvina Hoffman. placed here in a setting duplicating the In the center, dominating the hall, rough, scrub-covered hills where these stands a herd of elephants in character- animals were collected. istic formation when alarmed. The great The Giant Sable is noted for its hand- bull is trumpeting his challenge, while a some form, rich color, and long, saber- younger bull wheels to cover the rear of like horns. It is found in the dry, park- the herd from possible attack. like country of central Angola, in a to right the Immediately the of en- limited area, and is rapidly becoming trance is the Water Hole Group. The extinct. animals of the dry plains must come to The Gemsbok is a larger relative of the such seepage holes drink. are re- to Here oryx seen in the Water Hole Group. Al- ticulated giraffes, Grant gazelles, oryx though once widely distributed in South with long straight horns and Grevy zebra. Africa, it is now common only in the dry Other typical mammals are seen in the Kalahari Desert. background, and several sand grouse in Next is the family of Okapi, the strange the foreground. forest-dwelling relatives of the giraffe. Next are seen the handsome antelopes, A scene in the Libyan Desert is shown the heather-covered Mountain Nyala, on with several addax which possess spirally Abyssinia. uplands of twisted horns and addra gazelles in a A herd of African Buffalo is next, typical setting. the emerging from the marshes along The Gorilla family is of particular sig- Tana River, Kenya, in late afternoon. nificance to human beings, because these A family group of Lions resting in the great apes are perhaps the most like man shade of a tree is the following scene, of all the living animals. They are shown typical of the great plains of East Africa. here in a clearing in the dense rain-forest In the background a herd of antelopes of the Kivu Mountains, an exact repro- and zebra feed unconcernedly. duction of their natural habitat. The Bongo Group shows a pair of these handsome antelopes in the bamboo forest Mezzanine, Akeley African Hall high on the Aberdare Mountains, Kenya. (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 13)

They have disturbed another typical The first group on the right shows the forest-dweller, the giant forest hog. Klipspringer, the small, rock-climbing The next group on the right-hand side antelope in the right background. East of the hall shows a fine pair of Giant African Baboons are in the right fore- Eland, the largest of the antelopes, in ground, and a pair of Chanler Reedbuck their natural habitat in southern Sudan. appears on the left. Among the rocks in The Upper Nile Region Group has now the left foreground may be discovered a been completed. Waterbuck, kob, Nile small hyrax or cony. lechwe, tiang antelope, sitatunga, roan The next completed group contains antelope, and hippopotamus are the several Lesser Koodoo, the males of which mammals shown in this group. The Nile, have twisted horns. There are two gere- with crocodiles, forms the background. nuk in the group, strange, long-limbed At the end of a short hallway there is and long-necked gazelles with a small

[94] MOUNTAIN GORILLA (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Of all living animals, the gorilla appears to be most nearly like mm. The adult males may reach a weight "of 500 pounds. Their strength is tremendous, and they are dangerous when enraged. They are found in the rain forests in the highlands of the eastern Belgian Congo. Terrestrial in habit, they feed on fruits and herbage. Detail of group in Akeley African Hall

[95] THE RE VR GUARD. Detail from the great elephant group in the Akeley African Hall. In every herd of elephants, in the wild condition, at least, one animal takes the responsibility of wheeling about at frequent intervals to see that all is well behind. I he young male shown below is mounted in this position in the elephant herd. It was collected by John T. McCutcheon in 1910 when lie was in the field with Carl Akelev

[96] AIRICAN BUFFALO (Syncerus caffer). Detail of the group in Akerey African Hall GREATER KOODOO CROUP (Strepsiceros strepsiceros) head. A (lock of Yulturine Guinea Fowl The South African Group shows typi- is seen in the hack" round. cal mammals of the high veldt as they Impala prefer the park-like country in were when white men first came. Now the which they are shown. With handsome Springbok are greatly restricted in num- carriage and lvre-shaped horns, the males bers and Blesbok and Black Wildebeest rank among the most beautiful of the are found only on a few farms where they antelopes. are protected. The White or Square-mouthed Rhi- The Ostrich Group shows a pair of noceros is third in size of the living land these large birds with young ones hatch- mammals. In front of this family group ing from the eggs. The Warthogs would is an African Porcupine. like to secure a few young ostrich, but the On the other side of the passage, at the parents stand guard belligerently. end of which is a large map of Africa, a Vernay-Faunthorpe Hall of South Black Rhinoceros family can he seen en- Asiatic Mammals joying a mud wallow. A pair of long- nosed Dik-dik are included in this group. (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 9) Next there is a Hunting Dog pack at We enter this hall from the left end of evening looking over the plains to where the Roosevelt Memorial Hall. herds of Wildebeest and Zebra can be From 1922 to 1928 Mr. Arthur S. dimly seen. The clogs rarely bother these Vernay and Colonel J. C. Faunthorpe of larger species but gazelles, impala and Great Britain made six expeditions into smaller animals are their usual prey. India, Burma and Siam to collect and

WHITE RHINOCEROS GROIP (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) k * \ DETAILS FROM WATER HOLE GROUP IN AKELEY AFRICAN HALL

(Above) GREW ZEBRAS GIRAFFES AND GAZELLES AT A WATER HOLE (opposite page)

later donate to the Museum this collec- centrally placed. This is the largest tion which now stands as the finest and Asiatic antelope. It exhibits marked most complete exhibition of the larger sexual divergence in color, the female South Asiatic Mammals in existence. and young being reddish fawn, the male The groups and architectural setting a blue gray. The Nilgai is related to the were designed and executed under the African twisted-horn antelopes like the direction of James L. Clark. The acces- Koodoo and Eland. sories were constructed under the direc- The Indian Leopard differs only slightly tion of Albert E. Butler. from those found in Africa. Both are for- Dr. Harold E. Anthony, Curator of est animals, but occur in the dry bush Mammals, was responsible for the scien- country also. They feed on deer, pig, and tific direction. the larger birds such as the peafowl that Two fine examples of the Indian has been captured by the leopard in this Elephant stand in the center of the hall, group. giving due prominence to the largest and The Sambar is the largest of the Indian perhaps most characteristic mammal of deer, found throughout the wooded part southern Asia. This species differs from of southern Asia. Its size makes it an im- (he African Elephant by smaller ears, portant source of food for the larger car- higher forehead, and arched back. It has nivores but it is powerful and. when also different teeth and trunk. brought to bay, may be dangerous. The The Nilgai or Blue Bull Group is also red Wild Dog of India hunts in packs,

[ 101 i

-*e^ '••'' sometimes as many as forty strong. In of the Himalaya Mountains in India, combination these fierce animals attack Burma and the Malay Peninsula. and kill animals as large as the Sambar. The Chital or Axis Deer is one of the The Black Buck (the male alone is handsomest of the deer family. The blackish, the females being yellowish- young of all deer arc spotted, but this brown) is found on the high plains coun- species retains the spotted pattern try. This is also the habitat of the Chin- through life. It frequents the bamboo kara, the Indian gazelle. jungle and wooded regions near water, The Muntjac, or Barking Deer, is one and is found in suitable habitats through- of the most primitive of the true deer. out most of India and Ceylon. Males, in addition to bearing small ant- The Gaur is perhaps the largest of the lers, supported on bony pedicels, have existing cow-like animals, large bulls well developed canine teeth. The Mouse standing over six feet at the shoulder. "Deer" or Chevrotain is not a deer, but is Gaur are found in forested hilly country probably more closely related to the from India to Indo-China and the Malay camels. Peninsula. The Lion formerly had an extended Water Buffalo occur in the lowlands range in northern India, chiefly in the and swamps of central India, Ceylon, and plains country. It is usually pale in color, the Malay Peninsula. Buffalo have been but does not differ greatly from the sev- domesticated and used as beasts of bur- eral races found in Africa. den and milch animals. Wild Buffalo are The Four-horned Antelope is the only the most dangerous Asiatic bovines to living wild four-horned animal. It is hunt, for they frequently charge. A herd found in small groups in most wooded will attack a tiger without hesitation. and hilly parts of India but not in dense The great one-horned Indian Rhi- jungle. The Smooth Otter is found south noceros is characterized by thickened skin

THE LEOPARD GROUP IN SOUTH ASIATIC HALL (opposite page)

(Beloie) SAMBAR ATTACKED BY WILD DOGS

*fcfr. V* W •.* *iki

**>. ' "" *" WW'&J

yi~4M > m (;*.<".

THE GAUR (litis gaurus). The Gaur is an imposing animal of India, Burma and the Malay Peninsula. It is found in the forests, but sometimes feeds in grass) areas on the high hills. It is not found in the lowlands

which has the appearance of plate armor. exclusively on insects, fruit, and honey. Its prehensile upper lip indicates that it They climb trees with difficulty. Bears are feeds partly at least on leaves and twigs, usually timid, but if wounded or cor-

but it is found chiefly in the grass-jungles nered may be dangerous antagonists. of Assam. The Hog Deer, or Para, is a small rela- The Banting is perhaps the most like tive of the Sambar and is found in the the domestic cow in appearance of all the Indo-Gangetic Plain and in most of the wild bovines, and may be ancestral to the Hat country in Burma. It is usually soli-

Indian cattle. It is. however, closely re- tan in habit. lated to the Gaur, but is found chieHv in The Indian Wild Boar is closely allied flat country and at lower altitudes. Bant- to the Eurasian Boar, but has a higher

ing are found from Burma and Cochin crest. It is one of the most "gamy" of the China to Bali in the Malay Archipelago. Indian mammals. lighting until killed. The Eld Deer, or Thamin, is distin- Gibbons are the most primitive of the guished from other spec ies by the graceful anthropoid apes, but the most arboreal. curve of the antlers in the male. It occurs They are capable of walking upright, but on the alluvial plains and is found in travel by swinging from branch to branch suitable localities east of the Bav of and tree to tree. The Hoolock Gibbon in- Bengal, from Assam and Manipnr to habits the hills of Assam, Burma and Cambodia, Hainan and the Malay southern Yunnan. Usually these animals Peninsula. are black, with white blows, but some The Sumatran Rhinoceros is related to individuals are pale yellowish-gray. the Indian species but has two horns, and I he Swamp Deer, or Barasingha, is is much smaller in si/e. It is found in related to the Thamin, but differs in the Assam. Burma, Siam, the Malay Penin- shape of the antlers. It is a large species. sula, Sumatra and Borneo, but is rare and restricted to the vicinity of water in open se< retive. It is found exclusively in forests. lot est, and on grassy plains. The Sambar The Sloth Bear, or Honey Bear, is is usually found in wooded regions, but is characterized b\ the long flexible muzzle, the most widely distributed species. which is used to suck termites from their The Tiger is the largest Asiatic cat. deep runways. These animals Iced almost Tigers live characteristically in the forest

[ '04 and tall grass country, the stripes blend- wick. These "roups, mounted years ago. ing closely with the light and shadow of are still among the largest examples of this habitat. They feed largely on deer their kind and are noteworthy accom- and pigs, but frequently kill domestic plishments of the older taxidermy, espe- cattle. Individuals, too old or decrepit for cially as pioneer achievements in that art. their usual prey, may turn man-eaters. Mountain Sheep. Mountain Sheep in- habit the more inaccessible mountain Hall of North Asiatic Mammals ranges of the West, from northern Mexico (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 5) through the Bad Lands and Rocky Moun- This hall is approached through the tains almost to the shore of the Arctic. South Asiatic Hall from the Roosevelt They are gregarious, occurring in small Memorial. At present it is incomplete, flocks. When undisturbed, each flock is but, when finished, the exhibits will cover headed by a ram, but when danger threat- the region north of the Himalayas, in- ens, he assumes the rear guard and a ewe cluding Tibet, Afghanistan, Mongolia, takes the lead. and Siberia. Rocky Mountain Goat. This animal is The Giant Panda Group is on exhibi- a goat-antelope, with its only close rela- tion and a Siberian Tiger Group is being tives in the Himalaya Mountains. It is prepared. Both of these are illustrated on found from Idaho to Montana northward pages 106-107. through British Columbia to the mouth of Copper River, inhabiting deep moun- Allen Hall of North American tain ranges and inaccessible peaks. Mammals Roosevelt Elk. At the end of this hall (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II. Hall 3) is a group of Roosevelt Elk found in the A new Hall of North American Mam- Coast Range from British Columbia to mals is being built on the first floor open- Northern California. Once abundant, ing out of the center of the Roosevelt they have become much reduced in num- Memorial section. Exhibits of North bers, though an effort is now being made American mammals have long been dis- to preserve them. played in the Allen Hall on the second Beaver. The Beaver, formerly the most floor, approached through the North important of North American mammals Asiatic Hall. from a commercial standpoint, and one The first center exhibit to catch the intimately connected with the early his- eye is a group of American Bison and be- tory and exploration of the continent, is yond this the Moose from New Bruns- represented actively at work. The opening

ASIATIC WATER BUFFALO (Bos bubalis). These buffaloes are the cattle of the grassy plains of India. They are widely domesticated as draft animals and furnish milk to the natives. They have been employed for hunting the Indian lion THE GIANT PANDA (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). This interesting creature lives in the bamboo in forests growing on the sides of the mountains of western China. Though it resembles a bear raccoon outward appearance, anatomical studies show thai it is more closely allied to the

