Chondrogenesis, Studied with the Electron Microscope
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Basic Histology and Connective Tissue Chapter 5
Basic Histology and Connective Tissue Chapter 5 • Histology, the Study of Tissues • Tissue Types • Connective Tissues Histology is the Study of Tissues • 200 different types of cells in the human body. • A Tissue consist of two or more types of cells that function together. • Four basic types of tissues: – epithelial tissue – connective tissue – muscular tissue – nervous tissue • An Organ is a structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of 2 or more tissue types. • Example: skin is an organ composed of epidermal tissue and dermal tissue. Distinguishing Features of Tissue Types • Types of cells (shapes and functions) • Arrangement of cells • Characteristics of the Extracellular Matrix: – proportion of water – types of fibrous proteins – composition of the ground substance • ground substance is the gelatinous material between cells in addition to the water and fibrous proteins • ground substance consistency may be liquid (plasma), rubbery (cartilage), stony (bone), elastic (tendon) • Amount of space occupied by cells versus extracellular matrix distinguishes connective tissue from other tissues – cells of connective tissues are widely separated by a large amount of extracellular matrix – very little extracellular matrix between the cells of epithelia, nerve, and muscle tissue Embryonic Tissues • An embryo begins as a single cell that divides into many cells that eventually forms 3 Primary Layers: – ectoderm (outer layer) • forms epidermis and nervous system – endoderm (inner layer) • forms digestive glands and the mucous membrane lining digestive tract and respiratory system – mesoderm (middle layer) • Forms muscle, bone, blood and other organs. Histotechnology • Preparation of specimens for histology: – preserve tissue in a fixative to prevent decay (formalin) – dehydrate in solvents like alcohol and xylene – embed in wax or plastic – slice into very thin sections only 1 or 2 cells thick – float slices on water and mount on slides and then add color with stains • Sectioning an organ or tissue reduces a 3-dimensional structure to a 2- dimensional slice. -
Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Novel Hyaluronate-Collagen-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Knee Repair F.G
EuropeanF Meng et Cells al. and Materials Vol. 31 2016 (pages 79-94) DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v031a06 TCP-COL-HA scaffolds for cartilage ISSN regeneration 1473-2262 CHONDROGENESIS OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS IN A NOVEL HYALURONATE-COLLAGEN-TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCAFFOLDS FOR KNEE REPAIR F.G. Meng§, Z.Q. Zhang§, G.X. Huang, W.S. Chen, Z.J. Zhang, A.S. He and W.M. Liao* Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China §These two authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract Introduction Scaffolds are expected to play a key role in the induction Damaged articular cartilage has poor self-repair capability of chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) owing to the low metabolic rate of chondrocytes (Chen for cartilage tissue regeneration. Here, we report the et al., 2009; Hunziker, 2002; Steadman et al., 2002). development of a novel tricalcium phosphate-collagen- Tissue engineering is considered a potential strategy hyaluronate (TCP-COL-HA) scaffold that can function as for regenerating damaged tissue (Jackson and Simon, a stem cell carrier to induce chondrogenesis and promote 1999). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an especially cartilage repair, and the investigation of chondroinductive promising tool since they can be easily isolated from bone properties of scaffolds containing varying amounts of TCP, marrow and expanded in vitro without the loss of their COL and HA. TCP-COL-HA scaffolds, as well as TCP- capacity to differentiate into various cell types, including COL scaffolds at two different TCP/COL ratios (50:50 and chondrocytes and osteoblasts (Caplan, 2005). -
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Hyaluronic Acid
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Hyaluronic Acid for Articular Cartilage Defects Received: 1 August 2017 Lang Li1, Xin Duan1, Zhaoxin Fan2, Long Chen1,3, Fei Xing1, Zhao Xu4, Qiang Chen2,5 & Accepted: 19 April 2018 Zhou Xiang1 Published: xx xx xxxx Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been found in previous studies to have great potential for medical use. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with HA on articular cartilage repair in canines. Twenty-four healthy canines (48 knee-joints), male or female with weight ranging from 5 to 6 kg, were operated on to induce cartilage defect model and divided into 3 groups randomly which received diferent treatments: BMSCs plus HA (BMSCs-HA), HA alone, and saline. Twenty-eight weeks after treatment, all canines were sacrifced and analyzed by gross appearance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, toluidine blue staining, type II collagen immunohistochemistry, gross grading scale and histological scores. MSCs plus HA regenerated more cartilage-like tissue than did HA alone or saline. According to the macroscopic evaluation and histological assessment score, treatment with MSCs plus HA also lead to signifcant improvement in cartilage defects compared to those in the other 2 treatment groups (P < 0.05). These fndings suggested that allogeneic BMSCs plus HA rather than HA alone was efective in promoting the formation of cartilage-like tissue for repairing cartilage defect in canines. Articular cartilage is composed of chondrocyte and extracellular matrix and has an important role in joint move- ment including lubrication, shock absorption and conduction. -
