DOCU$ENT RiSUME.

ED 108 808 RC 008 613

AUTHOR Krauss, Michael TITLE The Native Language Center Report, 1973 (University of Alaska), INSTITUTION Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Alaska Native Language Center. PUB DATE 73 NOTE 27p.; Pages 11 and 12; might not repro'1uce well

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS American Indian Languages; *American Indians; Individual Instruction; *Information Centers; ./ Information Dissemination; *Language Research; Material Development; Organization; *Program Descriptions; *State Agencies; Tr ining; Workshops IDENTIFIERS Alaska; *Alaska Native'Language Cen er

ABSTRACT Established by the Alaska State Legislature -on June 9, 1972, the Alaska Native Language Center is responsible for: (1) studying languages native to Alaska;(2) developing literacy materials; (3) assisting in the translation of important documents; 14) providing for the development and dissemination of native literature; and (5) training Alaska native language speakers to work as teachers, and,aides in bilingual classrooms. After one yearof operation, the Center has helped make substantial gain's in the status of most of Alaska's native languages. This 1973 report"reviews the Center's activities during its first year of operation. The Center1s activities cover:(1) organization--leadership, coordination,' promotion (state, national, international), proposal-vriting, and fund-raising;(2) training--workshop\groups and individual instruction;(3) materials production-archives, publication of books, and tape collection; and (4) scientific research and development--practical (immediate application) and academic (less-immediate application). The report also includes: 1) a brief discussion of Alaska's native languages and their present situation and (2)a list of books published by the Centerduring 1972-73. (NQ)

*********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes everyeffort * * to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items ofmarginal '30 * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects thequality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makesavailable * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document.Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from theoriginal. * ********************************************************************rn .6'1,1'4004.ov

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0002 UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA

THE ALASKA NA -LIVE L W;UAGE REPORI.1973

Michael Krauss

... I. Introduction ...... , ...... -...... , ..

. z. 4 II, Description of the Center's activities 1972-73 . , .... . ,... 1, Organization z.. 4

. . .. : ...... 10 3, Materials production ...... ------.16 4. Scientific research and development _ z---

Alaska's native languages and their present situation ...... 19 , 19 Description .

IV. List of Books published by Center. 197/-73 .. 24

0003 I. INTRUI)LCTION

The ,11aska Native Language Center of the University of Alaska has begun to meet a crucial demand, the demand of Alaska's natiNe people for culturalequality, for the right and means to maintain their own language, the NCIV of their ctilture and identity.

0004 Already in one year the Center has helpLd make substantial gains in the status of most of Alaska's native languages. a priceless neritage for all Alaskans, a unique and significant part of the heritage of all mankind. The Center was founded by an act of the Alaska State Legislature on June 9, 1972 SB 424. This report 'rovers the first year of activity of the Center, July 1. 1972 to June 30. 1973. The bill which established the Center,gave it the following responsibilities: (1) study languages native to Alaska; 12) develop literacy material's; (3) assist in the translation of important documents; (4) provide for the development and dissemination of native literature. and (5) train Alaska native language speakers to work as teachers and aides in bilingual classrooms. This report is organized to show 'how the Center met these responsibilities., However, the organization of the report differs slightly from the o.line implied by (1)45) above. Development of literacy mat (2), and providing for the development and disseminatioif Alaska native literature (4) are treated together a ubject.; There is little demand so far for the translation o cument into or out of : agenc.wishing have documents translated have generally d eso ith the Center's help) at their own expense. However, in addition to the other major responsibilities assigned to the Center. it became obvious that there was ereat need also fo; another type of activity still directly in keeping with the intent of the bill that of providing leadership and coordination for Alaska native language programs. The following section of this reportincludes adescriptionof this workalso: and accordingly follows this outline:

I.Organization a. Leadership. coordination,promotion (state,

, national. international) b. Proposal-writing and fund-raising 2. Training a. Workshop groups Individual instruction :;Materials production a..,\hive: 1) Publication of books c-.1 ape collection

-1,Scientific research and development a.Practic.11 (immediate' application) b. Acadeink. ( less in) inctliate application)