[106] HEAD OF SIBERIAN TIGER. To be shown in a group for the North Asiatic Hall .

in the lodge is not natural, but made to and the glowing scarcity and increasing show the intei ioi demand for furs, the muskrat has become Cats, Wolves and Foxes. The cats, one ol the most important fur-bearing wolves and foxes, and the host of small animals. creatures like squirrels, rats and mice, are Black Bear. A group at the right-hand represented by numerous characteristic side of the hall shows general color varia- examples. Here are the Jaguar, the largest tions of the Black Bear. Among these are of the American cats, the Puma, the well- the Cinnamon Bear, the Glacier Bear, known Coyote or Prairie Wolf and the and Kermode's White Bear. little-known white Arctic Wolf from the Puma. The Puma is very wide-ranging, extreme north of Greenland. Here too is being found over a great part of North the Arctic Fox in its two color phases. and South America. In its many forms or Timber Wolf. One of the most beauti- species, it displays great adaptability to ful groups in the Museum is that showing environment and is found not only in part of a pack of Timber Wolves follow- heavily forested districts and high moun- ing the tracks of deer. tains, but on arid desert areas as well. Virginia Deer. The Virginia or White- Polar Bear. The Polar Bear inhabits tailed Deer, found over a large part of the coast of the Arctic Ocean, wandering North America, is shown in its summer over the great ice-floes and along the coat. Other species of our deer are dis- shores of northern islands seeking seals played in the adjoining cases. and young walrus. The huge flat paws and powerful muscles make the animal Peccary. The Peccary, one of two spe- a strong swimmer. The coat of long, cies related to the pig family and peculiar almost woolly hair and a thick layer of fat to the Americas, is really an intruder protect it from the intense cold. The large from South America. male in the group was brought from Grizzly and Alaskan Brown Bears. At Payer Harbor, Greenland, in the spring the end of the hall are the Grizzly and of 1902 by Commander Robert E. Peary. Alaskan Brown Bears, the latter the lar- gest members of the family, as well as a Oceanic Mammals splendid specimen of Giant Moose of (Index Plan, i(i, Floor I, Hall Alaska. p. 10) Grant's Barren Ground Caribou. The Leading from the Hall of Fishes is the Barren Ground Caribou are animals of Hall of Ocean Life. In this hall are dis- the waste and treeless regions of Arctic played whales, porpoises, marine mam- mals, the great coral reef group, and America where it is impossible for other members of the deer family to exist. At shells. Although much of the space is now regular intervals these animals gather in occupied by permanent exhibits, the final immense bands and migrate, going north- plans have not yet been fully consum- mated, additions to the exhibits in ward in spring and southward in the fall. and the hall will be made from time to time. Musk-Ox. The Musk-Ox is adapted for Immediately upon entering, the visitor life in the far north and usually travels in will note the large skeletons and models bands of a dozen or more. Its food in sum- of whales and porpoises suspended from mer consists mainly of grass, in winter of the ceiling. Just in front of the entrance trailing willows, pawed up from under to the hall is the striking full-sized model the snow. The specimens in the group of the Kdler Whale with contrasting were collected by Commander Robert E. black and white markings, a fierce preda- Peary on Bache Peninsula, Ellesmere tory cetacean capable of swallowing a fur Land, October, 1898. seal or a small porpoise at a gulp. Near Pronghorn Antelope. The handsome the Killer and lacing it hangs the model Pronghorn Antelope, peculiar to North of a Blackfish, like the Killer a species of in vast America, once found numbers on giant porpoise but of a much milder dis- the western plains, was verging on extinc- position. Skeletons of these animals are tion but is now increasing in numbers. hanging beneath the models. Above the Muskrat. Owing to its wide distribu- balcony in front of the entrance is sus- tion, the rapidity with which it breeds, pended a lifelike model of a Giant Squid,

[108] BIGHORN OR MOUNTAIN SHEEP (Ovis canadensis) HARPOONING THE SPERM WHALE DURING THE DAYS OF SAILING SHIPS. One of a scries of murals in the Hall of Ocean Life depicting whaling in olden times when sail-rigged vessels were used and the whales were killed with a harpoon thrown by hand

one of the marine animals upon which nearest the entrance being a Right Whale, the Sperm Whale preys. The large skele- a Pigmy Right Whale in the middle, and ton to the right is that of a Sperm Whale, a California Gray Whale at the far end. the largest of the living toothed whales, Above them is a long row of lifelike mod- formerly much sought by whalers as the els of porpoises ranging in species from source of spermaceti. Beyond the Sperm the common dolphin to the rare river Whale, on the same side, hangs a skeleton and lake dolphins. Here also is a model of the Finback Whale. of the Pigmy Sperm Whale. At the far Just above these two large skeletons are end are two large models, one of the spec- found skeletons of several species of tacular Narwhal with long ivory tusk (at toothed whales, including several rare the right), the other the False Killer, for- types, and the Narwhal. At the near end merly a very rare species but in recent of this row is a model of the Sperm Whale, years appearing unexpectedly off the and at the far end is a small model of the British Isles and the coast of South Africa, Sulphur-bottom Whale, the largest ani- where a large number were stranded in mal in the world. shoal water. At the opposite end, on the Along the left side of the hall, three left of the entrance, is a model of the skeletons of whales are suspended, the one White Whale, a large northern porpoise.

(Below) SKELETON OF THE ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE (Eubalaena glacialis). The •'whale- hone" is shown in the skeleton suspended from the roof of the mouth as close-set, horn) plates V-:,T >

A BULL WALRl S FROM THE PACIFIC WALRUS GROUP IN THE HALL OF OCEAN LIFE. One of the specimens secured by the Stoll-McCracken Expedition to Bering Sea. Group presented by Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Around the walls of the balcony are Young Sperm Whale which came into spaces for twelve mural paintings, of New York Harbor and eventually was which nine have been completed. Along held a captive in the Gowanus Canal at the right side are four great paintings Brooklyn. It was brought to the Museum showing scenes typical of American Sperm in the flesh. Whaling and titled respectively, "The On the main floor of the Hall of Ocean

- Chase. Fhe Attack, ' "rowing the Car- Life and under the balcony are the habi- cass," and "Trying Out." On the left wall tat groups of marine mammals. Begin- are three canvases portraying the life of ning at the fust right corner, the first of Typical Species of Whales and including diese is the group of Northern Elephant "Bowhead Whale," "Finback Whale," Seals, huge, ponderous mammals hauled and "Killer Whales attacking a Gray out on the rocky beach of Guadaloupe Whale." These seven murals are the work Island, Lower California. The full-grown of Mr. John P. Benson, the noted marine male of this species has a long, pendulous painter. proboscis suggestive of an elephant's At the far end of the hall is the large trunk. Continuing along the right side of habitat group showing a Coral Reef in the hall, the next exhibit is that of the the Bahamas. The group extends from the Florida Manatee, a thick-set, homely main floor of the hall up to the limits of beast, well adapted to its aquatic life. the balcony ceiling and shows the multi- Next is the group of Pacific Walrus, one tudinous life below the surface, as well as of the largest in the Museum, which the land, sea and sky above. This group shows these Arctic Sea mammals at home was completed after twelve years study on an ice floe. and preparatory work. (See pages 61-63.) In the first left corner is a large group At either side of the painted back- ol Steller Sea Lions at home on St. George ground of the coral reef group is a large Island, one of the Pribilofs. The male Sea mural showing dolphins in a running sea. Lions are huge, powerful seals with mas- Below the level of the balcony and sive necks and shoulders. hanging just beyond reach from the rail Adjacent to the Sea Lions arc found at the head of the stairway is a cast of a the Alaska Fur Seals on Kitovi Rookery,

GROIT OF PROBOSCIS MONKEYS (Nasalis lantatus). These remarkable monkeys occur only on the island of Borneo. They are characterized bv the flaming orange-red color of the face and by the elongated proboscis which gives them their name St. Paul's Island. Many details of the modes of locomotion, and superiority of home life of these beautiful seals are to the brain of mammals over that of other be noted in this group, which shows the vertebrates. Others show illustrations of vigorous dominant bulls, each with his albinism and melanism; that animals out- harem of sleek, slender cows, the bachelor wardly similar may be only very distantly bulls, and the playful pups. related; how the coat of the hare changes On the floor of the hall are several cases from brown to white; and the adaptations of plants and animals to a desert habitat. with special exhibits. One of these is the special note is the skeleton of Townsend Fur Seal, a species on the verge Of Jum- of extinction and only recently redis- bo, the largest elephant ever brought to this country alive. covered after it was believed by many to have disappeared completely. Another The fruit bats, often known as flying case displays several types of diving gear foxes, the largest members of the Chirop- with full equipment of pump, telephone, tera, and found only in the warmer parts etc. of the Old World, are represented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, At either side, at the right side of the Philippine Islands. Such a colony may hall, main floor, are two cases with the number several thousands, and may be beautiful Undersea Paintings by Mr. very destructive to bananas and other Zarh H. Pritchard. fruits. Suspended from the ceiling at the far The most striking object in the hall is end of the hall is the Lindbergh Plane, the life-size model of a Sulphur-bottom "Tingmissartoq." This, together with the Whale, seventy-six feet in length. The equipment used in flying across Bering original of this specimen was captured in Strait to China, and later in exploratory Newfoundland, and the model is accu- flights over Greenland, Iceland, the North rately reproduced from careful measure- Atlantic, Europe, the South Atlantic ments. This species of whale is not only Ocean and South America, was the gift of the largest of living animals, but, so far as Colonel and Mrs. Charles A. Lindbergh. we know, the largest animal that has ever lived. A specimen of this size weighs from Synoptic Hall of Mammals sixty to seventy tons, twice as much as (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 3) Brontosaurus. Although whales and por- poises live This hall, entered from the Insect Hall, in the water, they are not fishes, but mammals, as they are warm-blooded is devoted mainly to a series of exhibits illustrating the characters of mammals, and breathe by means of lungs, not gills. their principal groups, or orders, the main Mammals of New York State. A com- subdivisions of these, known as families, plete series of the living animals which and various interesting peculiarities of have been known to exist within the lim- habits and structure. Each family is, so its of New York State is presented in the far as possible, represented by a mounted corridor on the first floor of the Roose- specimen and a skeleton. Starting from velt Memorial in the neighborhood of the the further end and walking around the elevators (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall room from left to right, one passes from 12a). This exhibit includes skins of all the egg-laying Platypus to man, represent- animals of moderate size, models of the ed by the figure of an Australian native, larger species and cutout figures of the armed with the characteristic boomerang. whales and other large sea animals, the Certain exhibits demonstrate modifica- latter recorded from the waters around tions of form and structure for various New York.

"3 ANTHROPOLOGY (INCLUDING ORIGIN OF MAN)

Hail oi Primates shown how red muscle fibres of the fish

(Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 2) are combined into W-shapcd muscle Hakes. 01 imomeres. The Systematic Scries of Primates, in- Other exhibits deal with the anatomy tended to give some idea of the number ol man as compared with lower verte- of species in this order, and their range brates, following the chief organic s\s in size, form, and color, begins on the terns and the locomotor apparatus. left with examples of man and is con- The position of among the ver- tinued in the wall cases around the room, man tebrates and the evidences of his evolu- ending with the lemurs. Noteworthy tion from lower types are illustrated by among the Primates is the Gorilla, largest comparisons of skeletal structure in liv- and most powerful of apes; the curious ing and fossil types and with comparisons "Proboscis" Monkey from Borneo; and of muscle systems with lower forms, as the Aye-aye of Madagascar. well as by comparative embryology. An The center corridor contains groups of analysis of the nervous system, and the Primates characteristic of various parts evolution of the human brain are dealt of the world, Africa, Asia, South America with and their functions are demon- and Madagascar, and a group of African strated. Pygmies, a "low" race of men, to be com- The second part of the exhibit, on the pared with the "high" apes. right side of this hall, is devoted to ex- Outside of the central corridor, on the hibits illustrating human biology. It is left side of the hall, is a group of Orang planned to show the growth and develop- Utans from Borneo. ment of the individual, the differentia- farther of the hall, a series At the end tion of man by constitutional and endo- skeletons demonstrates the comparative of crine types, the racial classification of Primates the changes structure of the and man, human genetics and race mixture, passing from Lemurs that take place in population problems and the technique to Man. of physical anthropology. Temporarily placed in this hall also is There has already been installed an of domesticated dogs, which, an exhibit exhibit demonstrating by x-ray films the includes noteworthy though small, some process of growth and maturation of the examples of various breeds. human hand. A series of full-sized figures showing some of the major racial types Hall of the Natural History of Man has been placed in the central alcove. (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 4) Also in this alcove two charts are dis- The Hall of the Natural History of played. One illustrates the natural habi- Man when completed will consist of two tats of the various racial types exhibited. parts, the first entitled "Introduction to The other depicts the major population Human and Comparative Anatomy," the movements throughout the world since second dealing with the physical char- I ]()L'. acteristics of the Races of Man, Develop- The Skeleton from Fish ro Man 1S. ment, Growth and allied topics. (Index Plan. p. Flooi 111. Hall 1)

