Syllabus Laboratory Activity

Chapter 3 Biomedik 1

EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE

Writter : Maya Tejasari

A Sequence I. Introduction : 30 min II. Pre Test : III. Activity Lab : 120 min - Discussion 30 min - Identify 90 min IV. Post Test :

B Topic 1. Microstructure of the epithelial tissue 2. Microstructure of the

C Venue Biomedical Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Bandung Islamic Universtity

D Equipment 1. Light microscopy

2. Stained tissue section :

1. Simple squamous 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium 3. Simple columnar epithelium Epithelial Tissue 4. Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 5. Non keratinized squamous epithelium 6. Keratinized squamous epithelium 7. Transisional epithelium 8. Connective tissue 9.Dense regular connective tissue 10.Dense irregular connective tissue 11. Hyaline 12. Elastine cartilage Cartilage 13. Fibrous cartilage

3. Colouring pencils

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E Pre-requisite Before following the laboratory activity, the students must prepare :

1. Draw the schematic picture of each type of epithelial tissue microstructure and give explanation 2. Draw the schematic picture of each type of connective tissue microstructure and give explanation - Loose connective tissue - Dense regular connective tissue - Dense irregular connective tissue - Reticular/haematopoeietic tissue 3. Draw the schematic picture of cartilage (elastic, hyaline and fibrous) and give explanation

- Content lab in manual book ( pre and post test will be taken from the manual, if scorring pre test less than 50, can not allowed thelab activity ) - Bring your text book, reference book e.q atlas of Histology, e-book etc. ( minimal 1 atlas each group). - Bring colouring pencils for drawing

F Activity Lab 1. Students will be divided into groups 2. Discussion in 30 minute 3. Identify tissue section using light microscopy and draw it , in 90 minute

4. LIST MICROSTRUCTURE IDENTIFY REVIEW ( give the checklist √ if you have already known)

A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Please make a schematic draw of the epithelial tissue in the allotted space. Please bring a pink and purple color pencil.

Figure 1. Simple squamous epithelium Section of : Bladder (serous layer) Staining : H.E. Code : E – 1

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Identify : 1. serous layer 2. simple squamous epithelium 3. nuclei of epithelial cells

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Figure 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium Section of : Choroid plexus of cerebrum Staining : H.E. Code : E – 2

Identify : 1. Choroid plexus 3. Nuclei of epithelial cells 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium

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Figure 3. Simple columnar epithelium Section of : Stomach Staining : H.E. Code : E – 3

Identify : 1. Mucous layer 3. Nuclei of epithelial cells 2. Simple columnar epithelium 4.

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Figure 4. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Section of : Trachea Staining : H.E. Code : E – 7

Identify : 1. Mucous layer 5. Cilia 2. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium 6. Goblet 3. Columnar cell 7. Basement membrane 4. Basal cell

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Figure 5. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Section of : Oesophagus Staining : H.E. Code : E – 4

Identify : 1. Mucous layer 4. Polyhedral cells 2. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium 5. Surface cells 3. Basal cells 6. Basement membrane

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Figure 6. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Section of : Skin of palm Staining : H.E. Code : E – 5

Identify : 1. Epidermis 5. Lucidum’s layer 2. Basal layer 6. Corneum’s layer 3. Polyhedral / Spinosum’s layer 4. Granulosum’s layer

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Figure 7. Section of : Bladder (mucous layer) Staining : H.E. Code : E – 6

Identify : 1. Mucous layer 4. Polyhedral cells 2. Transitional epithelium 5. Dome shape cells/squamous cells 3. Basal cells

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B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Please make a schematic draw of the connective tissue in the allotted space. Please bring a pink and purple color pencil.

Figure 1. Loose connective tissue Section : Serous layer of colon Staining : H.E. Code : I-3

Identify : 1. 6. (if any) 2. Lymphocyte 7. Plasma cell (if any) 3. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte 8. Eosinophil (if any) 4. Adipose cell 9. Fibers 5. (if any) 10.

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Figure 2. Regular dense connective tissue Section of : Staining : H.E. Code : I-8 (longitudinal section) I-9 (cross section) Longitudinal section

1. Bundle of collagenous fibers 2. Peritendineum 3. Fibroblast

Cross section

1. Bundle of collagenous fibers 2. Peritendineum 3. Fibroblast

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Figure 3. The elastic tissue

Section of : Ligamentum nuchae Staining : H.E. Code : I-6 (longitudinal section) I-7 (cross section) Longitudinal section

1. Elastic fibers 2. fibers 3. Fibroblast

Cross section

1. Elastic fibers 2. Fibroblast

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Figure 4. The reticular connective tissue

Section : Lymph node Staining : Bielschowsky/AgNO3 Code : I-4

1. Reticular fibers 2. Reticuloendothelial cell 3. Lymphocyte

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Figure 5. Gelatinous tissue (Mucous tissue, Wharton’s jelly) Section of : Umbilical cord Staining : H.E. Code : I-2

1. Ground substance 4. Collagen fiber 2. Fibroblast 5. Umbilical artery 3. Protoplasmic process of fibroblast 6. Umbilical venous

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Figure 6. The mesenchymal tissue Section of : Embryo Staining : H.E. Code : I-1

1. Mesenchymal cell 3. Ground substance 2. Protoplasmic process of mesenchymal cell

Figure 7. The monovacuolar . Section of : Subcutis Staining : H.E. Code : I-10

1. Adipose cell 2. Nucleus of adipose cell 3. Vacuole

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Figure 8. The multilocular adipose tissue Section of : Interscapular adipose tissue Staining : H.E, Code : I-11

1. Multilocular cell 3. Vacuole 2. Nucleus of multilocular cell 4. Monovacuolar cell

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C. CARTILAGE

Please make a schematic draw of the cartilage and in the allotted space. Please bring a pink and purple color pencil.