0005 3 The Director of the Center i' also the Chairman of i II. DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTER'S ACTIVITIES, 1972-73 that Program_ This prOgram now offers majors in Eskimo and Indian languages at the University, la. Leadership nineregular. coursesinthoselanguages. and In additiontoitsstatewiderolein Alaska.. the conducts researchinthem. The University of Universityof AlaskaNative Language Center k Alaska offers more comses in native American already nationally and internationally respected for languages than probably ariT other university and its leadershipinthe development of Eskimo and is a recognized leader in this academic field Indian language programs. The Alaska Native Language 'Center is also a I. The Center's main and most obvious role of division of the University of Alaska Center for coordination and leadershipisstatewide, The Northern Education Research. As such it avails Centerhas worked closely withvirtuallyall itself of the administrative services of the director agencies and organizations actively involvedin of that 'Center, Frank Darnell. and also of its fiscal native language programs, for example the Bureau and bookkeeping services. Even more importantly. of Indian Affairs, Alaska State Operated School itis brought into close association and beneficial System, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Tanana interactionwiththemany otherinnovative Chiefs Conference, Aleut League, North Slope educational programs of that Center. Borough, -Haida, Hydaburg Public Schools. The Alaska Native Language Center has a position Kenai Borough School District, Alaska Natke of leadership nationally 'also, It coordinates much i of its work with individuals and organizations in i Education Board, Sheldon Jackson College. Alaska 1 MethodistUniversity.Thegeneralstatewide other states concerned with Indian languages, as planning, and meeting practical and technical theNavajoReadingStudyprOjectatthe ;... needsoftheseorganizationsforhelpwith U;.iversity of New Mexico. and the Center for language programs, has been the major concern of AppliedLinguisticsinWashington, D.C. (an theCenter,whichhasheldmeetingsand advisor to the BIA on language policy),. At the maintainedconstant communication forthese purposes. The Centeralsofunctionsinveryclose associationwiththeUniversityofAlaska's academic programin Alaska Native Languages. i

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0006 histori_tirst National Lilian Bilingual I dueation repiesentedthe Center atan Indian language in \ibuquerque: New Nlexi,:o (\larch conference in Victoria. 11 C. March 14-16. 1973. 1'1-3 i. the Alaska del..gation mtioduced A result of exchange aireadtis the legislation 'esolution to urge federal 1,:gislation similar to that may soon II,' proposed in the British Columbia klaska's for Indian Languages. the resolution was Parliament on behalf of theBritish Cclumbia adopted unanimously by the congress of over 350 Indian in,pi-ed by and modeled after the Indians from other states. Alaska leeasiation In ke,Ting with the national and international Internationalvisits were also made under sign:ficance of the Center's work. in 1973-74 there Center auspices by Haidas to IMasset and border: w illbe indil.iduals visiting Alaska who will both to the Yukon: just across the Canadian make an important contribution here and also These visits included zxchange of tape - recordings learn r71.icii of value to take back home: a Navajo in Tlingit and Haida and greatly strengthened the teacher at Rough Rock vv ho has been in bilingual cultural communities ci these peoples. edu,:atic,nthere since the beeinning of 1966. post-diactoral lineuists from the University of New Ministertitu'Gror'.titd.atrut .ror Lskintologr. L'Iritersity of Copenhagen Nlexicoandtrom MassachusettsInstituteof bothonfellowshipsfromthe 2Department vtIndt.ut Affairs and 'Northern Development, !National Endowment for the Humanities to study Direction Gn:r:le `. out ilti Que!ice. Memorial OM ersity at St. Athabskan and help in programs here.. and a Johns,I at al 0-tawa L mversit, Eskimo Language plannerfrom School at Rank:n Inlet. Inuit T.:pinsat of . the Ohkte Order bihneuleducationcurriculum of he Roman Catholt: Chtir.%t at Clunto and Ottawa.Goternment 1',!11ow knife. of theNortl:. estTerritores atYellotelmi le, Yukon Native At the international level the Center maintains Brotherhood.interim of ;" :atone:. British Cohtnibia Provincial contact with individuals and organizations inall 4rehires and Bntish Cohont,! Indian Language Project at Victor.: other ..oantries with Eskimo.. Aleut and Indian 3Gertsen Pedin :ttut avid 11:::-tut Y.;:yko:naniya of the L mversity popiala:ions.The directormaintains frequent of Leningrad. lnterna:,onal ?oak Exchange of Lenin Library at Lorres.;ondenee and exLhanee of materials with Moscolt, G IVer,ot sitd-Por. l'akhtm, K. S. Sergeeva. Creenl..nd.1 with Canada.2 and the USSR.3 These S Ruhtsu: a and ot;:ers exLhar,les have had a mutually encouraging and stimuL:ing effect, and promise soon to extend to e\Lhar,le visits of personnel as well. Elaine R3111 OS