The first part begins by showing Man I lie judgment of science is that our in His Cosmic Aspect, conceived as a liv- pie-human ancestors only reached the ing engine which derives its working capi- grade ol humanity alter millions of years tal of energy directly or indirectly from of slow promotion from lower to higher the energy of the sun stored up in plant grades ol life. and animal tissue. This energy is appro- Owing to the enormous number and priated by man in food substances and variety of living forms in all ages and to distributed through the various anatomi- the wholesale destruction of their skele- cal systems. tons by natural agencies, only about thir-

In another exhibit the Elements of the ty of 1 lie fossil forms which we have dis- Locomotor Apparatus arc set forth. It is covered to date happen to lie in or near [»4] THE SKELETON FROM FISH TO MAf

cethatofalh ammc >ssive part of trie locom machinery, whie the muscles and nerves are the jdy of the tons of ail known '-.Des of fossil and modern animals has made it possible to decipl record of progress from fish to man The series of forms here shown does not form a direct line of descent fro shown is the neans so far discovered

i Stage Stage Stage 2 Stage ;! 4 Cheirolepis Eusthenopteron Diplovertebron Seymouria

THE FIRST FOUR STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (From water-living to land-living)

the direct line of ascent from fish to man. muscle flakes along either side of the Nevertheless the story of the evolution of body. The axis of the body was an elastic the skeleton from fish to man is already rod called the notochord (similar to that clear in its main outlines as shown by this which appears in the embryonic stages of exhibit prepared under the direction of all higher vertebrates, including man). Dr. William K. Gregorv. The fins were folds of skin, serving as The First Stage represents the earliest keels and rudders. true fishes by a model based on a fossil The Second Stage, of Upper Devonian fish from the Old Red Sandstone (Devo- age, represents a long step in advance. nian of Scotland) named Cheirolepis. It is based on a fossil fish named Eusthen- This fish, which breathed by gills in the opteron, from the Upper Devonian of normal fish way, must have looked some- Canada. This fish still had gills but there what like a trout, but its tail was more is some evidence that it also possessed an like that of a shark. The body moved for- air-sac or lung. It had two pairs of pad- ward in the water by a wriggling move- dles, corresponding to the fore and hind ment caused by the regularly arranged limbs respectively of four-footed animals. ["5] c

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Stage 5 Stage 6 Stage 7 Stage 8 Cynognathus Opossum Notharctos Gibbon

THE SECOND FOl'R STAGES FROM FISH TO MAX. (From ground-duelling to tree duelling)

The Third Stage, from the Carbonifer- the Upper Triassic of South Africa. In ous age, represents the oldest known type this form the limbs were better adapted of four-footed animals. The skeleton of for running and there are many features the hands, feet and limbs is much more of the skull, backbone and limbs that ap- developed than in the previous stage. proach those of mammals. There are five digits on each of the hands For the Sixth Stage the skeleton of a and feet. modern opossum was used. It retains in the main the leading characters of the The Fourth Stage represents the primi- skeletons of the older fossil mammals. tive reptilian or lizard-like stage, from This form has five-toed grasping hands the Lower Permian of Texas. The skele- and feet, by means of which it climbs ton on the whole is not greatly different about in the trees. It has retained a rela- from the preceding stage (except in detail) tively low type of skull, teeth and brains. but the limbs were better developed. In the Seventh Stage we come to a form The Fifth Stage represents an advanced that lies near the lower limits of the order mammal-like reptile (Cynognathus) from of Primates. These were thoroughly

[i.6] Stage 9 Stage 10 Chimpanzee and Gorilla Man

THE TWO FINAL STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (On the ground again, and attainment of erect posture)

adapted for life in the trees but they had India and South Africa, some of which in much larger eyes and bigger brains than turn approached quite near to the oldest any of the preceding stages. known fossil men. The ape brain is much The Eighth Stage is represented by the more developed than the brains of lower skeleton of the gibbon, an East Asiatic animals and ape intelligence at times is ape which is a tree-living descendant of almost human. the first family of the tail-less or man-like In the Tenth Stage we see that the apes. When on the ground he is the only human skeleton is built upon the same existing man-ape which normally walks general plan as those of the chimpanzee, on his hind legs. His skeleton begins to gorilla and gibbon, but that in man the be almost human in many ways but his backbone, pelvis and limbs are modified arms are excessively long. to enable him to walk on his hind legs The Ninth Stage is represented by our and to use his forelegs as arms and hands distant cousins the gorilla (below) and the rather than as supports. His brain is much chimpanzee (above). These apes retain the larger and more highly developed than essential characters of the fossil apes of in the apes. ["7] --"- — %

ANCESTRY OF MAN. This exhibit illustrates the origin of man and the present-day apes, monkeys, and lemurs belonging to ilic great order, Primates. The relationships of these groups are shown h\ ihe branching lines of ascent from the common stock. See text below

Ancestry and Early Races oi Man able relationships of the various races as

(Index Plan. p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 2) in a genealogical tree. The other exhibit, in which a branch- The exhibits in the central aisle of the ing tree is modeled pictorially in bas-re- Hall of the Age of Man deal, first, with lief, brings the ancestry still farther back Man's origin from the lower Primates, to a primitive Primate (Notharctus) of and, secondly, with the older races of the Eocene, and also postulates Dryopith- mankind as shown by their fossil remains ecus of the Mio-Pliocene as possessing and by preserved fragments of their handiwork. the requirements for an approximate "structural ancestor" for both apes and Two exhibits show present views re- men. garding man's ancestry. One near the entrance of the hall displays on one side Ancient Races of Mankind. Beginning a series of skulls and sknll-casts of the with a skull-cast of Trinil, or Java "ape- various types of prehistoric man, and on man." skeletal remains or casts represent the other a series of skulls of living an- Piltdown Man, Heidelberg Man, Nean- thropoid apes. Prom these, converging derthal Man, and Cro-Magnon Man. An black lines pass downward to a possible excellent series of sculptured restorations common ancestor, represented by a fossil of these types, four of which are illustrat- skull Dr. of a primitive ape of the Lower Oli- ed below, have been made by J. H. gocene. The black lines indicate the prob- McGregor, and are generally considered

RESTORATIONS OF HEAD AM) SHOULDERS OF EARLY MAN. These restorations were made

b\ Professor ). H. McGregoi following scientific principles and utilizing the skull-remains of the various types as a starting point. They are as follows:

(1) Trinil Ape-Man 12) Piltdown Man (3) Neanderthal Man (4) Cro-Magnon Man Pithecanthropus Eoanthropus Homo Homo sapiens C) (Tills dawsoni neanderthalensis cro-tnatinonensis

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CRO-MAGNON ARTISTS OF SOUTHERN FRANCE. At work in one of the limestone grottoes in France. They are engaged in painting on the rough stone walls pictures of the woolly mam- moths, which were then living in that region

as embodying the most recent scientific ity of the early stock which first represents deductions as to the general appearance modern man in Europe. of these primitive races of mankind, the A series of mural paintings by Charles R. Knight over the doorways of the Hall earliest possibly bringing man back to the of the Age of Man give a vivid idea of the Upper Pliocene, more than 1,000,000 various races of early man as visualized by years ago. the artist in harmony with our best sci- Weapons and implements of rough and entific knowledge. polished stone and of bone are exhibited The Hall of Prehistoric Cultures on as evidence of the gradual up-building of the second floor of the Museum (Index human culture through the "rough stone" Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 6) is also de- and stone" ages of pre- "polished man's voted to exhibits of the early arts and in- historic periods, while reproductions of dustries of the European Cave Men and the cave-paintings of Cro-magnon man in Lake Dwellers, as well as of North Ameri- France and Spain attest the artistic abil- can prehistoric men.

STAC HUNTERS OF THE NEOLITHIC OR NEW STONE AGE. These men came into Europe after the climax of the glacial climate had passed. Their descendants apparently still exist in parts of Europe. This mural represents a family living on the shore of the Baltic. These people were the forerunners of later civilized man '«

The Woodland Indians

(Index Plan, p. id. Floor I, Hall 4)

Almost the entire hall is devoted to the Indians of Northeastern United States and Canada— the Great Eastern Woodland. The whole of this area was in forest. The culture of these Woodland Indians is charac- terized by the bark wigwam and the birch canoe. Its geographical center was the Great Lake Area. Hunting and fishing were daily occupations, but wild rice and maple sugar were staple foods, while some corn, beans, squashes, tobacco, etc., were raised where the climate permitted. The above photograph of a miniature group shows how the Indians of the sugar maple region made sugar from maple sap in the early spring. Men and women took part in ^^^ the work. The sugar camp was made near a clearing in the sugar maple forest. The dome-shaped, bark-covered house was the stor- age place for the utensils when they were not in use. The trees were gashed, usually on the sunward side, with a stone ax. A spout, consisting of a shal- low, trough-like section of wood, was inserted in each slot, and a bark vessel placed beneath to catch the dripping sap. (See illus- tration at left.) The sap was boiled in bark kettles hung over the fire from wooden hooks and stirred and tested with wooden paddles, like that at the right. When the sap, which was boiled twice, was of the correct thick- ness, it was poured, still warm, into a wooden trough where it was pounded with a wooden ladle (above at left). The American Indian exhibits radiate left and center from Memorial Hall. Toward the left, we meet first the Indians of New York and New England and the successive exhibits are so ar- ranged that you can imagine ' *

USE OF BIRCH BARK. AMONG THE EASTERN INDIANS (From .1 miniature group '" tne Woodland [ndians Hall)

yourself walking across the United States While, as already stated, the forest In- from east to west. dians were primarily hunters, and also The eastern woodland of the United practiced some agriculture, nevertheless, States extended westward almost to the their woodland environment led to vari-

Mississippi River. Objects in the cases ( his simple industries naturally dependent show that these Indians lived in the forest upon such raw materials as were at hand and the materials they used came from and adaptable to their daily needs. the forest, which fact influenced their Wood was used for canoes, mortars, houses, tools, weapons, clothing and orna- spoons, bowls, dishes, houses, wood ments so that they look different from splints and baskets. Bark of various those of [ndians in the other halls. kinds was a favorite material. For e\-

MAKIXG CORN BREAD IN AN IROOt OIS HOI SF. (From a miniature <>T(Htpi

^ > ample, the birchbark industry, as shown in the model figured on page 121. is ex- emplified by containers and ornaments in many of the cases. Skins were originally used for costumes. but cloth was frequently bought of white traders. Manx wild plants and trees fur- nished fibre from which these Indians made good string and cord for making fish-nets and weaving bags. Every well- furnished home required mats for the floor and for sleeping, as shown in the »roup pictured below on page 121. Climate influences the wa\s of life. In this hall, the tribes represented range from near-Arctic Canada to sub-tropical

Florida. Their clothing varies from 1 111 garments among the Dene and the Cue to thin cloth dresses of the Seminole. A number of miniature groups along the side walls show tribal costume, hous- ing and industries. Especially interesting subjects are rock-shelters; making rabbit- skin clothing: weaving with basswood fibre; making a false face; and the stages by which grains of corn are transformed into bread. Travel was on foot. Canoes were used in summer where streams and lakes were available. Snow shoes were used in winter and, in the north, the toboggan was com- mon. Examples of Indian inventions are canoes, maple sugar, tobacco pipes, corn- husk weaving, splint baskets, tump-line, wampum, la crosse game, netted snow shoes, toboggan, and water-drum. The Indians' history begins with the landing of white men. Many of the ob- jects shown in the cases are historic, bul others, such as the stone, bone and shell objects found in the "round are usually prehistoric. In the exhibits dealing with Manhattan and Staten Islands, from which the Indians were driven In the first settlers, we can exhibit nothing but pot- tery, stone, bone and shell objects. The relics of our local Indians will be found near the entrance of the hall. On the left are some specimens of pottery vessels and many small objects ol stone and bone recovered from Manhattan Island and the neighboring territory of Staten Island. Long Island and West- chester County. Nearby on the same side ot the hall are collections obtained from

\ DAKOTA SIOUX WARRIOR (Model Plains Indian Hall) living Indians of the coast region north and south of New York. These are the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy of Maine. the Micmac and Malecite of the lower provinces of Canada, and a few but rare objects from the Delaware who once oc- cupied the vicinity of New York City and the State of New Jersey. The age and his torical relations of these cultures are shown in a large label at the left of the entrance. A family group of Micmac Indians, in a birchbark conical house, is shown hall way down the hall. On the opposite side are the Iroquois, whose league comprised the Mohawk. Seneca. Oneida. Onondaga. Cayuga, and later the Tuscarora. They dominated Xew York and much adjoining territory. The exhibits represent particularly the agriculture of the East, which was carried on with rude tools by the women. In a case in the aisle are exhibited wampum belts which were highly es- teemed in this region. They served as credentials for messengers and as records of treaties and other important events. Later, wampum beads came to have a definite value as currency, especially in trade between the white man and the Indians. In the farther end of the hall, on the left, are the collections from the Ojibway, Hiawatha's people, who lived mainly north of the Great Lakes. They had but little agriculture, living chiefly by hunt- ing and fishing. Beyond the Ojibway are the Cree, who lived still farther north. Opposite the Ojibway are the great Central Algonkin tribes, the Menomini and Sauk and Fox. who lived south and west of the Great Lakes. They gathered wild rice and hunted and fished, also practicing some agriculture. The dwellings are of several forms, among which may be mentioned the long rectangular houses of the Iroquois cov- ered with oak bark: the dome-shaped huts of Long Island and vicinity which were covered with mats and bundles of grass, and the familiar conical wigwam of the Ojibway covered with birchbark. The utensils are of pottery, wood or birch- bark. Pottery was made by most of the Eastern tribes and seems to be associated with the practice of agriculture. The de- «

