1. Heat, Air and Moisture

Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

What is a Building?

Joseph Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng, ASHRAE Fellow Building Science Adventures In Building Science

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• Control heat flow • Control airflow • Control water vapor flow A Building is an Environmental Separator • Control rain • Control ground water • Control light and solar radiation • Control noise and vibrations • Control contaminants, environmental hazards and odors • Control insects, rodents and vermin • Control fire • Provide strength and rigidity • Be durable • Be aesthetically pleasing • Be economical

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 1 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Damage Functions Damage Functions Water Heat Ultra Violet Radiation

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The Three Biggest Problems In Buildings Are 80 Percent of all Construction Problems are Water, Water and Water… Related to Water

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 2 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Heat HAM Air Moisture

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Hygrothermal Analysis

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 3 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Rain and Airflow Missing

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 4 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Recall That Rain and Airflow Are Missing

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 5 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Laws of Thermodynamics Zeroth Law – Equal Systems First Law - Conservation of Energy Second Law - Entropy Third Law – Absolute Zero

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2nd Law of Thermodynamics In an isolated system, a process can occur only if it increases the total entropy of the system

Rudolf Clausius

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 6 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Heat Flow Is From Warm To Cold Moisture Flow Is From Warm To Cold Moisture Flow Is From Warm To Cold Moisture Flow Is From More To Less Moisture Flow Is From More To Less Air Flow Is From A Higher Pressure to a Lower Pressure Gravity Acts Down

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Moisture Flow Is From Warm To Cold Moisture Flow Is From Warm To Cold Moisture Flow Is From More To Less Moisture Flow Is From More To Less

Thermal Gradient – Thermal Diffusion Thermal Gradient – Thermal Diffusion Concentration Gradient – Molecular Diffusion Concentration Gradient – Molecular Diffusion

Vapor Diffusion

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 7 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Thermodynamic Potential

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Vapor Diffusion Vapor Concentration Convective Flow Air Pressure

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 9 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 10 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Water Molecules

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Size Matters

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 11 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Polar Molecule

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Vapor Diffusion Vapor Concentration Convective Flow Air Pressure

Adsorbate Surface Diffusion Concentration

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 12 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 13 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 14 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 15 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Calculating capillary rise

Vapor Diffusion Vapor Concentration Convective Flow Air Pressure

Adsorbate Surface Diffusion Concentration

Liquid Capillary Flow Suction Pressure

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Capillary rise versus diameter

100

40 capillary rise [inch] 30

0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 diameter [inch]

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 16 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 17 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Capillarity + Salt = Osmosis

Vapor Diffusion Vapor Concentration Convective Flow Air Pressure • Mineral salts carried in solution by capillary water Adsorbate Surface Diffusion Concentration • When water evaporates from a surface the salts left behind form crystals in process called efflorescence • When water evaporated beneath a surface the salts crystallize Liquid Capillary Flow Suction Pressure within the pore structure of the material in called sub- Osmosis Solute Concentration efflorescence • The salt crystallization causes expansive forces that can exceed the cohesive strength of the material leading to spalling

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Pressures

• Diffusion Vapor Pressure 3 to 5 psi • Capillary Pressure 300 to 500 psi • Osmosis Pressure 3,000 to 5,000 psi

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 18 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Combined Flows

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 19 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Still More Combined Flows

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 25 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

How Does Wetting Occur?

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 29 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Surface Energy Water (20 C) 73 dynes/cm Water (100 C) 59 dynes/cm Epoxy 46 dynes/cm Polyethylene 31 dynes/cm Soapy water 30 dynes/cm Paraffin wax 25 dynes/cm Silicone 24 dynes/cm Teflon 18 dynes/cm

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More Combined Flows

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 30 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 31 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

When Phases Change

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Revisiting Convective Flow

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 36 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Interior Load

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 38 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

Don’t Do Stupid Things

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Lstiburek © buildingscience.com 39 of 64 Hygrothermal Analysis Expert Session Heat, Air and Moisture Novmeber 19, 2014

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Rain Gravitational Flow Height Surface Tension Surface Energy Momentum Kinetic Energy Convective Flow Air Pressure

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When We Talk About Rain We Also Include Capillary Flow

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All We Have To Figure Out Is How Much Hits All We Have To Figure Out Is How Much Hits The Wall The Wall We Need Straube and Kuenzel

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Interesting Complications

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Rain Screen

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Beer Screen?

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Vapor Diffusion Vapor Concentration Convective Flow Air Pressure

Adsorbate Surface Diffusion Concentration

Liquid Capillary Flow Suction Pressure Osmosis Solute Concentration Gravitational Flow Height Surface Tension Surface Energy Momentum Kinetic Energy Convective Flow Air Pressure

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