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Bavarian Castles and All the Know- How and the Tools You Need for That Nineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 19th Annual Westford Symposium on Building Science Bavarian Castles and all the know- how and the tools you need for that Hartwig M. Künzel and Florian Antretter (Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics) Kunzel/Antretter 1 of 263 Nineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 19th Annual Westford Symposium on Building Science Moisture control design by hygrothermal simulation Hartwig M. Künzel (Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics) Kunzel/Antretter 2 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Sciencecontrol Symposium design by hygrothermal simulation August 4, 2015 Contents Introduction Moisture problems Moisture loads Standards and guidelines Hygrothermal simulation Conclusions 11 Kunzel/Antretter 3 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 IBP field test site in Holzkirchen 60 years of field tests = long-term durability observation 1953 1976 2001 12 Kunzel/Antretter 4 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 Measure- ments help to validate calculations 13 Kunzel/Antretter 5 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 Green roof investigation Water retention is good for the environment but not always for the building 14 Kunzel/Antretter 6 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 VERU test building to determine energy consumption required to meet comfort conditions 15 Kunzel/Antretter 7 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Scienceproblems Symposium August 4, 2015 Degradation Moisture is the main cause for damage and degradation 16 Kunzel/Antretter 8 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Scienceproblems Symposium August 4, 2015 Damage NMR-Scanner Hygrothermal Ice crystals Simulation Damage most likely at max. water content 17 Kunzel/Antretter 9 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science problems Symposium August 4, 2015 Indoor air quality problem: visible mould High indoor humidity provokes mould growth on thermal bridges in cold climates. In hot and humid climates unconditioned spaces are at risk 18 Kunzel/Antretter 10 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science problems Symposium August 4, 2015 Indoor air quality problem: invisible mould Test house monitoring Mould stains Mold due to moisture migration from hot to cold 19 Kunzel/Antretter 11 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science problems Symposium August 4, 2015 Moisture affects the thermal resistance exterior interior θ Li θ Oi q qa qi Thermal transport phenomena: θ Oa θ La ° conduction in solid matrix ° conduction in gas-filled pores ° conduction in liquid phase ° long-wave radiation (low-E degradation) ° vapor diffusion with phase change ° air convection 20 Kunzel/Antretter 12 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Scienceloads Symposium August 4, 2015 Hygrothermal envelope loads Moisture control: Protecting buildings and building systems from exterior ASHRAE HoF 2013 and interior moisture loads 21 Kunzel/Antretter 13 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science loads Symposium August 4, 2015 Temperature and vapor pressure gradients Heating period: outdoor temp. 0 °C Cooling period: outdoor temp. 30 °C 22 Kunzel/Antretter 14 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science loads Symposium August 4, 2015 Driving rain Wind driven rain Driving rain is a major cause for building envelope failure 23 Kunzel/Antretter 15 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science loads Symposium August 4, 2015 Rainwater penetration 1990s: damaged EIFS walls in North America (wooden structures) Reason: water penetration at window joints and wall connections Rainwater penetration creates a habitat for ants behind EIFS, but no visible damage to the brick wall 24 Kunzel/Antretter 16 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science loads Symposium August 4, 2015 ASHRAE report 1235-TRP (2010): Solar vapor drive (walls) THE NATURE, SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTROL OF SOLAR-DRIVEN DIFFUSION IN WALL SYSTEMS Lab test Solar vapor drive occurs when sun heats up wet reservoir wall cladding 25 Kunzel/Antretter 17 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science loads Symposium August 4, 2015 Solar vapor drive (roofs) Cathedral ceiling with blown-in cellulose fiber insulation Solar vapor drive in roof assemblies may occur when the roofing tiles absorb moisture 26 Kunzel/Antretter 18 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Science loads Symposium August 4, 2015 Air flow through the envelope German Std. DIN 68800-2 (2012) Wood preservation – Preventive constructional measures in buildings Safety feature: moisture source 250 g/m² for roofs and 100 g/m² for walls to account for indoor air