\ DAKOTA SIOUX WOMAN (Model in Plains Indian Hall) signs are incised, never painted. Bowls. The art of these Indians is highly orig- trays, and spoons are made of wood and inal and popular. Painting upon skin is often decorated with animal carvings. the usual method, but many designs in The use of birchbark in the construction beadwork and quills are shown promin- of light, portable household vessels is a ently in the hall. particular trait of our Indians. Eastern Artists look upon the feather headdress In the southeastern ol portion the of these Indians as the most beautiful United States, agriculture was highl) de- type of headdress to be found anywhere veloped. tribes These are represented by in the world. With this and his highly the Cherokee and Yuchi, who made pot- decorated costume, the Plains Indian is tery, and by the Choctaw and Chitimacha, i olorful. who made interesting baskets of cane. Indians of the Plains comprised the The Seminole of Florida have main- tribes living west of the Mississippi and tained an independent existence in the east of the Rocky Mountains as far south Everglades tor nearly a century. Their as the valley of the Rio Grande and as prehistoric arts arc illustrated in the table far north as the Saskatchewan. case. They excelled in polishing stones and working shell. Occupying the greater part of the hall, beginning on the left, are the buffalo- hunting tribes: the Plains-Cree, Dakota. Plains Indians Crow. Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, Arapaho (Index Plan, i(i. Floor I, Hall p. 6) and Cheyenne. These tribes did not prac- The keynote to Plains Indian life could tice agriculture but depended almost en- be sounded by such terms as "tipi," "buf- tirely on the buffalo. Buffalo flesh was falo," "horse." and large decorated their chiel lood. and of buffalo skin they "pipes." The tipi and the pipe are es- made their garments. In some cases a pecially conspicuous in the center of the buffalo paunch was used lot cooking, and hall. bullalo bonis were made into various im-

A MANHATTAN INDIAN WOMAN COOKING IN A POTTERY BOWL (Group in Woodland Indians Hall). Not much is known of the Manhattan Indians except from traditions handed down h\ earl) settlers. Some remains of their clothing and implements are in existence as illustrated below SC;

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LEACHING CORN MEAL AMONG THE HUPA INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA. Water is placed in a basket and brought to the required temperature with heated stones

plements of industry and war. The spirit practically all the adult males. Each so- of the buffalo was considered a powerful ciety had a special dance and special cos- ally and invoked to cure sickness, to ward tumes. (See the Arapaho cases for cos- off evil, and to give aid in the hunt. Wher- tumes of dancers.) There were other ever the buffalo herds led the way, the dances connected with tribal religious more nomadic Plains tribes moved their ceremonials, the best known and most tipis and followed. With the extermina- important of which is the Sun Dance, tion of the buffalo the entire life of the illustrated by a model at the left of the Plains Indians was revolutionized. tipi. The Sun Dance was held annually On the right, near the entrance, are the in the early summer in fulfilment of a village tribes of the Plains: the Mandan, vow made during the preceding winter with whom Lewis and Clark passed the by some member of the tribe who wished winter of 1804-1805; the Hidatsa who now a sick relative to recover. The dance in- live with them; and the Omaha, Kama. volved self-torture, great physical endur- Iowa and Pawnee. All these tribes raised ance and a fast lasting three days. corn and lived in earth-covered houses of In the center of the hall is a genuine considerable size. A small model of one medicine pipe, held in awe by the Indians of these houses stands near the exhibits. and dearly parted with; also the contents In the center of this hall is a Blackfoot of a medicine-pipe bundle. The contents Indian tipi with paintings of otters on of another medicine bundle, belonging to the sides, representing a vision of the a leading man of the Blackfoot tribe owner. This tipi has been fitted up 10 (medicine-man), together with the head- show the home life of a typical buffalo- dress which he wore in ceremonies, are in hunting Indian. a case near the tower. Other remarkable There were numerous soldier societies bundles, particularly the skull bundle, among the Plains Indians which included are in the Pawnee case, on the north wall.

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(Above) \1'A( HE WOMAN BUILDING FRAMEWORK OF A HOUSE to be covered with thatch and rushes

(lirloir) A NAVAJO MEDICINE LODGE. For the celebration of the Navajo Chant a special house- is erected. I lie medicine man is laying down an elaborate ceremonial sand-painting. Group in Southwest Indian Hall

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(Above) BLACKFOOT SQJJAW AND CHILD TRAVELING WITH TRAYOIS. which are attached to the horse and dog and are dragged behind them. A primitive method of transportation. From a miniature group in the Plains Indian Hall

(Below) A BULL ROM OR CORACLE OF THE NORTH DAKOTA PLAINS INDIANS was made l>\ stretching skins over a basin-shaped wooden frame. It was used for fording streams The Plains Indians are noted for their yon de Chelly and the Night Chant cere- picture-writing on skins and for their mony. The painted background in this quillwork, which has now been super- group gives a view of the canyon, and in seded by beadwork. They have a highly a cave of its walls, one may see the famous developed decorative art in which simple White House ruins. geometric designs are the elements of In the nearby cases, silvcrwork, bas- composition, this being one of the most ketry, and other objects are shown. The interesting features of their art. (See Da- Navajos are the present-day blanket kota case and Guide Leaflet No. 50, also makers. They make use of the wool of the Handbook No. 1. North American In- sheep they raise, carding, spinning, and dians of the Plains.) weaving it with simple implements and looms. This art has arisen since the com- The Indians of the Southwest ing of the Spaniards and it is known to have passed through several stages in the (Index Plan. p. iG. Floor I, Hall 8) last sixty years. Some of the older types ol This region is famous for two reasons: blankets here shown contain yarn which the picturesque living Indian tribes, and was obtained by cutting or raveling from the large number of ruins built by pre- imported flannels, called in Spanish historic Indians. Since many of the latter "bayeta," from which these blankets re- are placed upon high rocks or in the walls ceive their name. These are either bright of canvons they are spoken of as dill red or old rose in color, resulting from Dwellers. cochineal dye. Several blankets are made The front of the Hall is devoted to the of yarn bought ready dyed from traders living Indian tribes, the rear to the pre- and are called Germantowns. The greater historic. number, however, are made of yarn ol Finally, in the far end of the Hall is a native spinning, dyed with native vege- small collection of the objects from the table and mineral dyes. Indians of California. The Navajo are a large and widely conspicuous feature in this Hall is A scattered tribe. During the winter they the series of three large habitat groups: occupy log houses, but in milder weather the Hopi, the Navajo and the Apache. they camp in the slight shelter of a cliff The conspicuous objects characteris- or windbreak and shade made of brush. tic of region are blankets the Navajo and They live by raising corn in the moist silverware, pottery, decorated and beau- valleys, and on the flesh of their numer- tiful baskets. ous Hocks of sheep. Turquoise was used by the prehistoric The Western Apache live along the historic Spec ial as well as the Indians. upper portion of the Gila and Salt rivers, exhibits will lie found in the center of where they practice agriculture, gather the Hall. the wild products, and hunt. People, re- Another point to be emphasized is the lated to these, under Geronimo, raided method by which prehistoric ruins can the settlements ol southern Arizona and be dated by studying the rings in the northern Mexico and evaded our troops cross sections of the logs used in build- for years. They live in grass-thatched ing. A case in the aisle explains this houses or in the open under the shade of process. flat-topped, open-sided shelters. This hall presents collections from both The Eastern lived in buffalo the prehistoric and the living Indians of Apache skin tipis. went far out on the plains the Southwest. On the right are the no- They in search of the buffalo herds, avoiding, madic tribes: the Apache, Navajo, Pima. if possible, the Plains tribes, but fighting Papago and Hayasupai. In the first alcove them with vigor when necessary. In dress to the right is a basketry exhibit, show- and outward life they resemble the Plains ing types ol baskets and the methods <>l Indians, but in their myths and cere- weaving. The home life of the San Carlos monies they are like their Southwestern Apache is illustrated by a life-sized group, relatives and neighbors. the first in a scries of groups on the right side ol the hall. Adjoining is a larger Apache baskets are shown in the large group showing a Navajo hogan in Can- case to the right of the entrance, which

[128] MODI. I. OF \ K.WAKIUTL HOUSE (In the North Pacific- Hall). The- Kwaki-

11 tl Indians live on Vancouver Island, and on the main- land to the north. Thev build theii rectangular houses of split cedar planks on a frame-

iv o i k of he a v \ posts and beams. The front is deco- rated with fantas- tic designs and a totem pole near the house door is carved with gro- tesque figures as a coat of arms of the owner

(Right) CEREMONIAL RATTLE OF THE HAIDA INDIANS

(Below) TLINGIT BAS- KETS. Twined basketry made by the Tlingit In- dians of the British Co- lumbian sea coast. Spruce- root fibers are used for both warp and woof is in contrast with the corresponding case of pottcrv on the opposite side. Not the environment, but social habits, caused one people to develop pottery and the other to make the easily transported and not easily breakable baskets. (See Hand- book Xo. 2, Indians of the Southwest.) At the left of the hall, as we enter, are exhibits lor the modern village Indians — first types of pottery from San Ilde- fonso. Laguna, Santo Domingo, Zuni, and Hopi. The Pueblo Indians live in large com munity houses, built of stone or adobe, often with several receding stories. They depend chiefly upon agriculture for their food, make a great variety of pottery, and have many elaborate religious cere- monies. The nomadic peoples live in tipis or small brush and thatched houses which are moved or deserted when they are forced to seek the wild game and wild vegetable products which furnish much of their food. They make baskets for household purposes which are more easily transported than vessels of clay. In the hall are models of the pueblos of Taos and Acoma. of prehistoric cliff-dwellings, and of the houses used by the Navajo. The inhabitants of Zuni are believed to be the descendants of the first people seen by the Spaniards in 1540. Their for- mer villages, many of which now are in ruins, were probably the "Seven Cities of

- Cibola, ' for which de Coronado was searching at that time. Although there were missionaries among them for about three centuries, they have retained many of their own religious ceremonies. Many ceremonial objects as well as those per- taining to everyday life are shown in this alcove. In the Hopi section are costumes, masks, images, and basketry plaques used in their ceremonies. Their best known ceremony is the Snake Dance, the per- formance of which is supposed to increase rainfall and the crops. Some of the re- galia for this dance are shown. On the right side of the hall, next to the Navajo group, is a representation of Hopi life. In the center of the hall, as well as in the farther half of the left side, are special exhibits for the prehistoric Indians of the Southwest. Near the center is an ex- hibit showing how many prehistoric ruins have been dated by the tree-ring method.

HOI SE l'OST FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND A chart at the entrance to the hall gives the successive culture periods for the Southwest, beginning with early Basket Maker and ending with the modern Pueblo villages. Typical objects made bv the Basket Makers are shown in small cases in the center of the hall and in up- right cases to the left. Two of the most famous prehistoric Southwestern ruins are Bonito and Aztec. A model of the latter stands in the center, and near the entrance is an exhibit of turquoise from Pueblo Bonito. Other collections from these two nuns are shown in cases at the left of the hall. One contains a remarkable collection of pot- terv from Pueblo Bonito. Similar black- on-white wares with very elaborate and splendidly executed designs, shown in ad- jacent cases, are from Rio Tularosa, and in part from cliff-dwellings. In another case will be found material gathered by the Museum expedition which explored the Galisteo Valley, New Mexico. (See Guide Leaflets Xos. 55 and 73, Basketrv Designs of the Mission Indians and Pot- tery of the Southwestern Indians.) At the farther end of the hall, at the right, is an exhibit from the Indians of California.

Indians of the North Pacific Coast

(Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 1)

The Jesup North Pacific Hall is de- voted to the Indians living in the heav- ily forested, but mountainous coastal belt extending from the Columbia River in Washington to Mt. St. Elias in southern Alaska as well as on the offshore islands. They are the most skilful wood workers on the American continent as demon- strated here by the models of their houses; their intricately carved and painted totem, house, and grave posts; their ceremonial masks, boxes, imple- ments, and tools. Paralleling; their de- pendence on their forest environment for housing, clothing, and utensils, was their dependence upon the products of the sea for food. Travel and transporta- tion were mainly by water, for which canoes, like the large Haida war canoe in the center of this hall, were built by skill- iullv hollowing out giant cedar logs. Except for two tribes, the Shushwap and Thompson, who live in the interior

CARVED WOODEN FIGURE made bv the Quinault Indians inhabiting the northwestern coast of the State of 'Washington «j£

ESKIMO WOMAN FISHING IHROK.H THE ICE (Group in the Eskimo Hall) of British Columbia, the exhibits are ar- not only the industries, religious and ranged in the older in which the several social life of these Indians, but also their tribes are encountered in traveling from heavilv forested and fog and rain- south lo north along the coast of Wash drenched environment. Themurals on the ington, British Columbia, and Alaska. right side are devoted to ceremonial and On the righl side of the hall are the Bella religious life; on the left to daily life and

Coola. 1 simshian, Haida; on the left, die industries: over the entrance to games; and Nootka, Kwakiutl, Tlingit. at the further end of the hall is depicted

I he murals of Will S. Taylor illustrate the return ol a victorious war party.

