Building Science 101
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Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
Ten Questions Concerning Building Performance Analysis
University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk Faculty of Arts and Humanities School of Art, Design and Architecture 2019-02-22 Ten questions concerning building performance analysis De Wilde, PJC http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/13361 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.02.019 Building and Environment Elsevier All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. 10 Questions Ten questions concerning building performance analysis Pieter de Wilde a a Chair of Building Performance Analysis, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Building performance analysis is an important yet surprisingly complex activity. This article explores the current understanding of the concept of building performance, and explains why its analysis is a challenging activity that mostly requires expert intervention. It addresses some of the common questions about building performance, such as: What can be learnt from other disciplines that also deal with performance? What are the benefits of applying building performance analysis in the building design process? How can building performance analysis support building operation and facility management? What is the relation between building performance analysis and the class of high performance buildings? What are the prospects of automating building performance analysis? The article concludes with some of the challenges to the development of this area of study, and provides starting points for further research in the domain of building performance analysis. -
Building America Building Science Translator
Building America Building Science Translator February 2015 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners, make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Building America Building Science Translator Prepared for The U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Prepared by Sam Rashkin, U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office Lindsay Parker, Energetics, Inc. February 2015 i BUILDING AMERICA BUILDING SCIENCE TRANSLATOR Table of Contents List of Tables . ii 1 Background . 1 2 Terminology Strategy . 2. List of Tables Table 1 . High-Performance Thermal Enclosure . .4 . Table 2 . High-Performance HVAC System . 6. Table 3 . Efficient Components . .9 . Table 4 . Indoor Environment System . 11 Table 5 . Water Management . 13 Table 6 . Disaster Resistance . 14 Table 7 . Water Efficiency . 15 Table 8 . Passive Solar Home . 16 Table 9 . Solar Ready Home . .16 . -
Insulating Basements: Part 1 Fundamentals
The Pennsylvania Housing Research Center Insulating Basements: Part 1 Fundamentals Builder Brief: BB0510 Brian Wolfgang, PHRC Fellow INTRODUCTION HEAT FLOW The perception of a basement has changed Heat flows from warm to cold. Heat flow can take significantly over time from basic utility space to a place through any of the following mechanisms and space that is habitable or can easily be converted to a typically includes a combination of all three: habitable space. This shift in expectation has presented numerous challenges to builders as 1. Conduction: Heat flow through a substance basement walls are fundamentally different from or material by direct contact. traditional above-grade walls. 2. Convection: Transfer of heat through air when considering building enclosures. With residential construction, it is not only important 3. Radiation: Transfer of heat through to understand the building process but also the electromagnetic waves travelling in a gas or science behind it. A solid understanding of the vacuum. physics of heat and moisture will allow builders and designers to produce more efficient structures. It will Although heat transfer through conduction tends to also allow for building components to be evaluated govern in basement walls, convection caused by air as parts of a whole system. leakage into or out of a structure (caused by negative or positive pressurization) can result in significant Insulating Basements consists of three PHRC amounts of heat loss or gain. Builder Briefs addressing fundamental building physics, basement wall materials, and basement wall Special Considerations systems. This first brief describes the fundamental building physics concepts that play a role in the Although many design methods are based on the performance of a basement wall system. -
Effect of Wind on Near-Shore Breaking Waves
EFFECT OF WIND ON NEAR-SHORE BREAKING WAVES by Faydra Schaffer A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Engineering and Computer Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 2010 Copyright by Faydra Schaffer 2010 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank her mother and family for their love and encouragement to go to college and be able to have the opportunity to work on this project. The author is grateful to her advisor for sponsoring her work on this project and helping her to earn a master’s degree. iv ABSTRACT Author: Faydra Schaffer Title: Effect of wind on near-shore breaking waves Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Manhar Dhanak Degree: Master of Science Year: 2010 The aim of this project is to identify the effect of wind on near-shore breaking waves. A breaking wave was created using a simulated beach slope configuration. Testing was done on two different beach slope configurations. The effect of offshore winds of varying speeds was considered. Waves of various frequencies and heights were considered. A parametric study was carried out. The experiments took place in the Hydrodynamics lab at FAU Boca Raton campus. The experimental data validates the knowledge we currently know about breaking waves. Offshore winds effect is known to increase the breaking height of a plunging wave, while also decreasing the breaking water depth, causing the wave to break further inland. Offshore winds cause spilling waves to react more like plunging waves, therefore increasing the height of the spilling wave while consequently decreasing the breaking water depth. -