0007 1 lb. Proposal-writing and fund- raising (SugcestunAleut),Tctlin(Upper Tanana An extremely important function ofthe Center in its Athabaskan), Venetie (Kutchin Athabaskan),Huslia leadership role, though not one which is specifically (Koyukon Athabaskan), Barrow (Inupiaq), Savoonga mentionedinthelegislation,isthat of writing and Gam bell (Siberian Eskimo).. proposals and finding further financial supportfor The Alaska Native Language Center provided the native language programs in Alaska.. background technical work on the development, by One of the Center's first acts, in July 1972, was Jeff Leer, of a practical alphabet for the Sugcestun Bay and the hiring of a Title I writer, whose proposalresulted at Port Graham and English of a in a grant of SS6,000 for bilingual programs inState also the support for the writing and presentation proposal for Johnson-O'Malley funds for a Sugcestun OperatedSchoolsinthe in Ka Rag. Nulato, Koyukuk.. Huslia, and Allakaket language center at Port Graham. This proposal was At the end of the year the Center achieed an even funded for 540,000. greater success by writing a proposal whichbrought A fourthsupplementalfunding of Indian from the S200,000 of the National Indian Education Act funds Language programs in Alaska resulted The to Alaska for bilingual education, asung equal to the Center's work, though somewhat less directly. state appropriation for the Centeritself, incidentally. Hydaburg Society, organizedand This proposal, submitted by the Alaska Native supported by the Center, succeeded with aproposal Education Board, was the only successful onein of its own, receiving S22,000 inJohnson-O'Malley Alaska for the National Indian Education ActSection' funds for a language program in 1973-74. B funds. These totalled only S5.7 millionfor the The Center has thus raised about 5348,000in native language entirenation,for which S85 million worth of supplementary funds for Alaska proposals had to compete. The Center financedthe programs during ite first year,of operation, nearly Center village meetings, the coordination, and the writingof twice the amount of the appropriation for the thisproposal,submitted by the Alaska Native itself. Education Board, which has made possiblebilingual education for 1973-74 insix languages and eight locations' at PortGrahamand EnglishBay

l) 0008 2a. Training programs: group workshops The second major revon,ihility of the C,!r.ter is totrain native speakers to read, write, study andcultivate, and teach their languages. This training activity wascarried on in workshop groups and in individual instruction.

The Center held the following workshops:

AverageNumber Date Language Place Leader In .4ttendance

July-Aug. 1972 Haida Ketchikan J. Osteen 20

August 1972 Siberian Eskimo Savoonga Krauss 15

August 1972 Koyukon Athabaskan Fairbanks D. Henry 5

Nov,-Dec. 1972 Aleut Fairbanks Krauss, NIcRoy 3 20 Jan. 1973 Haida Hydaburg Krauss

Feb. 1973 Siberian Eskimo Anchorage Krauss, Leer 5 8 Feb. 1973 Haida Fairbanks Krauss, Natkong, McRoy

Apr 1973 Haida Craig Natkong 10 5 Oct. 1973 Tlingit Yakutat Dauenhauer, Florendo 36 June 1973 Tlingit, Haida Sitka (In cooperation with Sheldon Jackson College)

25 May 1973 Haida Seattle Natkong

7 0009 these wk,hor %ailed in length from three da s Robert Cogo. Erma Lawrence', and Vesta Johnson. to six weeks. and in intenskity, the shorter ones has maintained Haida literacy classes taught by Mrs. usuallylutingallday.I hepurposeof these Lawrence in Ketchikan. also as an outgrowth of these workshop, was to encotuage the maintenance of the workshops. languageandtoteachliteracyandteaching At the No% ember Aleut language workshop in technique,.MIthosess hoattended %%ere' Fairbanks, three Aleuts. Moses Dirks. Naclesta Golley strengthened in their resolve and ability to maintain andthelate Anfesia Shapsnikoff, ads anced their theirlanguage. Many of these people have now literacy skills in the new Roman alphabet and also become the local leaders in their language programs their traditional Cyrillic alphabet. The death of Anfesia and in turn are beginning to teach others. A good Shapsnikoff in1973 was aloss to all the Aleut example of such success is Charles Natkong, Jr... of people. Dirks and Golley are now the teachers in the Hydaburg. Natkong quickly learned to read and write State-Operated Atka School bilingual program, Atka Haida at the Hydaburg %%orkshop in January, He then is now the only place in the world where school-age helped manize the Hydaburg Language Society: and. childrenspeak Aleut. The success of the Atka serving as its piesident, held twice-weekly classes in Haida literacy throughout the spring at Hydaburg. These classes were well attended and stimulated a strong revisal of interest in Haida culture there. Part of that group made a very successful visit to Masset B.C.: in May and also worked with the Hydaburg Public School system inits successful proposal for 522.000 to carry on its language program in the schools in 1()73:74. At the same time the Ketchikan Haida Language Society. under the leadership of