'3- As conspicuous as is their technological this latter she keeps the water in the hole skill in handling wood (see models show- from freezing over while she is fishing. ing methods of wood working and com- In another case will be found an Eskimo pleted objects) is their adept ness in weav- woman cooking in the interior of a snow ing (see Chilkat ceremonial blankets) in hut or igloo lined with sealskin. She is mountain goat wool and shredded bark, using a stone lamp filled with seal oil, in making baskets (see Tlingit baskets, which feeds the flame over which the meal etc.). and in carving stone, bone, and is being prepared. ivory. Examples of all of these are shown for the various tribal groups. Mexican and Central American Hall Outstanding perhaps is the wealth of (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Halls 2a and 4) decoration observable on all their prod- ucts. The typical grotesque art motives. Continuing through the Birds of the based on the distortion of animal forms, World Hall, we enter the gallery and are found in equal abundance on utili- wing devoted to the ancient civilizations tarian and ceremonial objects. of Mexico and Central America, which were founded by American Indians and Eskimo Corridor have no direct connection with Old World civilizations of India, China, and (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 7a) the Near East. The gallery contains ma- The Eskimo are frequently cited as the terial from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and primitive peoples who have achieved the Panama. The right half of the main hall most complete adjustment to their en- (Hall 4) is given over to the Maya of vironment. They occupied the northern Guatemala and Yucatan and the early or shores and adjacent islands of North less evolved cultures of Mexico, and the America, from easternmost Siberia and left side to the civilizations of Mexico, the Aleutians to East Greenland and like the Zapotec, Olmec, Toltec, and Az- Newfoundland. All these Eskimo, who tec. differ somewhat in details of culture, ac- Peoples and Time: The history of an- cording to locality, are here represented cient Middle America is little known. in some measure, though not with equal Contemporary archaeological opinion completeness. gives the following rough dates: — The Eskimo were hunters and fisher- 10.000 B. C.-500 B. C. Period of Popu- men. In summer, they hunted the cari- lation and Settlement. No remains yet bou, musk-ox, and birds, inland; in win- identified. ter, they hunted sea mammals, especially 500 B. C.-500 A. D. Early Cultures (see seals. Their summer dwellings were tent- right side of hall), growth of techniques like frames covered with deer or sealskin: of farming, weaving, ceramics, stone

1 heir winter houses were of stone built work, establishment of permanent vil- over shallow excavations and covered lages. Some persist until Spanish Con- with earth. The familiar snowhouse was quest. a more temporary dwelling. (See the 300 A. D.-1000 A. D. Ritualized Civil- models.) They were excellent workers in izations with Temple Cult, Polytheism skin from which they made all their cloth- and Sacred Calendar, like Maya of Guate- ing. Wood, bone, and ivory were utilized mala, Zapotec of Oaxaca, Olmec of Vera lor their ingeniously made implements Cruz, Toltec of Valley of Mexico. and utensils which were frequently deco- 1000 A. D.-1200 A. D. Period of Unrest rated with naturalistic incised designs. and Migration, Chichimec Period in Val- Many of the objects shown here are ley of Mexico, Mexican invasion in from the collections made by the Peary, Yucatan. Comer, MacMillan, and Stefansson-An- 1200 A. D.-1519 A. D. Domination of derson expeditions. Mexican Peoples. Mexican Period in Near the entrance of the corridor is an Yucatan, Mixtec Period in Oaxaca, Aztec Eskimo woman fishing through the ice. Period in Valley of Mexico. She has formed a windbreak with blocks There are specimens shown in the hall of ice. The fishing rod and hook and the whose makers are absolutely unknown, long ladle are made of bone and with but whose style is distinctive. Conceiv-

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AZTEC PICTURE WRITING recording the hist of the "New Fire Ceremonies" before the Spanish Conquest in 1519. It also represents an eclipse of the sun, an earthquake, and the drowning of two thousand warriors on their way to make war on the people of Southern Mexico

into one supporting a massive shrine, and how that in turn developed into temples and priests' quarters. Yet the architecture of the Zapotec, Toltec, and Aztec is hardly less imposing, and the cast of a Serpent Column from Chichen Itza brings vividly home the tremendous scale of these In- dian temples.

Sculpture: It is in sculpture that we may gauge best the tremendous attain- ments of the ancient peoples of Middle America. The polytheistic religion re- quired many images depicted in a great variety of forms human, animal, and grotesque. The casts of Maya stelae from Quirigua indicate that the native sense of design could function in terms of an enormous mass. The intricate monu- ments from Copan likewise show how skillful a mass sculpture can be. Equally

GOI.n AND PRECIOUS STONES FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA important are the casts from the south- tools hard enough lor this purpose were west coast of Guatemala ranged along the developed by the Indians. stair to the first floor. Yet there is an The figures in baked clay are worth) abundance of original material, which of considerable attention, since the Mid- includes for the Maya some of the cream dle Americans developed this type of of the Copan style as well as original work into a fine art. Especially interesting examples from Yucatan collected by the are the historical series of figurines from famous traveller, Stephens, a century ago. the Early Culture and Toltec horizons, The abilities of the Aztec are displayed which represent the change in stvles in both in casts and original examples, two cultures, over a period of nearly a which cannot be duplicated in this coun- thousand vears. The most notable clay try. The work of the Totonac and Olmec, sculpture is the life si/e warrior of the in the form of masks and small figures Chichimec period of the Valley of Mex- including jades, is thought by various ico. However, for sheer vigor and vitality authorities to be the best produced in the large clay figures from Western Mex- Indian America, while the vigorous bar- ico are preeminent. A profound grasp of barity of the Guetar carving of Costa realistic appreciation of human features Rica is worthy of attention. A series from is displayed by the Vera Cruz exhibit of Oaxaca shows the laborious methods of clay heads, laughing ones from the To- carving stone with stone, since no metal tonac area, more serious ones from the

CAST OF MAYA FIGURE IX RELIEF. Figure in relief of priest making an offering. From Jonuta, Tobasco, Mex- ico. The original of this cast is in the National Museum of Mexico and is one of the finest examples of the Pal- enque style of Maya sculp- ture. This piece dates from the Maya Great Period in the centuries immediately preceding the year 1,000

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MODEL OF A MAYA TEMPLE. This, the best known model of a Maya temple, represents the Temple Rio Bee restored from a photograph of the original ruin in the eastern part of the State of Campeche, Mexico

Tuxtla region. A culmination of cere- casts long inscriptions relating to the monial requirements is to be seen in the dates of astronomical phenomena may funerary urns from Oaxaca, where a great be found. Aztec writing can be read, sense of design mitigates the grotesque Maya writing partly deciphered. forms employed. Jewelry: The cases down the center of Writing: Examples of the methods of the hall show priceless examples of Mid- writing used in Middle America are dle American jewelry, fade was the sub- found in different parts of the hall. The stance most prized and there are several simple pictographic style of the Aztec and local styles of working it. The American Mixtec are represented by original paint- variety of jadeite and nephrite is distinct ings on cloth and by skillful reproduc- from the Asiatic type. Especially impor- tions. A post-Conquest land map and tant are the Zapotec and Olmec collec- genealogical tree from Tlaxcala throws tions, which include two of the finest much light on dress and costume fifty specimens in the world. Gold was es- years after the Conquest. The Zapotec teemed only as an easily malleable metal and Maya writing was expressed by highly but the workmanship on the Mexican conventionalized signs. On the Maya pieces and the design of the Costa Rican

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FIGURE OF A GOD. MAYA CULTURE. Limestone sculpture from Copan, Honduras. This is one of the finest examples of Maya sculpture in the round, showing how perfectly the Maya represented their physical type, and how beautifully they could express their art without the use of metal tools of am kind. Around the tenth century ornaments attest again the high level of Indian civilization.

Metals and Precious Stones: Silver is very rare, owing to the difficulty of ex- tracting the ore, but copper was used in late times for tools and ornaments. Mir- rors of iron pyrites used in their matrix and as a mosaic show an interesting utili- zation of this mineral. Obsidian or vol- canic glass, commonly used for tools, was wrought into mirrors and ornaments with the simplest abrasives. Rock crystal, amethyst, moonstone, opal, jasper, and porphyry were other stones valued and worked as ornaments by these people. Pottery: The commonest product re- covered by archaeology is pottery and the halls are full of vessels recovered from graves and ceremonial deposits. These vessels were not made on a wheel, and building up the pots with strips of clay brings about a squat appearance to our eyes. However, the variety of shape and design shows how each tribe or com- munity had its own styles. Notable tech- niques are the vitreous ware from Salva- dor and the plaster cloissonne from Ja- lisco. Note also the common use of lost- color or batik decoration in Jalisco and Costa Rica. Vessels of huge size were MOCIl TLXOCHITL. THE GOD OF GAMES AND FLOWERS. A fine example of Mexican J terra cotta pottery dating from about 1400 A. D.

BOY AND DOG (Below). This little pair of clay figures from Colima, Mexico, shows the vitality of western Mexican art WMWMMWmwWWWWWWWWWWWWmwWWWWW^mWMW^MWW^KHKk

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mm i sometimes made, like the Toltec vessels from Azcapotzalco. Even the earliest forms from the early cultures of the Val- ley of Mexico reveal a development ol technique and style that attests long years of experimentation. Few regions in the world can show such a wealth of form and ornament as Middle America.

Design: The textile art was important in Middle America but time and weather have destroyed almost all of it. However, hints are given by the ancient picture writings and the use of textile designs on pottery. The art is old and cotton has been recovered from the earliest levels in the Valley of Mexico. Examination of the designs on the Puebla pottery, on the West Mexican figurines, and on the dress of the figures on the Maya stelae wr ill show how skilled these people were. In various cases the clay weights for spindles are exhibited, many of which are beautifully carved and polished. The size and weight seem to be gauged in some cases to the fineness of the thread. Musical Instruments: Music was not highly developed in ancient Middle America, but many examples of flutes, whistles, shell trumpets and rattle bones attest to an interest in tone and rhythm. Most notable are the Aztec two toned drums which give forth very pleasing notes. A pottery whistling jar in the form of a rain god is one of the outstanding pieces in the Salvador collection.

Tools: The chief tools of the ancient Middle Americans were made of stone, bone and wood. Copper tools were only sporadically employed and in late times at that. The great wonder of Middle American civilization is that with these simple elements and without knowledge of the wheel or draft animals, these people were able to achieve an imposing culture comparable to the great civilizations of the Old World, whose technical basis was so much more highly developed.

LIFE SIZE TERRA COTTA FIGURE OF THE GOD XIPE. Xipe, worshipped bv the Mayas as the God of the Flayed, is shown here wearing a human skin. When the skin was fresh it was tied on the God. As it dried it wrinkled, and the wrinkles formed the scales. This practice flourished anions; the Mayas about the year 1200

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CORN GODDESS OF THE ANCIENT AZTECS. Sculptured from black basalt from Ixtapalapa, Mexico. An outstanding example of Aztec art showing great naturalistic skill in presentation. Fifteenth century L

FIGURE OF A SEATED AZTEC WOMAN. A splendid example of clay modeling from western Mexico illustrating the remarkable ability of the sculptors of these ancient peoples in depicting form and expression LAUGHING CLAY HEAD. An example showing con- scious humor. Clay heads of this type arc said to be parts of complete figures. They come from central Vera Cruz. Nearly all the figures are laughing or smiling in a ver\ contagious manner

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MAYA VASE WITH FIGURE PAINTING. From San Jacinto, Salva- dor. Not only does it illustrate great skill in depicting attitudes, but seems to indicate a re- markable sense of minor in the artists Indians of South America vessels, in metal work, and in textile fabrics. (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 8) In the cases directly in front of the en- This hall contains exhibits from the trance, the gold and silver objects, such Indians of South America. With the ex- as beads, cups, pins, plates, and ear orna- ception of Paraguay and Uruguay all of ments, show the high degree of skill at- the South American countries are repre- tained in the beating, soldering, and cast- sented in the collections. The largest por- ing of metals. tion of these illustrate the prehistory of In weaving, the Peruvians were per- the peoples of Peru and Bolivia and are haps preeminent among prehistoric peo- arranged in the front of the hall. ples of the world, many of their textiles Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico exhibited here being unsurpassed at the and Central America, the Peruvians had present day. The materials used were cot- no written language. They were tillers of ton and the wool of the llama, alpaca, anil the soil and raised maize, potatoes, oca, vicuna. In the cases near the entrance are quinua, beans, coca, and cotton. They examples of these textiles and the fibers, domesticated the llama, which was used spindles, thread, looms and other equip- as beast of burden. They excelled in the ment used in their manufacture. manufacture and decoration of pottery On the right side of the hall are col-

MUSICAL WIND INSTRUMENTS OF ANCIENT PERU. The wind instruments of the ancient inhabitants of Peru, as illustrated below, included the panpipe or syrinx shown in the center; resonator whistles, (right); trumpets of clay and shell; a great variety of simple whistles; and the double whistling jar, (lower left)

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POTTERY OF THE EARLY CHIMU PERIOD. A warrior in full regalia is depicted on the vessel at the left. In his right hand he holds a mace; in his left, a shield, spear throw- er, and javelins. The central piece is a "portrait" jar. The vessel at the right shows a hand to hand combat be- tween mythical beings

lections from important localities in Peru. indicated. Each of these cultures is shown followed by exhibits from Ecuador, Co- in greater detail in individual cases. Out- lombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Panama. standing is the beautiful work of the In case 57, near the center of the hall, Xazca people in cases to the left of the selected examples of pottery show the dif- entrance. In special exhibits are grouped ferent forms and decorations which dis- such things as musical instruments, whis- tinguish the various important cultures tling water jars, examples of intentionally of Peru and Bolivia. As far as our present deformed human heads and trephined knowledge permits, the changes which skulls showing the successful practice of a occurred in the course of time are also delicate surgical operation by the ancient

POTTERY OF EARLY XAZCA PERIOD. The Val- ley of Xazca was the center of the earliest and in some respects the most highly developed culture in ancient Peru. It dates from the beginning of the Christian Era.