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xx (xxxx) xxxx–xxxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Building Information Modelling (BIM) uptake: Clear benefits, understanding its implementation, risks and challenges ⁎ Ali Ghaffarianhoseinia, , John Tookeya, Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseinib,c, Nicola Naismitha, Salman Azhard, Olia Efimovaa, Kaamran Raahemifarb a Department of Built Environment Engineering, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand b Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada c Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia d McWhorter School of Building Science, Auburn University, Auburn, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Rapid advancement of technology continues to leverage change and innovation in the construction industry. Building Information Modelling (BIM) Continued digitization of the industry offers the opportunity to totally reinvent contemporary construction BIM non-adoption risks design and delivery practice for future development. Building Information Modelling (BIM) within the context Computer-aided design (CAD) of Architecture, Engineering & Construction (AEC) has been developing since the early 2000s and is considered to be a key technology. Despite major technical advancements in BIM, it has not been fully adopted and its definitive benefits have not been fully capitalized upon by industry stakeholders. The lack of widespread uptake of BIM appears to be linked to the risks and challenges that are potentially impeding its effectiveness. This paper aims to discuss the reality of BIM, its widespread benefits and current level of uptake. The risks and challenges associated with the adoption of BIM, as well as recommendations regarding how future BIM adoption could be developed are also highlighted. -
Building Science 2006
Joseph Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng, ASHRAE Fellow Building Science Adventures In Building Science www.buildingscience.com What is a Building? Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 2 A Building is an Environmental Separator Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 3 • Control heat flow • Control airflow • Control water vapor flow • Control rain • Control ground water • Control light and solar radiation • Control noise and vibrations • Control contaminants, environmental hazards and odors • Control insects, rodents and vermin • Control fire • Provide strength and rigidity • Be durable • Be aesthetically pleasing • Be economical Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 4 Arrhenius Equation Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 5 For Every 10 Degree K Rise Activation Energy Doubles Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 6 Damage Functions Water Heat Ultra-violet Radiation Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 7 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 8 In an isolated system, a process can occur only if it increases the total entropy of the system Rudolf Clausius Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 9 Heat Flow Is From Warm To Cold Moisture Flow Is From Warm To Cold Moisture Flow Is From More To Less Air Flow Is From A Higher Pressure to a Lower Pressure Gravity Acts Down Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 10 Thermodynamic Potential Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 11 Building Science Corporation Joseph Lstiburek 12 Building Science Corporation -
NWS Unified Surface Analysis Manual
Unified Surface Analysis Manual Weather Prediction Center Ocean Prediction Center National Hurricane Center Honolulu Forecast Office November 21, 2013 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers…………….3 Chapter 2: Datasets available for creation of the Unified Analysis………...…..5 Chapter 3: The Unified Surface Analysis and related features.……….……….19 Chapter 4: Creation/Merging of the Unified Surface Analysis………….……..24 Chapter 5: Bibliography………………………………………………….…….30 Appendix A: Unified Graphics Legend showing Ocean Center symbols.….…33 2 Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers 1. INTRODUCTION Since 1942, surface analyses produced by several different offices within the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Weather Service (NWS) were generally based on the Norwegian Cyclone Model (Bjerknes 1919) over land, and in recent decades, the Shapiro-Keyser Model over the mid-latitudes of the ocean. The graphic below shows a typical evolution according to both models of cyclone development. Conceptual models of cyclone evolution showing lower-tropospheric (e.g., 850-hPa) geopotential height and fronts (top), and lower-tropospheric potential temperature (bottom). (a) Norwegian cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) and (III) narrowing warm sector, (IV) occlusion; (b) Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) frontal fracture, (III) frontal T-bone and bent-back front, (IV) frontal T-bone and warm seclusion. Panel (b) is adapted from Shapiro and Keyser (1990) , their FIG. 10.27 ) to enhance the zonal elongation of the cyclone and fronts and to reflect the continued existence of the frontal T-bone in stage IV. -
Home Performance for Solar Professionals and Solar Decision Makers Introduction Welcome to Home Performance for Solar