I

IN 2b. Training programs: individualinstruction pro,tramiscritical fom the surmal or the Aleut School; hi addition to group workshops;the Center personnel Lagaave. The Center and State-Operated instruction in literacy and ;tale collaborated sere well in givingAtka the hest have also given individual native language lineuistics. Forexample. Krauss and pos,ible bilingual program Aleut literacy to \t the August Saoongaworkshop a fair number \lcRoy at Fairbanks taught Atkan the new books in Sally Snigaroff. first Atkan toattend the University' of townspeople learned to read published a story in the Gambell and of Alaska. She then wrote and their Eskimo language; aides in Hlax Aasal Istiii This Sasvonga schools became highlyproficientin reading her native language, Hamaa was the first Aleutbook published in 70 years. Miss and w riling their law:matte: andhave since taken the with the in the local school bilingualeducation Snigaroffis now back at Atka helping leadership bilingual program there. Otherswho ',have learned program!). individual key consultant literacyintheirnativelanguagein Center personnel have also taken a Fawcett (Tlingit). E.. agencies in other instruction in Fairbanks are J. role in workshops held by other R.: Ridley Eskimo. in Lawrence (Haida), P. Carlo (Koyukon), languages Yupik and especially lnupiaq Athabaskan). M. Hao, Schools (Han), M. Charley (Tanacross workshops held especial) bN State-Operated Anchorage D, Tabios (Fairbanks. November 1972: Anchorage,June 1973). E. Apatiki (Siberian Eskimo); in and S. Tanape (SugcestunAleut): and in Sitka, V. Dominicks (Tlingit). Many of theseindividuals also are already taking aleadership role in their crowing language movements. Staffingthe native language programs in villageschools with adequately trained personnel isan enormouschallenge: The Center together with the other agencies nowresponsible for training such teachers and writers(primarily in Yupik a'nd,'State-OperatedinupiaqandAthabaskan programs) is working hard to meetthe demand for such trained personnel.

t) 3. Litera. pre and materials del elopment It k the vhilosopy of the Center and of the legislation inch e,tai-ltsheditthatliteracy and writtenmaterials languageareof prime impot4nce intit,.adaptation of that language to modern ,onditions for ...ail, il:1 Accordingly another major activity of the Alaska Native Language (-enter has been the collection of materials already written in these languages and the writing of new. matgrialz. In them. and the distribution of these materials so that they may be accessible to the people v. ho can best use them. / Another mean of preserving records of these languages and their literacy and cultural heritage is in tape-recorded materials in addition and as a source for written materials The Center's s sorship of tape recordingproje,ts.therefore, I alsobe discussed in this section

3a. Archival materials The director of the Center has made extensive!efforts tocollectcopies., usually by Xerox.. of allthe surprising])Nast amounts of documents of or in- Alaska /native languages Only a tiny proportion of this isTublhed in books. Most of it is in manuscripts, in various public and prit ate colleetions the Library of C011f.ITC!,S Manuscript Dkision (Aleut, Sugcestun Aleut, Yupik, the National Anthropological Archives (almost all Alaskan languages), the Jesuit archives at Gonztva (Koyukon Atimbaskan. Yupik and Inupiaq 1. the Bancroft Library (Tlingit; Ahtena), the American Philosophical Society (Haida, Tlingit, Athabaskan. Eskimo). the New York Public Library (Aleut: Siberian Eskimo): Peabody Museum Library, Harvard (Aleut). University of Nkashington Library (Aleut.Inupiaq.Trint, Haida), Ottawa Oblate Archives ( \thabaskan). British Columbia Provincial Archives( Haida.Tlingit), Lenin Library; Moscow (SiberianEskir.o,Aleut).andseteralother collections in pritee\hands. By now most of these materials hate been located, permission to copy ha3- been erantcd or purchased and Xerox copies have been made. They are kept in the Center's library in Fairbanks-I heyconhtof wordlists or dictionaries, grammars. ind te\ ts (sonetimes of nativeni)ths and tiaditions. but nurse often Christian matciial). those Runs 0)the most un:ediate' interest and use to