The two jars at 1 li left show conven- tional representa- tions of the feline- monster dcil\ Peruvians. Much of our knowledge of side of the room was found in a copper their daily lite we owe to a fortunate com- mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The bodv bination of climatic conditions and tribal is that of an Indian miner who was killed customs. Along the coast of Peru, where by the falling in of rocks and earth while the extreme dryness of the climate and engaged in getting out the copper ore nitrous character of the soil have pre- (atacamite) used by the Indians in mak- served perishable materials for centuries, ing implements and ornaments in prehis- are more extensive burial places than toric times. The tissues of the body have anywhere else in America. Countless been preserved by copper salts with which thousands of bodies were interred with it is impregnated. The implements he such things as had been most useful ami was using at the time of his death are prized during life and such articles as shown beside him in the case. were considered to be most serviceable Much more primitive than any of the in a future life. Examples of these mummy prehistoric peoples just mentioned were bundles are displayed, as it was from such the nomadic hunters and fishermen who as these that many objects in the hall were inhabited the southern end of the con- secured. tinent and the adjacent islands. Their The mummy in the case at the west story from the time when they hunted

PREHISTORIC DOUBLE CLOTH. This is the finest example of ancient South American technique in weaving in the Museum collection. The double cloth is woven on two looms, one above the other, arranged so that the warps are parallel. Warps and wefts of contrasting colors are used in each loom

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ftt\ Ht% A PERUVIAN WOMAN'S WORK BASKET. Containing spindles, bobbins, carded fibre, and other materials for spinning and weaving

the extinct native American horses and As there are a great many distinct tribes, ground sloths was recovered from caves sometimes living in widely different geo- and shellmounds. The simple tools and graphical areas, the collection is far from weapons which they used are arranged complete. An example of native life in chronologically in a case in the rear of the tropical rain forest of northeastern the hall. Nearby are examples of the Peru is shown in a miniature group of the equipment of the various tribes surviving Chama Indians. They raise plantains and in the same region at the present time. cassava and hunt small game so their In neighboring cases are exhibits for equipment is naturally specialized for other living Indians of South America. these occupations.

(Below) AN EXAMPLE OF SOUTH AMERI- (Below) A PERUVIAN TAPESTRY. An excel- CAN EMBROIDERY. This elaborate fabric is a lent tapestry from Pachacamac, Peru, with slits Paracas type solid polychrome embroidery left open between color areas as part of the design

A*& 6 I tooed heads from New Zealand; and a tree-house from the Philippines.

South Pacific Hall

On entering the South Pacific Hall (Floor IV, Hall 6) beyond the Hall of Minerals, the visitor faces a huge mono- lithic figure. This is a cast of one of the famous images found on Easter Island and was brought back in 1935 by the Temple- ton Crocker Expedition. Statues such as these, representing departed chieftains, were found set up on stone platforms all along the coast of Easter Island. Circular stone mats of red tufa formerly completed the figure. Directly in the center of the hall is a Tahitian priest taking part in the fire- walking ceremony, in which the partici- pants walk over heated boulders of lava. On each side is a group showing natives engaged in typical activities, — grating coconut, preparing kava, or plaiting

Pa 71 da mis. Near the entrance is a fine Hawaiian feather cape, such as was formerly worn by the highest ranks of Hawaiian society. Red and yellow honeysucker feathers completely hide the netted twine founda- tion. The value of these garments was proportionate to the enormous labor ex- pended on their manufacture. EASTER ISLAND STATUE. Easter Island in The hall is roughly divided into two the South Pacific is famous for the immense main sections. In the first half are ex- stone statues found there, from one of which hibited the collections from Polynesia the Museum expedition made the cast illus- Micronesia, the half is trated above and while second devoted to New Guinea, Melanesia and Australia. However, it proved impossible to be wholly consistent and to separate Pacific Islands Melanesian Fiji from Samoa and Tonga. In the Polynesian section the examples (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8) of decorated native bark cloth (tapa) are Two halls are devoted to the Islands especially noteworthy, and a number of in the Pacific Ocean. The first contains canoe models remind us that these people collections from the Polynesian and the are daring seafarers. A series of ceremo- New Guinea areas. The second is prin- nial adzes from the Cook Islands in the cipally an exhibit for the natives of the farther quarter of the hall shows aborigi- Philippine Islands. However, the collec- nal carving at its highest level. tions from New Guinea and New Zealand In the section on the right, the elabo- extend into this hall. rately carved sacred masks, about 14 feet The conspicuous objects in these halls back of the Tahitian priest, illustrate the are as follows: a statue from Easter aesthetic tendencies of Melanesia, which Island; life-sized models, showing the are also apparent in a carved pole set on fire-walk, grating of coconut, etc.; a Ha- top of a vertical case. Very different from waiian feather cape; a collection of tat- these artistic manifestations are the carv-

[148] MINIATURE MODEL OF A SOUTH SEA ISLAND CANOE. The Polynesians made canoes holloued out of tree-trunks. An outrigger on one side kept them from capsizing easily

ings of the New Zealanders (Maori) char- which were formed by volcanic action acterized by the dominant spiral motive. and coral growth. The inhabitants belong A series of dried and tattooed Maori physically to two very distinct races: the heads forms one of the most remarkable frizzly-haired, nearly black Papuans and exhibits in the Museum. (See Guide Leaf- the former inhabitants of Tasmania; and let No. 7 1 , The Maoris and their Arts.) the wavy haired, light colored Polyne- Near the boundary between the two sians of the islands stretching nearly main sections are the Australian cases across the Pacific. South of these islands with numerous boomerangs and very are others inhabited by the Melanesians, crude stone tools, which should be com- who have straight or wavy hair and dark- pared with those in the archaeological er skins. hall. The further corner is devoted to a The cultural grouping is generally sim- collection from the Admiralty Islands, ilar to that of the physical types. The including a model of a village of the Polynesians manufacture bark cloth and Manus tribe, a lagoon-dwelling, fishing matting, have no pottery, drink kava, people who build their houses on piles fight with clubs, and are skilled naviga- far from land. In the left corner of the tors. They are governed by chiefs who hall are shields, clubs, carvings and house- trace their ancestry back many genera- hold utensils from New Guinea. tions. The Melanesians make some pot- The islands of the Pacific Ocean are of tery, chew the betel nut, do grotesque two kinds; first, those which are the rem- carving, use bows and arrows for hunting, nants of a sunken land mass running and spears for fighting. They have secret southeast from Asia formerly connecting societies and the men live in clubs. Be- Australia and Tasmania with the main- tween these two are the Micronesians land; and secondly, in the case of the possessing some of the cultural traits of numerous islands to the eastward, those both their neighbors but differing con-

[»49] X. Ml

TAHITIAN KAVA-BREWER AND ROOF-MAKER. The Tahitian woman, at the left, is pre- paring a stimulant from the roots of a species of pepper. The beverage is known as ava in Tahiti but is identical with kava of other islands. The woman to the right is manufacturing roofing from pandanus leaves in an elaborate form often employed in Tahiti. Life size figures cast in the Museum from Tahitian fire-walkers living in New York City

siderably from each. Their islands being In addition to these cultural groups small, they depend for food chiefly on there are two specialized ones: the Poly- fish and pandanus and coconut palms. nesian Maori of New Zealand, and the They are socially divided into castes: no- Negroid inhabitants of Australia; the bility, commoners, and slaves. former having a very rich development of

TAHITIAN FIRE-MAKER AND COCONUT GRATER. The old way to make fire in Tahiti was

to rub .1 blunt-pointed stick in a groove made in another until the dust became ignited. The natives produced fire within a few minutes. In preparing grated coconut the Tahitians sit on a stool which has a blade projecting in front. This blade is used for grating the white inside part of the coconut

-*^»^«Ek'aHKi POLYNESIAN BARK CLOTH OR TAP A. This cloth was made from the inner bark of the paper- mulherrv tree which is steeped in water, thinned out with a shell scraper, and pounded on a board wilh a mallet. Designs may be painted on tbe cloth freehand, but more frequently thev n»-e printed from wooden stamps

practical and esthetic arts, and the latter almost without them. Besides, there are the inhabitants of New Guinea, gener- ally Melanesian-like, but varying some- what in race, language, and culture, and as yet not very well known.

Below are shown implements used in the manu- Collections from Guinea, New facture of tapa cloth, including a mallet and Philippines and Malaysia beater for pounding the bark, a roller for mak- ing parallel lines which look like water marks, (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 8) and a wooden die-block for stamping the designs This hall is reached by turning to the right in the South Sea Islands Hall. The side aisles are devoted to the Phil- ippine Islands. The farther section of the hall contains exhibits from other parts of Malaysia with an interesting series of marionettes from Java. At the right of the entrance is a case containing life casts of faces, nose and hair from the different races represented in this hall, also charts of stature and head form, with distribution maps. In the center is a model of a Filipino bamboo-walled and thatch-roofed house. At the far end a native tree house domi- nates the scene, and on the left may be seen the model of a woman weaving a garment on a native loom. The visitor should note that, like the African Negroes, but unlike all other primitive stocks, the Malayan tribes rep- resented in this hall used iron tools. The •'

CEREMONIAL ORNAMENTS FROM MELANESIA

numerous iron weapons — spears, battle- tos, a dark-skinned and frizzly-haired pyg- axes, and krises (daggers with serpentine my stock forming with similar groups in blades) — are especially remarkable. other parts of the world a distinct divi- On the left side of the hall will be sion of the Negro race. They are every- found a number of synoptic exhibits of where hunters, using the bow and arrow, native krises, shields, fabrics, basketry and and ignorant of agriculture. Their simple ceramics. Pottery is not highly developed implements are shown in a table case in in this area, but the textile arts flourish the further section of the hall. to a remarkable degree. The industrial The islands lying close to the coast of life of the Bagobo of Mindanao is par- Asia have been subjected to several mi- ticularly well illustrated in the collections. grations and to varying cultural contacts. Much more primitive in their culture Judging from the Andaman Islands and than the other Malaysians are the Negri- the Negrito remnants in the Philippine

[152] Islands, the original inhabitants were physically the most primitive of living men, related to the African Bushmen and the extinct Tasmanians. The present pop- ulation is predominantly Malay in origin, members of the great Mongolian race. Their cultural arts include pottery, metal work, and textiles. The metal work is es- pecially fine in the weapon-making of Java and among the Mohammedan in- habitants of the Philippines. Among the textiles are exhibited the batik work of Java, the tie dyeing of the Bagobo in the Philippines, and fine textiles of Luzon. They possess fowls and pigs, cultivate rice, and use the Carabao, or water buf- falo, as a domestic aid in agriculture and transportation. They possess the out- rigger canoes generally in use throughout the Pacific. Their weapons are blow-guns, bows and arrows, spears, and knives. They are devoted to head-hunting, considering it necessary for religious peace and security. The original culture of the first black race has disappeared. That existent at present is basic Malay, on which has been superimposed the influence of India and China, the first affecting thought and philosophy, and the latter furnish- ing, through commerce, cherished objects of art and utility. Next came Mohamme- danism, which is the prevailing religion in some of the islands, and about three hundred years ago Christianity and Euro- pean culture were brought by the Dutch and Spaniards.