Figure 1. Section of : Trachea Staining : H.E. Code : C-2

1. 2. Chondroblast 3. 4. 5. Isogenic cells. 6. Ground substance a. Territorial b. Interritorial matrix

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Figure 2. Section of : Auricle Staining : Orcein Code : C-3

1. Perichondrium 4. Ground substance 2. Chondroblast 5. Elastic fibers 3. Chondrocyte

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Figure 3. Section of : Intervertebral disc Staining : H. E. Code : C-4

1. Chain of 2. Ground substance 3. Collagenous fibers

G Reference 1. Junqueria, Carneirro, Basic Histology

2. de'Fiore, Atlas of Histology

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Epithelial tissues are composed of closely aggregated polyhedral cells with very little extracellular substance.

These cells have strong adhesion due to adhesion molecules, membrane interdigitations, and intercellular junctions.

These features allow the cells to form cellular sheets that cover the surface of the body and line its cavities or are arranged as three-dimensional secretory units.

The principal functions of epithelial (Gr. epi, upon, + thele, nipple) tissues are :

- The covering and lining of surfaces (eg, skin, intestines), - Absorption (eg, intestines), - Secretion (eg, ), - Sensation (eg, gustative and olfactory neuroepithelium), - Contractility (eg, myoepithelial cells).

Because epithelial cells line all external and internal surfaces of the body, everything that enters or leaves the body must cross an epithelial sheet.

Almost all epithelial cells, rest on a connective tissue. In the case of epithelia that line the cavity of internal organs (especially the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems) this layer of connective tissue is often called lamina propria.

The lamina propria  serves to support the epithelium, provides nutrition and binds it to neighboring structures.

The portion of the epithelial cells that faces the connective tissue is called the basal pole, whereas the opposite side, usually facing a space, is called the apical pole.

The surface of the apical pole is also called the free surface, whereas the surfaces that are apposed to neighbor cells are called lateral surfaces.

Most epithelial cells are separated from the connective tissue by a sheet of extracellular material called the basal lamina, consisting of a delicate network of very fine fibrils (lamina densa). In addition, basal laminae may have an electron-lucent layer on one or both sides of the lamina densa, called lamina rara or lamina lucida.

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Apical pole

Lateral pole

Basal lamina Basal pole

Epithelia are divided into two main groups according to their structure and function: covering epithelia and glandular epithelia.

Covering epithelia can be classificied according to number of cell layers and structure of the surface cells) Table 4–2. Common Types of Covering Epithelia in the .

Type Cell Form Examples of Main Function Distribution Simple Squamous Lining of vessels Facilitates the movement of the (). viscera (), active Serous lining of transport by pinocytosis cavities; pericardium, (mesothelium and endothelium), pleura, peritoneum secretion of biologically active (mesothelium). molecules (mesothelium). Cuboidal Covering the ovary, Covering, secretion. thyroid. Columnar Lining of intestine, Protection, lubrication, gallbladder. absorption, secretion. Pseudostratified Some columnar and Lining of trachea, Protection, secretion; cilia- some cuboidal bronchi, nasal cavity. mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus. Stratified Surface layer Epidermis. Protection; prevents water loss. squamous keratinized (dry) Surface layer Mouth, esophagus, Protection, secretion; prevents squamous larynx, vagina, anal water loss. nonkeratinized (moist) canal. Cuboidal Sweat glands, Protection, secretion. developing ovarian follicles. Transitional: domelike Bladder, , Protection, distensibility. to flattened, renal calyces. depending on the

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functional state of the organ Columnar Conjunctiva. Protection.

A. Simple epithelium - Squamous : Mesothelium (digestive,lungs,heart), ndothelium (blood vessels, lymphatic vessels) - Cuboid : Small excretory ducts - Columnar  Non Ciliated : Covers digestive organs (Microvilli small intestine)  Ciliated  Respiatory passages, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles , epididimys,vas deferens - Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

B. Stratified epithelium - Squamous  Keratinized : skin (epidermis)  Non keratinized : mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, vagina. Anal - Cuboid ; sweat - Columnar ; conjungtiva - Transitional ; (major calyxes,,bladder)

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE A. Classification :

B. Function & distribution

Loose connective tissue

- Fills spaces between groups of muscle cells - Supports epithelial tissue - Forms a layer that sheathes the lymphatic and blood vessels.

Also found in the :

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- Papillary layer of the - Hypodermis - Serosal linings of peritoneal and pleural cavities - Glands and the mucous membranes (wet membranes that line the hollow organs) supporting the epithelial cells.

Dense connective tissue Offer resistance and protection. Irregular dense connective tissue is encountered in areas such as the dermis. Regular dense connective tissue found in tendon.

CARTILAGE

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Simple squamous epithelium

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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Simple cuboidal epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

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Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium

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Dense regular connective tissue

Loose connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

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Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrous Cartilage

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