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rA A LA.X,1. KAJII f X72..:Xl. ... / el M-At.% r...: 4.v%A,i%4 r.4 G.% 7... CtN 1 tiit C 0 I ill e NO 1,4.4 rw L likrxA 1 i.011 : .4L. I %14 ti c. .1 04 1 t; 4A 1,), At r. t. . Hi 1. Q (AA1 %Ai:C. RI 1. NS 0 k H. 1 C ni It11 t \ :i f..i It 4 i, -ir.4.4.,:,, .) T \M i itf.#1.1,4A,0A.H112, 11,.1 A3(14111.01.: ,11.°4 r..% 14 A 6411:4.411:4.-4 1,....trs 14.1 U ilitr14 H' i", re c. o. ' 34(4 t A \ *. 1.11 C. (l ('.), 14-11.1) l'.1C,1): 41.1 Va. 1..NC 11 V A.11 1..1 41, H 10.1)411.4 H C..4 rli% 1 314 Mc' (. 4 Alr4)4MC:1,t,4 ),J 41. 4. .4 r. ft c AIA ,, 14;4. I 11;titt.it114 C1,0)1)... 0i: l'iat HtlAlHk 101414,,('1J7, a a' A e It:iI H ,, t%% t I. H (..: ,4 -I U r.1 t...1 T 14 t113 \ / ,r1 31 3 H r....) Pf.) 414,4.r1 t II ca , '''..1.4.,ii. Pr 4 ti a.1* 1 rt hi r..4 11"11;.... 4.4 4;,4 w 4%1, . t.t4 .1 . 4:: . _ _. - .. 1 4 . 1.4LAil'% ii 'I 14'TH 44,..,t.t \ pc*Ois aheady been further copied and distributed to the appropriate people. Outstanding examples are o; Aleut myths collected by Jochclson in 1910 (New York Public' Library). copied for the \teut LL.112t10, E.Rzinsom's transcript of the oril:mal.since lost. of Afenoyin Ermeloff's Aleut narratne of the controversialwreck of the "Umnak Natke1934. also copied for the Aleut League: Salomatols Atkan Gospels of Mark, Luke and John: from beforeI "6 I(Library of Congress), copied for people of Xtka: Fr. Jets vast and exquisite Kopakon Athabaskan dictionary, before 1927 (Gorzaga archives): copied for native Koyukon saholars.theunpublishedHaidatypescriptof Santon's Skideg.ate texts. 1901 (American Philo- sophicalSociety copied forthe Hydabure and Canadian Haidas. Samples from the Jette koyukon JictioriaryandSalamatovsAtkan Gospelsare Included as illustrations in this report. The Soviet Siberian Eskimo materials are a case apart. According to its policy that all peoples, no matter how small: have the right to atleast an elementaryeducation intheir own language: the Soviet Union began bilingual education in 1932 for the 1.000 Eskimos who live in Siberia. Since 1932 about 75 books hale been printed in that language. theyare of great interest to Alaskans, especially becausethelanguag.,e of St.Lawrence Islandis -drtually identical with the Siberian Eskimo of these books. These are schoolbooks of considerable variety: primers.readers. grammars. literature (traditional, =echnical..andcoin munist ),evenfirst-and second -grate math books inEskimo. They were printedin runs of a few hundred only: and are .irtuall allcompletely Unobtainable outside the Soviet Union. Through long negotiation %%ith,Soviet aolleagues and authorities, the Center has succeeded inobtaining microfilms of most of these books. Xerox prinitoats of these: bound as books. have been sent to Gambell and Sa'.00nga and Nome. NN here ,iime St L rence Islanders are learning to read them the alpha het o( these bool;3 NN as on a Roman base

7 )3 '-3o, and mince 1937 on a Cyrillic base) In spite ftheir:)1110;:s unsuitabilityforuseinAlaska t: he:. areofIn eatinterestboth -ilcihodok,:aical'1, and for the glimpses they pros ide St. L Islanders on thelifeofthen ,:cm;ittntst Sibei la. Sac the illustration, of I: on p

tr, 1. p, Priest ,k,lottlato! 'sIiiati:i - r,f: : ,,t Riessista Litbl than1l(rrt,lu jos 1\61

13 0015 printed in that language in 125 s ears.since the Gospel 3b. Books published Nkere the first existence, the Cen:er of Matthew in 1848: and those inHaida During the firstyear of its in 1901 The year published over forty books in sixdifferent A1.is1sa since Swanton's texts, transcribed 1972 represents a spectacularincrease in publishing in native languages. 15 books itsSiberian Yupik....sri:ren beginning of a new and Linda 1% onikon Alaska native languages. and a mainly by Vera OONI Kaneshiro them. Appended as Section IVof this Badten and Edna Apatiki of St.Lay. rence Island12 future fol minis by Edna report is a complete listingof the titles published or books in lnupiaq Eskimo, written June 30. 1973. James N Alice in press by the Center as of Mae Lein: MarthaAikeii, Eskimo. Sugcestun Hopson. Katherine Ina, and Nita Sheldon.6 bool., in Some of the new Siberian books are adaptations of ortranscribedmainlyby Nora Aleut. and Inupiaq Eskimo Tlingit.written books published by the Florendo and Richard Dauenhauer;, 5books in Halia. the pioneering Yupik Eskimo and Erma Lawrence: Eskimo language workshop atthe University of transcribed by Charles Natkong books in these languages, 5 books in Sugeestun Aleut byDerenty Taboos. and Alaska, but many' of the one book in Atkan Aleutby Sally Snigaroff. the first production in Aleut in 70 years. asmentioned above. In that vein, the Sugcestun Aleutbooks were the first