SACRED MELANESIAN FLUTE

CARVED WOODEN HOOKS USED IN DECORATING MENS HOUSES IN NEW GUINEA (Left) BRIDES APRON OF SHELL MONEY, MELA- NESIA. A Melanesian wo- man's dress used on festival occasions. Her costume is part of the payment which her kin make to her hus- band's family. The most important part of her dress comprises the two aprons woven of shell money

LSI M CARVED WOODEN BOWL FROM MELANESIA

MELANESIAN MASK. PHILIPPINE TREE HOI SE

[155] AN EMPEROR'S BIRTHDAY GIFT. An assemblage of elaborate carvings fashioned from purest white jade and fitted together

Asiatic Collections It is really a group of collections, each

(Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 6, one of the greatest importance and also Hall 4, and p. '18, Floor III, Hall 6) beauty. The jade collection alone is a The famous Drummond Collection of rich and well balanced series, representa- carved Chinese jade, amber, Japanese tive of all periods and covering a cultural thirty centuries. ivory, and sword-guards is in the South- range of more than The west Tower on the fourth floor, opening left half of the room is devoted to jade out of the South Sea Islands Hall. This arranged by periods while the right half magnificent collection gathered by the is given over to amber, ivory, lacquer and The oriental am- late Doctor I. Wyman Drummond and bronze sword-guards. presented to the Museum in his memory, ber displayed is the finest of its kind in is installed as a unit, largely according the world. to Doctor Drummond's original arrange- A unique composite piece of white ment. jade, occupying the center of the room,

[156] was a birthday gift to the Emperor Kieii Lung from the officials of his court. This assemblage of jade carvings consists of thirteen pieces fashioned from purest white jade and fitted together. Surround- ing the central piece are twelve segments fitted together, each of which is carved with a representation of one of the twelve terrestrial branches corresponding to the signs of the zodiac. A very fine piece of white jade of the Kicn Lung period of renaissance in glyp- tic art is in the form of a "Scepter of Good Luck" (Joo-i scepter). On the long han- dle of this piece are carved in high relief the figures of the Eight Immortals, the half mythical, half historical personages so often represented in Taoist art. Each of these carries some characteristic object, such as the flute of Han Hsiang-tzu, whose marvelous tone caused flowers to grow and blossom instantly. Other fine examples of jade are also to be seen in the Morgan Gem Collection (Floor IV, Hall 4) and in the Asiatic Eth- nology Hall on the third floor (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 6), where are installed collections from eastern and

JADE SCEPTER (Right). From the Drummpnd Collection

JADE CUP (Below). The dragons on this jade cup are of the form which developed in China in the Mine dynasty

5

A) K.WAN YIN, GODDESS OF THE FISH. A carved ivory Japanese figure of great beauty from the Drummond Collection. This ivory statuette is characteristically Japanese both in conception and rendering. It immortalizes in ivory the story of the princely fisherman who set up a shrine to this goddess after he had repeatedly found her image in his net instead * of the fish he sought

m

WAN MU, THE CHINESE QUEEN OF THE FAIRIES. This is a carved ivory figure from the Drummond Collection. Though produced by a Japanese artist, it is founded upon a Chinese myth. It is said that the palace of Wang Mn is in the Juen-lun Mountains, where she guards the Tree of Immortal Peaches that grows be- side the Lake of Gems, whose fruit ripens upon her birthday, every 3000 years. Here gather to the Feast of Peaches all the immortals to renew their immortality bv eat insr the celestial Fruit CHINESE BRONZES. A set of three bronze ornaments inlaid with silver from the Sung Dynasty, 960-1279 A. I). To the right is a bronze libation cup, probably used in religious ceremonies, from the Shang Dynasty, 1766-1123 B. C.

northern Asia. Specimens illustrating the The collections on the left side of the culture, industries, religion and manufac- hall deal mainly with the everyday life of ture of China are on the left. Others, the modern Chinese and have a special showing the mode of living, the costumes, value, as they were made just before the and the war implements of Siberia, are sweeping changes of the last few years on the right. took place. These abolished many of the

The fur-work, costumes, and rugs <>i customs in which these objects were used. the people of eastern Siberia reveal re- For example, the series of weapons and markable skill in workmanship. Two material showing the tests to which a models show respectively summer and soldier was submitted on entering the winter scenes in Siberia. In the rear arc army have been rendered obsolete by the collections from Japan, the Ainu and the introduction of modern weapons and tac- Amur River tribes noted for decorated tics. Bamboo, porcelain, basketry, inlaid fabrics and picturesque costumes. work, cloisonne enamel, agricultural im-

THE EIGHT IMMORTALS. A group of figurines in Formosa coral depicting eight legendary beings who became immortal. From the Morgan Hall of Gems and Minerals on the fourth floor of the Museum (Above) CHINESE BRONZE BOWL. This large bronze bowl has the original scroll design characteristic of the Chou dynasty. Attributed to the Han Period

(Below) A PAIR OF CHINESE BRONZE HORSES. They may have represented the horses of a chariot which has been lost. Ts In dynasty SIX EXAMPLES OF CHINESE CLOISONNE ENAMEL FROM THE CHINESE COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUM

[161] I BRON'/.E S I VI 1 HRKK I SONG-KHA-PA. The great YAK-HEADED RAKSAI. ETTES FROM THE TIBE- fifteenth century Reformer One of the animal-headed I AN COLLECTION. (Above) of Lamaism goddesses who appear in the NARO KHE-CHO-M V \ Bardo, or After-Death State feminine

plements, carvings in wood, ivon and fecl soldering (No. .1). Then an acid solu-

stone, and examples of embroidery, are tion ol apricots is brushed over it. and it shown to advantage. is reach to receive the enamel. The A special collection of great value is enamel paste is troweled into the cell- comprised in the ancient bronzes shown like compartments ("cloisons") formed in the wall cases near the entrance. In the bv the copper wire (No. 5). lower is the Whitney Collection from After cooling, the vase is again exposed Tibet, illustrative ol the costumes and to the fire to properly harden the pig

religious rites ol that tittle-known region. ments. Xos. (i. 7. and 8 show the vases An exhibit illustrates the production alter successive firings. Very fine pieces of of cloisonne by the Chinese. A series of work may be fired eight times. Next the eight vases is displayed showing various vases are polished with a steel file— then stages ol the process. with sandstone and lime tree charcoal The foundation of all enamel objects while the vase revolves on a lathe. Finally it is gilded. is red copper of the shape and size de- sired. The decorations are first sketched The Koryak of Siberia. The Koryak on paper b\ special artists. These pat- live in northeastern Siberia, south of the terns are traced witli a stvlns on the cop- Chukchee, between the Anadyr River

per. Vase No. i shows the simple copper and the central part of Kamc hatka. Their foundation. No. 2 is a vase to which lias number is about 7500. In language the) been glued a network of thin copper wire are related to the Chukchee and Kanicho- following the tracings of the pattern. The dal. with whom they also share their arts whole is then powdered with a composite and practices. Like the Chukchee, the

of silver filings, copper and borax (No. 3). Koryak are divided into a Reindeer and The vase is now enclosed in an iron vise a Maritime Branch but differ from their placed in an iron wire cage filled with neighbors in the almost exactly equal burning charcoal which produces a per- si/e ol these divisions. The Reindeer

[ 162 Koryak subsist mainl) on the fiesh of their herds. The Maritime group depend largely on fishing, while the hunting of sea mammals is also important but rela- tively less so than among the Maritime Chukchee. The Reindeer people live in movable tents. The stationary, partly underground house oi the Maritime divi- sion is illustrated by a model in this hall. Both divisions of the Koryak wear cloth- ing made of reindeer skins. Before contact with other peoples the Koryak had no metal and made all their implements by chipping stone. At pres- ent, several settlements are renowned for their iron technique, which may ante- date the coming of the Russians, since the Tungus and Yakut were both familiar with the blacksmith's art. The dressing of skins and the weaving of baskets by the coiled and twined methods are im- portant industries. Remains brought to hie by excavations of old dwellings show that the ancient Koryak knew how to manufacture pottery. In art the Koryak have attained a high degree of perfection as carvers in wood, antler, and ivory, as well as in the tasteful ornamentation of clothing and fur rugs.

(Right) KORYAK MAN IN ARMOR. Life size figure, clothed in original Koryak armor. From the Jesup North Pacific Collection (Below) IVORY CARVING OF BOY AND OX FROM EASTERN SIBERIA .-:." -•- " - c :: . vrxsssssc - is I

RED CAM WOOD BOXES FROM MANG- BETULAND. These boxes have hollow sections of ivory engraved with hunting episodes like those shown above and below the picture. The lops represent the hairdiess of a man and two women

' -'.-- •:-- : - .;''• . v- - :-/ : ;::-i'--: -- African Ethnology Hall

(Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 8)

In this hall the installation is roughly

geographical, i. e., as one proceeds through the hall he meets the tribes that would he Eound in passing from south to north in Africa, and the west coast is represented along the left-hand wall, the east coast along the right-hand wall, the central Congo tribes at the Ear end. There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hottentots, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and have become mixed with them.

Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. The proc- ess used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group on the left, and the finished products, such as knives, axes and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge of the iron technicpie distinguishes the Negro cul- turally from the American Indian, the Oceanian and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the

WOODEN MASK FROM WESTERN AFRICA

AFRICAN TOM-TOM DRl'MMER. Exhibited in the Akelev Memorial Hall of African Mam- mals. Sculptured bv Malvina Hoffman

[l6 5 ] CARVED IVORY ARTICLES FROM THE CONGO. Ivory carvings are among ilie most

i herished posses sions of African chiefs as the em- blems of rank and power

women doing the actual tilling, while the shown in the large central rectangle de- men are hunters and, anion" pastoral voted to Congo ethnology. The most tribes, herders. Clothing is either of skin, beautiful of the last-mentioned products hark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. are the "pile cloths" of the liakuba, The manufacture of a skin cloak is illus- woven by the men and supplied with trated by one of the figures in the group decorative patterns by the women. Very to the left of the entrance: hark cloths fine wooden goblets and other carvings, from Uganda are shown in the farther especially a series of ivories from the right-hand section of the hall, while Congo, bear witness to the high artistic looms and the completed garments are sense of the African native . who also cx-

1 66 IVORY HANDLED STEEL WEAPONS OF THE MANG BETU. The gre;it sickle-shaped knives were worn over the shoulder by lin- king and other prominent men when lliev were silting in council. parti) as proof of the wearer's readi- ness to strike. At other times the knives were pushed under the helt

eel other primitive races in their love sauce period. It is doubtful to what ex- for music, which is shown by the variety tent the art may be considered native, of their musical instruments. The religious beliefs of the natives are A unique art is illustrated in the Benin illustrated by numerous fetiches and case in the farther section of the hall, charms, believed to give security in battle where the visitor will see bronze and or to avert evils. Ceremonial masks are brass castings made by a process similar shown, which were worn by the native to that used in Europe in the Renais- medicine-men.

.67] ] HE DANCE. The dance, next to hunt- j, \v ;is the most popular subject of the prehistoric artist

SOUTH AFRICAN ROCK PICTURES

These are reproductions from figures painted abundantly on rocks in South Africa by bushmen and their ancestors. Some authorities say they range in time from about 10,000 15. G. down to the present day and may have been used lor religious or incantation purposes by early African man. The reproductions in the Museum were made by M. K. McGufhe, a South African artist, from the original polychrome pictures on the rocks there. The spirit and composition of these paintings as well as their artistic character mark them as outstanding ex- amples of primitive art.

THE CHARGE. A black-maned lion pin suing a group of fleeing men

168 HALL OF BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLIED BIOLOGY

(Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 12a)

Food Needs and Food Economics: The Sewage Disposal: A model depicts the central portion of this hall is devoted dangers from improper disposal of the to the Food Exhibit which represents in liquid wastes of the city and how they graphic form the needs of the human may be avoided, showing where polluted body. One case shows the chemical com- harbor waters, and shellfish beds con- position of the human body as repre- stitute a menace to health. sented by a man weighing 154 pounds. Modern methods for treatment of Special emphasis is laid on the need for sewage on scientific lines are illustrated mineral salts and for the indispensable by a series of models of screens, sedi- elements called vitamins. Models illus- mentation tanks, and filter beds of vari- trate the commoner foods which supply ous types. the daily needs of energy and vitamins. Insects, Rats and Parasites and The composition of certain familiar Disease: Charts, models and maps form foods as regards protein, carbohydrates, this exhibit. Toward the center of the fat, mineral salts, water and refuse is hall are two illuminated cases; one con- graphically represented. A special series tains photomicrographs of disease-pro- of models shows the size of 100 calorie ducing parasites and the other, glass portions of the more important food- models of principal types of bacteria stuffs and another exhibit stresses the associated with disease. necessity of eating the right quality of The transmission of disease germs by foods as well as the proper quantity. A insects is shown by a series of exhibits. combination of charts and a model repre- The most striking features are greatly sents sources of the world's food supply. enlarged models of the fly, the flea, the The balance of this hall is devoted to louse and the yellow fever mosquito. exhibits dealing with Water Supply, The scientific reason for the associa- Sewage Disposal, Insects, Rats and Para- tion of malaria with swampy regions is sites and their Relation to Health. that the Anopheles mosquito, the carrier Water Supply: The farther end of the of the malarial parasite, breeds in such hall has models, maps, and charts which places. A small relief map indicates drains illustrate various phases of the problem used for eliminating mosquito-bearing of water supply. A wall case has glass pools, and diagrams illustrate mosquito models of the principal microorganisms, control in New Jersey. Another exhibit Algae and Protozoa, which grow in reser- illustrates the world distribution and sea- voirs and impart tastes and odors to sonal prevalence of malaria and yellow water. Samples and models here also illus- fever in relation to the habits of their trate the variations in composition which mosquito hosts. Here are also shown occur in natural waters. some of the practical methods of control. A series of relief maps on the wall series of small-scale models demon- shows the growth and development of A strates methods and results of tropical the water supply of New York City since sanitation for yellow fever prevention. 1664, and a large floor model displays A hospital at Panama is shown as it was accurately the location of the reservoirs during the former regime, with mosquito- and aqueducts of the Ashokan Water breeding pools all about, contrasted with System. Similar relief maps of the region a modern hospital with no stagnant about Clinton, Massachusetts, before and water and wards screened and venti- after the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the water supply of Bos- lated. ton, show how surface water supplies Flies and Disease: Models, specimens are collected by impounding streams. and charts deal with the life history of Several cases contain models illustra- the fly, and other exhibits show how fly- ting the purification of water by storage, breeding may be prevented. filtration and disinfection. Typhus and Other Diseases: Some

[169] space is devoted to insect carriers of dis- germ and serve as reservoirs from which ease germs in tropical and semi-tropical it is carried by the flea to man, such as countries. Specimens of Glossina are the rat and California ground squirrel, shown which transmit sleeping sickness and preventive measures are demon- and the nagana disease in Africa; as well strated. as the ticks, which spread Texas fever Military Hygiene: The problem of of cattle; relapsing fever; African tick military hygiene, so successfully solved fever; and the Rocky Mountain spotted during the Great War. is dealt with. lexer of man. Diagrams illustrate the relative deadli- Bubonic Plague: The relation of the ness of disease germs and bullets in Ilea and rat to the terrible bubonic plague earlier wars, reinforced by a representa- is illustrated in considerable detail. In tion of the relative importance of injuries several cases are specimens of the princi- received in action and effects of typhoid pal animals which harbor the plague- fever during the Spanish "War.

