Alice Maria Rodrigues Nunes a Resposta Funcional De Plantas À

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Alice Maria Rodrigues Nunes a Resposta Funcional De Plantas À Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano 2017 Alice Maria Rodrigues A resposta funcional de plantas à desertificação e Nunes degradação do solo – contributo para estratégias de restauro Plant functional response to desertification and land degradation – contribution to restoration strategies Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano 2017 Alice Maria Rodrigues A resposta funcional de plantas à desertificação e Nunes degradação do solo – contributo para estratégias de restauro Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia e Ecologia das Alterações Globais, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, da Doutora Cristina Branquinho, Professora Associada c/ Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa e da Doutora Otília Correia, Professora Associada c/ Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Apoio financeiro da FCT através da bolsa doutoral SFRH/BD/51407/2011 Ao Tiago e à Carolina, aos meus pais. o júri Doutor João Carlos de Oliveira Matias, Professor Catedrático, Departamento de Economia, Gestão, Engenharia Industrial e Turismo, Universidade de Aveiro Doutor Jordi Cortina-Segarra, Professor Associado, Departamento de Ecologia e IMEM, Universidade de Alicante, Espanha Doutora Cristina Maria Branquinho Fernandes, Professora Associada com Agregação, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor Ulisses Manuel de Miranda Azeiteiro, Professor Associado com Agregação, Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Maria da Conceição Bralio Brito Caldeira, Equiparada a Investigador Principal, Centro de Estudos Florestais do Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa agradecimentos Às minhas queridas orientadoras, à Cristina Branquinho pelo contagiante entusiasmo científico, indizível apoio, coragem e tenacidade, solidariedade e amizade; à Professora Otília Correia, por me ter iniciado na ciência (com tanto gosto!) e por todo o apoio que sempre me deu e amizade ao longo do meu percurso científico. Ao professor Amadeu por ter aceite esta orientação e por todo o apoio prestado na resolução dos mais variados problemas! Ao Francesco de Bello por ter aceite esta co-orientação e por todo o apoio científico. À Melanie por todo o apoio no decorrer deste trabalho, pelo seu contributo essencial, e pela amizade, descontracção e solidariedade. À Paula pela partilha desta aventura, pela solidariedade e por ter sempre desbravado o caminho. Ao Pedro e à Paula pelo núcleo duro científico, pela solidariedade e amizade. À Ana Cláudia (e restante pessoal do CRAD) por me ter levado à Caatinga, por me ter recebido tão bem, e pela grata partilha dos interesses científicos. À Graça e à Teresa Mexia, minhas flintstones de eleição, e também à Adelaide e à Patrícia Correia, pela amizade e inspiradora presença no meu percurso científico. À Susana Tápia, Andreia Ferreira e Sara Mimo pela amizade e pelo apoio no trabalho de campo. Aos amigos da ecologia (Lena, Cristina A., Teresa D., Adriana, Laura, Sérgio, Silvana, Cristina S., Patrícia F., Ana L., Ricardo, Luís, Ana Catarina, e a todos os outros que não menciono por lapso), a todos os eChanges e ESFEs pelo apoio e inspiração. Esta tese tem um bocadinho de todos vocês. À Susana Tápia e à Júlia pelo apoio na identificação das espécies. A todos os ecólogos com quem fui discutindo ciência ao longo do meu percurso. Aos meus amigos, pela poesia dos dias, amizade, inspiração e solidariedade. Agradeço de forma especial o apoio da minha família, aos meus irmãos, tias e tios, cunhada e sogros (e suas preciosas vitaminas para a função cognitiva!), primos e aos meus adorados sobrinhos. Aos meus maravilhosos mãe Suzel e pai Joaquim. Finalmente, agradeço comovida ao Tiago e à Carolina, meu norte e meu sul, alicerce essencial desta tese. O meu muito obrigada a todos pelo apoio na realização desta tese, que sem vocês não teria sido possível. palavras-chave alterações climáticas; ecologia de zonas áridas; diversidade funcional; restauro resumo É crucial entender o impacto das alterações climáticas nos ecossistemas áridos, pois estas poderão agravar a desertificação e degradação dos solos, comprometendo o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e os serviços a eles associados. Os atributos funcionais ligam as espécies aos processos do ecossistema, fornecendo um entendimento mecanicista da sua resposta ao clima. O principal objectivo desta tese foi modelar a resposta de ecossistemas áridos ao clima com base em atributos funcionais de plantas (AFP), usando um gradiente climático espacial para prever alterações no