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14 v11, 0016 :ind all of the books in the rest.. are either original Included in the report is a photograph of P of compositions by native writers or transcriptions h} these books. Section IV of tilt', report list. -./ks nativewritersfromtaperecordingsof published by the Center in 1972-73, tradition-bearing older speakers of the language. They In addition to those titles already produced or in range broadl} in level from first grade to adult. and press. a large number are in manuscriptand are are designed primarily for use in village schools. to forthcoming in the near future.. This includes at least which the} are usually directly distributed, There are. five more titles in each of Siberian Eskimo, Inupiaq, eventwobooks on countingandelementary Sugcestun Aleut and Tlingit, and also six in Kutchin arithmetic, note in section IV. nos. 31 (I..upiaq) and Athabaskan. Also already forthcoming are further 41 (Tlingit). The large variety alread: produced in lessonsoftheTlingitteachinggrammarby Siberian Yuptk includes a book of Eskimo recipes Dauenhauer, a large Tlingit verb dictionary by Naish (no. 21) and an account of a St. Lawrence Islander's and Story, and a Haida dictionary by the visit to communist Siberia (no, 17). Most of the Ketchikan and Hydaburg Haida language societil s. books are illustrated with drawings by native artists. Publication in Alaska native languages promises to increase its pace of productivity even beyond that of this remarkable first year. ILAT

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15 UICH P0017 3c. Tape collection Naish and Story developed a titim: system for I ape collecting and safeke. ping has also been an Tlingit Alsoduringthis p.od. Krauss. Reed. important part of the Center's material program. 1 he Miyaoka, Alcan and"[edit!. developed a writing Center has subsidized with funding. tapes and or system for Yupik Eslomo, numerically.Alavka's mo.t; recorders the following persons who 11.1%e made tape important native language by far with about15.1306 includingmostschoolchildren.The _ collections: Vesta Johnson of Ketclkan and Viola speakers, Lockhart of Hydburg (fluids): Nora Florendo. John development at the C "mvcrsitq of an optimal writing Faw sett, Andrew Hope alin210. Michael Krauss. system for the language. fully soundscientifically yet Karen McPherson. Jeff Leer (to record supplementary maximally practical in requiring no non-standard type texts, from the last Eyak story teller. Anna Nelson symbols,Madepossibletheproductionof 1969. and in 1970 Harry );Karen McPherson andKathyAlexander schoolbooks in this languageh (various - Kutcain. Koyukon. the first Alaska bilingual education program began in Holikachuk, Ingalik. Han, Central Tanana, and the four Yupik schools. The dr2matic popular success of near-extinct Tanana dialects of Chena and Salcha ). this program gave impetus to the change in thinking Vera Oovi and others (SiberianEskimo); James on the part of both whites and natives alike on the Nageak, Nita Sheldon and others (Inupiaq Eskimo), worth and future of -Alaska native languages. This was Anfesia -§hapsnikoff and Sally Snigaroff (Aleut). All thefirstmajor breakthroughinschoollanguage of these thsiterials are being catalogued and stored for policies leading to the \bilingual education legislation: posterity, and some are already being transcribed for in 1972. future publication. In 1971 tind 1972 Krauss, Leer and other linguists continuedtheir work on Alaska native writing habaskan 4..Scientificstudy systems, making improvements in various At The scienti \ c work on Alaska native languages at the systems, Tlingit, Inupiaq, and Yupik. anddeveloping University w. s begun by Michael Krauss in 1960, long a completely new systemfor St. Lawrence Island., In before the establishment of the Center. It was this 1972-73 they developed a completely new system for scientific research which developed the technical basis Haida and for Sugcestun Aleut, and a Roman system for the work of the Center, Krauss studied the sound for Atkan and Eastern Aleut systems and grammars of Athabaskanand Eyak Thisscientificwork;begunbeforethe by during the period 1961-1968, During this same period establishment of the Center, and 1101S continued Summer Institute of Linguistics worlersdeveloped writingsystemsforKoyukon,Kutchin UpPer Tanana: and Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan,and