BEHIND THE SCENES

The fifth floor of the Museum is de- collections to protect them from deteri- voted to the administrative offices, the oration and for ready accessibility to offices and laboratories of the scientific scientific investigators. A careful selection departments and the library. On this is made of objects of greatest educational floor are the work rooms of the Depart- value and these form the basis of the ment of Vertebrate Palaeontology, where Museum displavs in its exhibition halls. the skeletons of fossil animals are pre- Work Shops. An important part of the pared and mounted, and the laboratory Museum not seen by the public com- where the beautiful models of inverte- prises the work shops, located in the base- brates are made. These, like the other ment and provided with machinery of laboratories, are of necessitv not open to the most improved pattern. Here, among the public. other things, are constructed the various Scientific Laboratories and Study Col- types of cases used in the Museum. There lections. On the sixth floor of the African is also a fully equipped printing establish- Section are the well equipped labora- ment. In other parts of the Museum, also tories devoted to experimental biological not open to the public, are the studios research and to physiology and life his- where the varied work of preparing ex- tories based on the study of living hibits is carried on by a large staff of animals. artists and artisans. Here are cast, mod- Most of the scientific study collections eled or mounted the figures for the are on the fifth floor. These are for the groups, while leaves and flowers are fash- benefit of investigators and to preserve ioned so accurately that they seem to the evidences and records of our vanish- grow and bloom. The latter are for ac- ing animal life and of the life and cus- cessories in the groups. Reptiles and am- toms of primitive peoples. phibians are mounted and anatomical The vast majority of the Museum's models of fishes are created in wax and natural history specimens are in study other materials with painstaking care.

[170] THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Founded in iStiy

Board of Trustees Frederick Trubee Davison, President A. Perry Osborn, First Vice-President Cleveland E. Dodge, Second Vice-President E. Roland Harriman, Treasurer Clarence L. Hay, Secretary Malcolm P. Aldrich Robert Earll McConnell James Rowland Angell Junius S. Morgan Robert Woods Bliss Frederick H. Osborn George T. Bowdoln Daniel E. Pomeroy Arthur H. Bunker William Procter Douglas Burden H. Rivington Pyne Suydam Cutting A. Hamilton Rice Lewis W. Douglas John D. Rockefeller, 3RD. Lincoln Ellsworth Kermit Roosevelt Livingston Farrand Dean Sage, Jr. Childs Frick Leonard C Sanford

Chauncey J. Hamlin Arthur S. Vernay Archer M. Huntington Frederick M. Warburg Wilton Lloyd-Smith Cornelius V. Whitney Fiorei.lo H. LaGuardia, Mayor of the City of New York Joseph D. McGoldrick, Comptroller of the City of New York Robert Moses, Commissioner of Parks of the City of New York

Administrative and Scientific Staffs Officers of Administration Roy Chapman Andrews, Director Wayne M. Faunce, Vice-Director and Executive Secretary Frederick H. Smyth, Bursar Edwin C. Meyenberg, Assistant Bursar Walter F. Meister, Assistant Bursar Rex P. Johnson, General Superintendent Charles C. Groff, Mechanical Superintendent Wilson L. Todd, Power Plant Engineer Louis W. Kinzer, Custodian

Charles J. O'Connor, Membership Secretary Richard H. Cooke, Business Manager of the Hayden Planetarium Hans Christian Adamson, Assistant to the President William D. Campbell, Assistant to the Director

Scientific Staff Roy Chapman Andrews, Sc.D., Director Wayne M. Faunce, Sc.B., Vice-Director and Executive Secretary Clark Wissler, Ph.D., LL.D., Dean of the Scientific Staff H. E. Anthony, D.Sc., Secretary of the Council of Heads of the Scientific Departments Astronomy and the Hayden Planetarium Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., LL.D., Curator-in-Chief William H. Barton, Jr., M.S., Executive Curator Marian Lockwood, Assistant Curator Arthur L. Draper, Assistant Curator Robert R. Coles, Associate Lecturer Hugh S. Rice, A.M., Associate in Astronomy Frederick H. Pouch, Ph.D., Research Associate in Meteorites

[171] Geology and Mineralogy Herbert P. Whitlock, Curator Frederick H. Pough, Ph.D., Assistant Curator

Palaeontology Chii.ds Frick, B.S., Honorary Curator of Late Tertiary and Quaternary Mammals Barnum Brown, Sc.D., Curator of Fossil Reptiles Walter Grancer, D.Sc, Curator of Fossil Mammals George Gaylord Simpson. Ph.D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology Edwin H. Colbert, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology Harold E. Yokes, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Invertebrate Palaeontology Rachel Husband Nichols, A.M., Staff Assistant William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Research Associate Charles C. Mook, Ph.D., Research Associate

Living Invertebrates Roy Waldo Miner, Ph.D., Sc.D., Curator Willard G. Van Name, Ph.D., Associate Curator George H. Childs, Ph.D., Assistant in Comparative Invertebrate Anatomy

Frank J. Myers, Research Associate in Rotifera Horace W. Stunkard, Ph.D., Research Associate in Parasitology A. L. Treadwell, Ph.D., Sc.D., Research Associate in Annulata Roswell Miller, Jr., C.E., Field Associate Wyli.ys Rosseter Betts, Jr., Field Associate

Entomology Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Curator C. H. Curran, D.Sc, Associate Curator of Diptera

W. J. Gertsch, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Spiders R. E. Blackwelder, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Coleoptera Frank E. Watson, B.S., Staff Assistant in Lepidoptera Charles W. Leng, B.S., Research Associate in Coleoptera Herbert F. Schwarz, M.A., Research Associate in Hymenoptera E. L. Bell, Research Associate in Lepidoptera Cyril F. dos Passos, LL.B., Research Associate in Lepidoptera T. D. A. Cockerell, Sc.D., Research Associate in Fossil Insects Alfred E. Emerson, Ph.D., Research Associate in Termites

Living and Extinct Fishes William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Curator John T. Nichols, A.B., Curator of Recent Fishes Francesca R. LaMonte, B.A., Associate Curator E. W. Gudger, Ph.D., Honorary Associate Charles H. Townsend, Sc.D., Research Associate C. M. Breder, Jr., Sc.D., Research Associate E. Grace White, Ph.D., Research Associate Louis Hussakof, Ph.D., Research Associate in Devonian Fishes William Beebe, Sc.D., Research Associate in Oceanography Van Campen Heilner, M.S., Field Representative Michael Lerner, Field Associate

Herpetology G. Kingsi.ey Noble. Ph.D.. Curator C. M. Bogert, M.A., Assistant Curator Harvey Bassler, Ph.D., Research Associate in Herpetology

[172] Experimental Biology G. Kincsley Noble. Ph.D., Curator Frank A. Beach. Ph.D., Assistant Curator Katharine K. Aplington, A.M.. Stall Assistant Priscilla R. Ryan, A.B., Stall Assistant Douglas Burden, M.A., Research Associate O. M. Helff, Ph.D., Research Associate Charles E. Hadley. Ph.D.. Research Associate William Etkin, Ph.D., Research Associate Libbie H. Hyman, Ph.D., Research Associate R. E. Bowen, Ph.D., Research Associate

Ornithology Frank M. Chapman, Sc.D., Curator John T. Zimmer, M.A., Executive Curator Robert Cushman Murphy, D.Sc, Curator of Oceanic Birds James P. Chapin, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Continental Old World Birds Ernst Mayr. Ph.D., Associate Curator of the Whitney-Rothschild Collections Charles E. O'Brien, Assistant Curator Elsie M. B. Xaumburg, Research Associate A. L. Rand, Ph.D., Research Associate Philip B. Philipp, Research Associate in Oology Albert R. Brand, Associate in Ornithology Mammalogy H. E. Anthony, D.Sc, Curator George G. Goodwin, Assistant Curator G. H. H. Tate, D.Sc., Assistant Curator of South American Mammals T. Donald Carter, Assistant Curator of Old World Mammals John Eric Hill, Ph.D., Assistant Curator Richard Archbold, Research Associate

William J. Morden, Ph.B., Field Associate Arthur S. Vernay, Field Associate William D. Campbell, Field Associate Comparative and Human Anatomy William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Curator H. C. Raven, Associate Curator George Pinkley, Ph.D., Associate Curator G. Miles Conrad, A.M., Assistant Curator

J. Howard McGregor, Ph.D., Research Associate in Human Anatomy Dudley J. Morton, M.D., Research Associate S. H. Chubb, Research Associate Anthropology Clark Wissler, Ph.D., LL.D., Curator X. C. Nelson, M.L., Curator of Prehistoric Archaeology George C. Vaillant, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Mexican Archaeology Harry L. Shapiro. Ph.D., Associate Curator of Physical Anthropology Margaret Mead, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Ethnology Bella Weitzner, Assistant Curator of Anthropology Junius B. Bird, Assistant Curator of Anthropology Clarence L. Hay, A.M., Research Associate in Mexican and Central American Archaeology William W. Howells, Ph.D., Research Associate in Physical Anthropology Mn o Hellman, D.D.S., D.Sc, Research Associate in Physical Anthropology George E. Brewer, M.D., LL.D., Research Associate in Somatic Anthropology Frederick H. Osborn, Research Associate in Anthropology Robert von Heinf-Geldern, Ph.D., Research Associate in Anthropology

['73] W. C. Bennett, Ph.D., Research Associate in Anthropology William K. Gregory, Ph.D.. Associate in Physical Anthropology Antoinette K. Gordon, Associate in Asiatic Ethnology Asiatic Exploration and Research Roy Chapman Andrews, Sc.D., Curator Walter Granger, D.Sc., Curator of Palaeontology Charles P. Berkey, Ph.D.. Sc.D. (Columbia University), Research Associate in Geology Amadeus W. Grabau, S.D. (The National Geological Survey of China), Research Associate Pere Teilhard de Chardin (The National Geological Survey of China), Research Associate in Mammalian Palaeontology Woods and Forestry Clarence L. Hay, A.M., Honorary Curator Charles Russell, Ph.D., Staff Associate Education Charles Russell, Ph.D., Curator Grace Fisher Ramsey, Ph.D., Associate Curator William H. Carr, Assistant Curator (Outdoor Education) John R. Saunders, Assistant Curator Herman A. Silvers, Staff Assistant Farida A. Wiley, Staff Assistant William Lord Smith, M.D., Staff Assistant Georgine Mastin, Staff Assistant Hazel L. Muller, B.A., Staff Assistant Gladys L. Pratt, Associate in Education

Library Hazel Gay, Librarian Helen Gunz, Assistant Librarian Jannette May Lucas, B.S., Assistant Librarian—Osborn Library

Arts, Preparation and Installation James L. Clark, D.Sc, Director Albert E. Butler, Associate Chief Staff Associate Francis L. ]aques, Raymond B. Potter, Staff Associate Robert H. Rockwell, Staff Associate

Public and Press Information Hans Christian Adamson, Chairman Jean E. Wiedemer, Staff Assistant

Scientific Publications of Scientific Publications Ethel J. Timonier, Associate Editor Natural History Magazine Edward Moffat Weyer, [r.. Ph.D., Editor Donald R. Barton, B.A., Assistant Editor Frederick L. Hahn, Production Manager Sherman P. VoORHEES, Advertising Manager of Museum Periodical Publications The Junior Natural History Magazine Dorothy L. Edwards. Editor The Sky Magazine Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., LL.D., Editor Helene C. Booth, Assistant Editor

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