tempo. Pretendeu-se assim selecionar um indicador baseado em AFP para monitorizar os efeitos do clima, e contribuir para melhorar as estratégias de gestão e restauro de zonas áridas. Embora a maioria das métricas de diversidade funcional requeiram a quantificação dos AFP no campo, não existia consenso sobre qual o melhor método para ser usado à escala global. Comparámos diferentes métodos, e demonstrámos as vantagens do método dos quadrados pontuais na monitorização de fina-escala dos AFP em zonas áridas. Desconhecia-se quais os principais AFP que respondiam à aridez, o que é essencial para o seu uso como indicadores de alterações no ecossistema. Identificámos nove AFP que respondem à aridez. Esta afectou a respectiva média, e reduziu a diversidade funcional. O uso de gradientes climáticos no espaço para prever alterações no tempo, requer a comparação de ambos os padrões, para a respectiva validação. Verificámos que as variações climáticas entre anos afectam os AFP, indicando que as mudanças funcionais são transitórias. Contudo, a diversidade funcional diminuiu em condições climáticas mais limitantes. Assim, face a uma maior aridez, espera-se que os padrões de resposta no tempo convirjam para os verificados no espaço. Os AFP podem responder de forma mais previsível ao clima do que a diversidade de espécies. Desenvolvemos um indicador de diversidade funcional baseado em múltiplos AFP, que diminuiu de forma monotónica não-linear com a aridez, mostrando ter maior capacidade preditora da resposta ao clima do que a diversidade de espécies. Os factores biofísicos locais modulam o efeito do clima na vegetação. Verificámos que os factores topo-edáficos têm um papel chave nos AFP envolvidos na colonização por arbustos. Os factores climáticos pouco influíram, sugerindo que as alterações climáticas não promoverão a colonização por arbustos. Os AFP podem ser uma ferramenta essencial no restauro de zonas áridas. Apresentámos uma visão geral sobre projectos de restauro, mostrando a necessidade de uma melhor integração dos AFP no restauro de zonas áridas. Ao demonstrar que os AFP são indicadores consistentes do impacto do clima nos ecossistemas, contribuímos para melhorar as previsões dos efeitos das alterações climáticas nas zonas áridas, e desenvolvemos um indicador que pode ser usado para mapear áreas em risco de desertificação e degradação do solo, potencialmente a uma escala global. keywords climate change; dryland ecology; functional diversity; restoration abstract It is crucial to anticipate the impacts of climate change on drylands, as it may aggravate desertification and land degradation, hampering ecosystems functioning and associated services. Functional traits determine species’ responses to environment, and their influence on ecosystem processes, thus providing a mechanistic tool to monitor ecosystems’ response to climate. The main aim of this thesis was to model the response of Mediterranean dryland ecosystems to climate, based on plant functional traits (PFT), using a spatial climatic gradient to predict changes over time. It aimed at selecting a trait- based indicator to track climate change effects on drylands, and contribute to improve land management and restoration strategies to mitigate land degradation. Although most trait-based metrics require the quantification of PFT in the field, there is no consensus about the best plant-sampling method to do it, to be used at a global scale. By comparing the performance of different methods, we demonstrated the advantages of the point-intercept method to perform fine-scale monitoring of PFT in drylands. Understanding which PFT respond to climate is essential to their use as indicators of ecosystems´ changes. Yet, this is not well established in drylands. We identified nine PFT responding to aridity. It affected PFT means, and reduced functional diversity. Studying climatic gradients in space to infer changes over time, requires a validation between the two. We found that inter-annual climatic fluctuations greatly affected PFT, indicating that functional changes are transitory. Yet, functional diversity was reduced under more limiting climatic conditions. Hence, we hypothesize that if drier conditions prevail in time, changes over time will approach those found along space. PFT are likely to respond in a more predictable way to environment than species diversity. We built a multi-trait functional diversity indicator, which showed a monotonic non-linear decrease with increasing aridity, responding in a more predictable way to climate than species diversity. Local biophysical factors modulate the effect of climate on plant communities. We explored the relative effect of these factors, and found
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