(AMIC) Compared to Microfractures for Chondral Defects of the Talar Shoulder: a Five-Year Follow-Up Prospective Cohort Study
life Communication Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) Compared to Microfractures for Chondral Defects of the Talar Shoulder: A Five-Year Follow-Up Prospective Cohort Study Filippo Migliorini 1 , Jörg Eschweiler 1, Nicola Maffulli 2,3,4,5,* , Hanno Schenker 1, Arne Driessen 1 , Björn Rath 1,6 and Markus Tingart 1 1 Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Clinic Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52064 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (B.R.); [email protected] (M.T.) 2 School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK 3 Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK 4 Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, London E1 4DG, UK 5 Department of Orthopedics, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, A-4600 Wels, Austria 6 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Introduction: Many procedures are available to manage cartilage defects of the talus, Citation: Migliorini, F.; Eschweiler, J.; including microfracturing (MFx) and Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC). Whether Maffulli, N.; Schenker, H.; Driessen, AMIC or MFx are equivalent for borderline sized defects of the talar shoulder is unclear. Thus, the A.; Rath, B.; Tingart, M. Autologous present study compared the efficacy of primary isolated AMIC versus MFx for borderline sized Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis focal unipolar chondral defects of the talar shoulder at midterm follow-up. -
Embryonic Cell That Forms Cartilage Medical Term
Embryonic Cell That Forms Cartilage Medical Term Unexploited Gordie languishes: he scumbles his initiatives atweel and esthetically. When Nate gestate his niggardliness Grecizing not post-free enough, is Mikhail windowless? Ship-rigged or millionth, Edgar never enshrining any millionairesses! The crest cell phenotype research in record area forms the body of shift review the Table 1. Where and repair differs substantially augments the embryonic cartilage tissue types of its tension adaptation and cells? In both types for medicine to that cartilage. Cells turn into differentiated stem cells that trace specific tissues and organs. Ambiguous cells the emergence of daughter stem a concept in. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma NORD National. Blood cells Chondro Oma Cartilage Tumor Arthro Joints Cartilage creates a. Can disturb blood cells and stromal which manufacture produce fat cartilage and bone. Label by following from NURSING 3345 at University of Texas Medical Branch. Body mostly a laboratory stem cells divide that form more cells called daughter cells. Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell with Brown. Abstract The skeletal system is formed of bones and cartilage which are. Each tissue cartilage bone and skeletal muscle goes through my different. Medical terms UCL. Please note love the definitions are moving given an explain another word found also a. Definition Stem cells are cells which feature not yet developed a special. The term totipotent refer down the grief that they ever total potential to. Stem from Research Uses Types & Examples Healthline. For cardiac muscle cells and was still pluripotent stem cells may also structures and cartilage that embryonic cell forms a primitive connective tissue physiology as well as macrophages are adequately informed consent. -
Tendon Fibroblasts
Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.46.5.385 on 1 May 1987. Downloaded from Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 1987; 46, 385-390 Isolation and growth characteristics of adult human tendon fibroblasts M D CHARD, J K WRIGHT, AND B L HAZLEMAN From the Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge SUMMARY An explant method for the isolation of fibroblasts from adult human tendon is described. Cells were successfully isolated from 22 out of 27 common biceps tendons obtained from cadaveric donors (age range 11-83 years). The fibroblasts could be maintained in culture using standard methods and morphologically resembled those of synovial rather than dermal origin. Growth characteristics of 12 cell lines were assessed by deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) synthesis using [3H]thymidine incorporation in response