Home Performance for Solar Professionals and Solar Decision Makers Introduction Welcome to Home Performance for Solar Who am I? • Home Energy Nerd • Passionate Environmentalist • 15+ Years in Solar and Cleantech • 10 Home Energy / Solar Certifications • Energy Auditor – 1000+ Energy Audits • General Contractor, Electrician – 100+ Whole Home Upgrade • Solar Consultant for Leading San Diego Based Companies • Regional Manager for Enphase Energy Welcome to Home Performance for Solar Outline for the Course 1. What does a value-based transaction look like in the solar industry? 2. Why home performance can have such a big impact on a solar project? 3. What are some of the basic principals of home performance? 4. What is the approach you can use to understand where the opportunities are? 5. What solutions are the most commonly effective on the efficiency side? 6. What is the future vision for the home’s energy systems? Summary: What are the highlights from this course that will enable the design of great home energy projects. Welcome to Home Performance for Solar Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this training, participants will be able to… 1. Assess any solar energy project through a “whole home” approach. 2. Apply new tools to increase value created through any solar energy project. Bonus: 3. Move forward with a new/expanded passion for home performance. Value: What does a value-based transaction look like in the solar industry? Value Why are we talking about value here? • Today we have solar professionals and homeowners together!!! • Ultimately there will be a certain level of value for each project. -
Air Space R-Value
Evaluation of Reflective and Non-Reflective Airspaces for Energy Code and FTC R-value Rule Compliance ABTG Research Report No. 1601-02 Conducted for the Foam Sheathing Committee (FSC) of the American Chemistry Council Report Written by: Applied Building Technology Group, LLC appliedbuildingtech.com Final Report: September 19, 2016 Updated: January 14, 2021 ABTG is an APPROVED SOURCE This research report is based on practical scientific research (literature review, testing, analysis, etc.). This research report complies with the following sections of the building code: IBC Section 104.11.1 and Section 1703.4.2 – "Research reports. Supporting data, where necessary to assist in the approval of materials or assemblies not specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid research reports from approved sources." IBC Section 202 – "APPROVED SOURCE. An independent person, firm or corporation, approved by the building official, who is competent and experienced in the application of engineering principles to materials, methods or systems analyses." Applied Building Technology Group, LLC | 6300 Enterprise Lane, Madison, WI 53719 | 608-310-6710 | appliedbuildingtech.com Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................ page 3 Background ........................................................................................................................ page 3 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... -
Bavarian Castles and All the Know- How and the Tools You Need for That
Nineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 19th Annual Westford Symposium on Building Science Bavarian Castles and all the know- how and the tools you need for that Hartwig M. Künzel and Florian Antretter (Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics) Kunzel/Antretter 1 of 263 Nineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 19th Annual Westford Symposium on Building Science Moisture control design by hygrothermal simulation Hartwig M. Künzel (Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics) Kunzel/Antretter 2 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Sciencecontrol Symposium design by hygrothermal simulation August 4, 2015 Contents Introduction Moisture problems Moisture loads Standards and guidelines Hygrothermal simulation Conclusions 11 Kunzel/Antretter 3 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 IBP field test site in Holzkirchen 60 years of field tests = long-term durability observation 1953 1976 2001 12 Kunzel/Antretter 4 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 Measure- ments help to validate calculations 13 Kunzel/Antretter 5 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 Green roof investigation Water retention is good for the environment but not always for the building 14 Kunzel/Antretter 6 of 263 IntroductionNineteenth Annual Building Science Symposium August 4, 2015 VERU test building to determine energy consumption required to meet comfort conditions 15 Kunzel/Antretter 7 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Scienceproblems Symposium August 4, 2015 Degradation Moisture is the main cause for damage and degradation 16 Kunzel/Antretter 8 of 263 MoistureNineteenth Annual Building Scienceproblems Symposium August 4, 2015 Damage NMR-Scanner Hygrothermal Ice crystals Simulation Damage most likely at max. -
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE XT and XE Ovens
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE XT AND XE OVENS SYMBOL OVEN FUNCTION FUNCTION SELECTION SETTING BEST FOR Select on the desired Activates the upper and the temperature through the This cooking mode is suitable for any Bake either oven control knob lower heating elements or the touch control smart kind of dishes and it is great for baking botton. 100°F - 500°F and roasting. Food probe allowed. Select on the desired Reduced cooking time (up to 10%). Activates the upper and the temperature through the Ideal for multi-level baking and roasting Convection bake either oven control knob lower heating elements or the touch control smart of meat and poultry. botton. 100°F - 500°F Food probe allowed. Select on the desired Reduced cooking time (up to 10%). Activates the circular heating temperature through the Ideal for multi-level baking and roasting, Convection elements and the convection either oven control knob especially for cakes and pastry. Food fan or the touch control smart probe allowed. botton. 100°F - 500°F Activates the upper heating Select on the desired Reduced cooking time (up to 10%). temperature through the Best for multi-level baking and roasting, Turbo element, the circular heating either oven control knob element and the convection or the touch control smart especially for pizza, focaccia and fan botton. 100°F - 500°F bread. Food probe allowed. Ideal for searing and roasting small cuts of beef, pork, poultry, and for 4 power settings – LOW Broil Activates the broil element (1) to HIGH (4) grilling vegetables. Food probe allowed. Activates the broil element, Ideal for browning fish and other items 4 power settings – LOW too delicate to turn and thicker cuts of Convection broil the upper heating element (1) to HIGH (4) and the convection fan steaks.