0018 t he( cute' ,haslaid theessentialtet.h meal extremelyimportantAlaskan languages was also groundworkupon V. hiLlinativeliterature,and continued.Kraus.), spritseven professionalyears pedaeogy can be based. By now scientifically sound studying the of the Cordova-Yakutat and yet also optimally practical writing systems are area, which now has only three speakers sunning. In established for most of Alaska's make languaees. 1973; he collected supplementary texts from Anna 1 he major exceptions are 'Copper Riser t Ahtena) and Nelson Harry of Yakutat: as mentioned before: In Cook Inlet (Tanaina) Athabaskan, and tsinishian. 1973 Krauss and Leer also made a special study of which stillrequire some research! before definitive the Tongass Tlingit dialect of Mr, and Mrs. Frank writing systems can he established. It is expected that Williams of Ketchikan. who are virtually the only this work will be done in 1973-74., speakers of this dialect left. This dialect is of the The practical scientific work most needed once a utmost importance for an understanding of certain phonolouical analysis is made and an orthography is aspects of the Tlingit grammar, as it has preserved established, is the research for and the compiling of certaincruciallyarchaicsoundfeaturesofthe dictionariesandgrammar's.Natisespeakers language, which have been lost in all other Tlingit. themselves are being trained to do as much as possible Sonie day the Tlingit people as a whole and all of this work. Dictionary workis proceeding on students of Tlingit will be grateful that a record of Tlingit. Haida, Sugcestun Yupik. Inupiaq and this form of the language has been preserved, In the Koyukon,withsomepublicationsalready same way.- all those who care about Athabaskan will forthcoming.Grammarsarestillmoredifficult. appreciatethe priceless insightttiatthe distantly About 10 chapters of a Tlingit teaching grammar have relatedEyaklanguage can provle through the been written, and sixpublished, Many years of thorough study made of it before it became extinct., professionallinguistic work have been done on Fortunately. however, only a very ft.\\. v of Alaska's certain languages, before the establishment of the native languages are on the very verge of extinction. Center, which will soon lead to the publication of Many, though seemingly moribund, have at least time scientific grammars and large dictionaries. of Eyak by for arevival;stillothers are at the borderline of Krauss; Tlingit by Naish., Story, Leer; Atkan Aleut by viability: and some arestillinlastate of great Bergsland;YupikEskimobyReed.-Miyaoka, viability, It is therefore a happy prospect to hope for Jacobson, and Afcan, Sugcestun Aleut b!. Leer. It is that the scientific work of the Center can be in the hoped that this work will be continued. and in future future more to help living languages to survive than phases of the development of Alaska native languages, simplytomake apermanent recordof dying full grammars and dictionaries of them all can be languages ,before they are lost to humanity forever. provided, and this with a maximum role taken by the Alaska will not now allow its own languages to die, native speakers themselves as linguists. The initial scientific work for the establishment of literacy is by now mostly complete., In future years the scientific work of the Center can concentrate on this phase. In addition to the scientific research of direct benefit and usefulness to the native communities, work on certainnearly extinct but scientifically