to stimulation by fetal calf serum. Cells obtained separately from superficial and deep parts of the tendons produced almost identical responses. No significant reduction in growth response with increasing age was found when related to the age of the donor. Therefore this study did not show any age related defect in the short term tendon fibroblast replicative responses to serum. Key words: in vitro, DNA synthesis. copyright. Tendinous lesions are common, but their nature and other tissues such as skin. It is desirable to investi- any possible predisposing factors are not well gate adult human tendon fibroblasts directly. It was understood. They occur in middle life frequently thought that the culture of adult human tendon after only minor, if any, injury. The extent to which fibroblasts would be very difficult to achieve be- this reflects age related changes in tendon tissue is cause of the differentiated appearance of cells on uncertain. -
Effectiveness of Antibacterial Surfaces in Osseointegration of Titanium Dental Implants: a Systematic Review
antibiotics Review Effectiveness of Antibacterial Surfaces in Osseointegration of Titanium Dental Implants: A Systematic Review Nansi López-Valverde 1 , Bruno Macedo-de-Sousa 2 , Antonio López-Valverde 1,* and Juan Manuel Ramírez 3 1 Department of Surgery, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] 2 Institute for Occlusion and Orofacial Pain, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo I-Edifício Central Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] 3 Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Cordoba, Avenida Menéndez Pidal S/N, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Titanium (Ti) dental implant failure as a result of infection has been established at 40%, being regarded as one of the most habitual and untreatable problems. Current research is focused on the design of new surfaces that can generate long-lasting, infection-free osseointegration. The purpose of our study was to assess studies on Ti implants coated with different antibacterial surfaces, assessing their osseointegration. The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were electronically searched for in vivo studies up to December 2020, selecting six studies that met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) criteria and Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation’s (SYRCLE’s) risk of bias tool. Although all the included studies, proved greater osseointegration Citation: López-Valverde, N.; capacity of the different antibacterial surfaces studied, the methodological quality and experimental Macedo-de-Sousa, B.; models used in some of them make it difficult to draw predictable conclusions. -
Connective Tissue • Includes Things Like Bone, Fat, & Blood. All
Connective Tissue • includes things like bone, fat, & blood. All connective tissues include: 1. specialized cells 2.extracellular protein fibers } matrix that surrounds cells. 3. a fluid known as ground substance Functions include: Connective tissues come in 3 major types •Establish a structural framework 1. Connective tissue proper •Transporting fluids from one part of the body to another 2. Fluid Connective Tissue •Protecting delicate organs •Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting 3. Supporting Connective Tissue other tissue types • Other CTP cells are involved in defense and Connective Tissue Proper large repair jobs (these roam from site to site as • Connective tissue with many cell types and needed) extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance. A. Macrophages • Some cells of CTP are involved w/repair, B. Mast cells maintenance, and energy storage. C. Lymphocytes a. Fibroblasts D. plasma cells E. Microphages b. Adipocytes • The number of cells and cell types within a tissue at c. Mesenchymal cells any given moment varies depending on local conditions. 1 The Cell Population C. Adipocytes A. Fibroblasts • Fat cells • Most abundant cells in CTP • Typically contain a single enormous lipid droplet • Permanent resident of CTP (always present) • Other organelles squeezed to side of cell wall • Produce proteins to make the ground substance (resemble a class ring) very viscous • Also secret e prot ei ns th at mak e th e fib ers DMD. Mesenc hyma l ce lls • Stem cells B. Macrophages • Large amoeboid cells • Respond to injury by dividing into daughter cells which differentiate into connective tissue cells • Engulf & digest pathogens or damaged cells that enter the tissue • Release chemicals that activate the bodies immune system E. -
Characterization of a Full-Length Infectious Clone of Bovine Foamy Virus 3026