flow penetrating the building envelope Robert Borsch-Laaks Condensing moisture may be trapped >> Double barrier components fail to meet the standard 27 Kunzel/Antretter 19 of 263 Nineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 Moisture loads Foto: Mündl Construction moisture Foto: Mündl Masonry moisture may move upwards into the roof 28 Kunzel/Antretter 20 of 263 StandardsNineteenth Annual Building Science and Symposium guidelines August 4, 2015 WTA-Guideline 6-2: Simulation of Heat and Moisture Transfer (2001) International Association for Science and Technology of Building Maintenance and Monument Preservation 29 Kunzel/Antretter 21 of 263 StandardsNineteenth Annual Building Science and Symposium guidelines August 4, 2015 European Standard BS EN 15026 (April 2007): Hygrothermal performance of building components and building elements - Assessment of moisture transfer by numerical simulation The hygrothermal equations described in this standard shall not be applied in cases where: ° convection takes place through holes and cracks; ° two-dimensional effects play an important part (e.g. rising damp, conditions around thermal bridges, effect of gravitational forces); ° hydraulic, osmotic, electrophoretic forces are present; ° daily mean temperatures in the component exceed 50 °C. The standard deals only with perfectly assembled and installed components without defects Kunzel/Antretter 22 of 263 Nineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 Standards and guidelines Start moisture design ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 160 (2009) Define building assembly Assign material properties Select initial conditions (4.1) Select outdoor climate (4.5) Select exposure conditions (4.6) Determine indoor conditions (4.2-4.4, also flow chart 2) Perform analysis (5) yes Acceptable no performance (6)? Report no Add initial drying yes results (7) procedure? no Change in con- yes struction design? Change in HVAC design. 31 Kunzel/Antretter 23 of 263 StandardsNineteenth Annual Building Science and Symposium guidelines August 4, 2015 ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 160 Safety feature: consideration of imperfections at joints and connections of best practice façade constructions Rainwater penetration: 1% rainwater penetration In the absence of specific full scale test methods and data for the considered exterior wall system, the default value for water penetration through the exterior surface is 1% of the Wind water reaching that exterior surface. driven rain The deposit site for the water shall be the exterior surface of the WRB. If a WRB is not provi- ded then the deposit site shall be described and a technical rationale shall be provided. 32 Kunzel/Antretter 24 of 263 StandardsNineteenth Annual Building Science and Symposium guidelines August 4, 2015 5. Auxiliary models for a simplified consideration of special effects 5.1. Component ventilation 5.2. Condensation due to air convection through components 5.3. Driving rain penetration Imperfection models help to differentiate between poor design and poor installation 33 Kunzel/Antretter 25 of 263 StandardsNineteenth Annual Building Science and Symposium guidelines August 4, 2015 Evaluation of transient hygrothermal simulation Draft results for wood and wood based materials Safety limit to Solid wood Spruce prevent rot 34 Kunzel/Antretter 26 of 263 StandardsNineteenth Annual Building Science and Symposium guidelines August 4, 2015 EN 15026: transport phenomena to be considered ‒ heat transfer ° heat storage of the dry building material and of the contained moisture ° heat transport by thermal conduction with moisture-dependent thermal conductivity ° latent heat transport by vapour diffusion with phase change (evaporation / cond.) ϑ ∆x measured including latent heat vap. flow hot cold 35 Kunzel/Antretter 27 of 263 StandardsNineteenth Annual Building Science and Symposium guidelines August 4, 2015 EN 15026: transport phenomena to be considered ‒ moisture transfer ° moisture storage by water vapour sorption and capillary forces ° water vapour transport by diffusion ° liquid transport by surface diffusion and capillary conduction 36 Kunzel/Antretter 28 of 263 HygrothermalNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium simulation August 4, 2015 Input / output Assembly Material properties composition ρ, c, λ, µ orientation inclination w = f (ϕ), Dw = f (w) ∂w ∂φ D p =⋅ ∇ ⋅( φφ ∇ δp +() φsat ∇) Climate conditions initial conditions ∂φ ∂t temperature, RH, e.g. construction ∂H ∂T radiation, moisture = ∇⋅ ⋅()() ∇λT + hδ( ∇ φ ⋅ p) ∇ ∂T ∂t v p sat precipitation, wind speed & direction Dynamic temperature and moisture profiles heat and moisture fluxes 37 Kunzel/Antretter 29 of 263 HygrothermalNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium simulation – walls August 4, 2015 Hygrothermal simulation of dynamic temperature and moisture conditions
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