VIROLOGICA SINICA 2014, 29 (2): 94-102 DOI 10.1007/s12250-014-3382-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Characterization of a full-length infectious clone of bovine foamy virus 3026 * Tiejun Bing1, Hong Yu1, 2, Yue Li1, Lei Sun3, Juan Tan1, Yunqi Geng1, Wentao Qiao1 1. Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; 2. Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, the Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; 3. National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China The biological features of most foamy viruses (FVs) are poorly understood, including bovine foamy virus (BFV). BFV strain 3026 (BFV3026) was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an infected cow in Zhangjiakou, China. A full-length genomic clone of BFV3026 was obtained from BFV3026-infected cells, and it exhibited more than 99% amino acid (AA) homology to another BFV strain isolated in the USA. Upon transfection into fetal canine thymus cells, the full-length BFV3026 clone produced viral structural and auxiliary proteins, typical cytopathic effects, and virus particles. These results demonstrate that the full-length BFV3026 clone is fully infectious and can be used in further BFV3026 research. KEYWORDS bovine foamy virus; infectious clone; syncytium; electron microscopy pol, and env structural genes and additional open read- INTRODUCTION ing frames (ORFs) that are under the control of the 5′- long terminal repeat (LTR) and an internal promoter (IP) Foamy viruses (FVs) are members of Retroviridae. -
Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis and Generational Development of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis and Generational Development of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Hajo Thermann, MD, PhD,* Christoph Becher, MD,† Francesca Vannini, MD, PhD,‡ and Sandro Giannini, MD‡ The treatment of osteochondral defects of the talus is still controversial. Matrix-guided treatment options for covering of the defect with a scaffold have gained increasing popularity. Cellular-based autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has undergone a generational development overcoming the surgical drawbacks related to the use of the periosteal flap over time. As ACI is associated with high costs and limited in availability, autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis, a single-step procedure combining microfracturing of the subchondral bone to release bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in combination with the coverage of an acellular matrix, has gained increasing popularity. The purposes of this report are to present the arthroscopic approach of the matrix-guided autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis technique and generational development of ACI in the treatment of chondral and osteochon- dral defects of the talus. Oper Tech Orthop 24:210-215 C 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS cartilage, defect, ankle, talus, AMIC, ACI Introduction Cartilage repair may be obtained by cartilage replacement: (OATS, mosaicplasty) or with techniques aimed to generate a hondral and osteochondral lesions are defects of the newly formed cartilage such as microfracture or autologous Ccartilaginous surface and underlying subchondral bone of chondrocyte implantation (ACI).9-17 the talar dome. These defects are often caused by a single or Arthroscopic debridement and bone marrow stimulation multiple traumatic events, mostly inversion or eversion ankle using the microfracture technique has proven to be an 1,2 sprains in young, active patients. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Into Adipogenic and Osteogenic Stem Cells
vv ISSN: 2641-3000 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/sscrt LIFE SCIENCES GROUP Hassan IH El Sayyad1*, Mohamed A Sobh2, Soad A Khalifa1 and Omnia KR Research Article 3 El-Sayyad Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem 1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Egypt 2Urology & Nephrology Center, Research Center, Egypt Cell Differentiation into Adipogenic 3Pediatric Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura University, Egypt and Osteogenic Stem Cells Dates: Received: 08 December, 2016; Accepted: 23 December, 2016; Published: 29 December, 2016 *Corresponding author: Hassan IH El-Sayyad, Depart- Abstract ment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, Tel: 0020502254850; Objective: Lipoaspiration of human breast fats are important source of adipocyte stem cells E-mail: (hAMSCs) which play a great role in regenerative medicine. The present study illustrates its capability of its transformation and characterization of adipocyte, osteogenic or chondrogenic cells. https://www.peertechz.com Methods and results: The hAMSCs were positive for CD13, CD29, CD105 and CD90 and negative CD34 and CD 14. The hAMSCs were cultured in adipogenic or osteogenic culture for 4,7,14 & 21 days. Gene expression for adipogenic (PCR of leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and lipoprotein lipase) and osteogenic (osteocalcin) cells were carried out. Biochemical assessments of adipogenic (lipoprotein lipase enzyme and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and osteogenic (alkaline phosphatase, B-galactosidase and calcium content) markers. Also, light and transmission electron microscopic investigation of adipocyte stem cell culture were investigated at 4,7,14 & 21 days in both two models. Adipocyte derived from hAMSCs displayed fi broblastic morphology and confl uency at 7 days and fl at-shape with positive oil red staining at 14 &21 days.