0019 ,1,174:` \,4 - 'AAA 1 N.. '" "," . , N'AiVV%' snv.-.--- - _ --$:" Am., N..../.7. ....fforogmb 114.110. - r .;;_ -.. -r----- "--, - - v _ _ -..r .1" - , ., ..'.. _ ----1..... ---... :a --' ----___--- i.... ------2... -c.r. ...,.-. 1 1- ...,.. ...1. --cadis--:.-...... -.....- =-=-t .------s- "-:: --...-: 1-n1.rarmiK'bablii),Hal" 61 ait'bwr HP arIBbef mane I bill' yHaigmaKail'aT. cx'acHmanewr. 1.nsh : , . . --.. ryTM14- ISc= WM AT wrbli'l)$1.'-rycitmaineliT.AilabiCarrbionili',.3-1)101:1,1, I yitakymakairwr.khebi'-b111'14.T11310MIII), KOJIX03- Tarmix'TycHmam'ir. Luit magtbgaq avuwaxFair'bsix'KlaryieK'unx'aK'ax'TyT fibirea,Xyali'myTa Ar'BblleymaT.KOJIXO3HilnTKOJIX031-1111-VT. CloKan-btoky ar'sblurymaT.Katimpaxith- manfbgat aublge. Tylf.}ea-r.rcbsixtearyte ArBblie ps'pe. mateTaK, yK'yx'TyK', uoteax'- CfOX'- Saqat afoleatibilf. 3.2. HaTEIHCumbria'1. CillibliejiMaT AiiHricionfryT WHIlaT ar'sbir'bim ..nottirsaffilTyHaK'IIHKyT arlibirtmir'ateaT? ariabiribim? KWIX031-111rbIT? HBa- Natbn Nagagaqut. tanuxat? nagagaqat: speak it; thus only the oldergenerations can now AND people who alsocall III. ALASKA'SNATIVE LANGUAGES fewer than 1,000of these 4.000 THEIR PRESENTSITUATION themselves Aleuts canspeak their language.- numerically the strongestAlaska linguistic Central Yupik is Alaska's native languages areof two main of 17.000probably 15.000speak family and (2) native language; children of many types, (1) theEskimo-Aleut language the language still,including all the asBethel and the Indian languages. Insomeplaces,such villages. generation Dillingham, however, manyof the younger Aleut 1. Eskimo and languages are two have lost thelanguage, (1) TheEskimo and Aleut Yupik of Gambelland Savoonga on Aleutisvery The Siberian vigorously branches of onefamily.- Aleutian Islandisalsostillvery all intelligible St. Lawrence 'distantly related toEskimo and not at maintained, all 800islanders speakingthe language Aleut is one languagewith some 200 also now livingin Nome, with it. Aleutian standing well, and another differences,Atkaespecially been deeply eroded,however. dialectal all closely -Inupiaq Eskimo has of somewhat apart. TheEskimo languages are Eskimos livinginAlaska north is mutually Of 11,000. speakthe related, but there arefour different, that Unalakleet, perhapsonly 6,000 now languagesinAlaska:(1) Peninsula area and unintelligible,Eskimo language, Especiallyin the Seward Unalakleet northinto Canada and youth no longer canspeak Inupiaq, Inupiaq (from (Yukon and in Kotzebue the where many of Greenland), (2) CentralAlaskan Yupik Barrow is the onlylarge settlement Bay), (3) Siberian Inupiaq, Thereal Kuskokwim Deltas,and Bristol theschoolchildrenspeak Island, same asSiberian), and language are now theupper Kobuk Yupik (St. Lawrence "Aleut" (Prince strongholds of the and the (4) Pacific GulfYupik or Sugcestun villages of Ambler,Shungnak and Kobuk. Kodiak Island, and Anaktuvuk William Sound,Seward Peninsula, North Slopevillages of Wainwright Naknek). Thisfourth is popularly Alaska Peninsula to Pass. also, even thoughitis a Yupik been made bythe Center to considered Aleut about 4.000 of Special efforts have language, and thesepeople constitute and a program inEnglish Bay where Aleuts in the census. develop materials Lawrence who are called schoolchildren still speakSugcestun.. For St. the 6,000 natives number only been done bythe The Aleutian .Aleuts themselves Island extensivework has also language is spoken nowby far fewer the Center hasalso produced 2,000, but their nearly all of theolder Center, For Inupiaq Yupik, about 700 people, materials, but forInupiaq and especially even, only schoolchildren now some of Indian generations. Only inAtka are the areState- andBureau There was oncewidespread there teaching andmaterials ableto speak Aleut. bilingual excellent alphabetdevised by Affairs-supported havefortunately literacy in Aleut, in an developmentprograms. which Bishop Veniaminov.This proud heritage responsibility for theselanguages. the Russian and suppressed shouldered primary of literacy wasseverely discouraged schools. The lastAleut book was by the American school was closed printed in 1903 andthe last Aleut Aleut 1.istoryfinally in 1912. This"dark age" of end in 1972. came to an generally fared better, The Eskimolanguages have (Pacific GulfYupik), except forSugcestun Aleut English Bay arethe schoolchildrenstill Only in everywhere else generally able tospeak Stiecestun:

the ES/.M1lanviage, Pages from SOletPskano ;schoolbooks in Roman alphabet in193:: 1932 and 193'7Note Os use of the and the Russianalphabet in 1957. 19 0021 2. The Indian Languages of Alaska only three speakers of E) ak as against about 100.000 1 he Indian languages of Alaska :Ire isimshian,Haida, people who speak the many Athabaskan languages. Eyak is complete') separate from Athabaskan but EA ak, and the Athabaskan , 3 A lask a'sone isimshiantown.Metlakatla, related to it: Eyak is finguistic-arry as close to !Cavajo. represents an immigration in the I870's fromCanada: forinstance,asitistoitsclosest Athabaskan It was m heremostTsimshiansremain.Tsunshian is neighbor,the.Ahtena of , coin Octet) different from anyother language. In probably spoken on the coast between Copper River sletlakatla only people over 40 or 50 can speak their Delta and Yakutat Bay for over 3,500 years. language. thus only about 150 of 1,000 , Of the 190.000 people who speak Athabaskan. So far no language program has begun inMetlakatla about 165,000 are Navajos and Apaches. and about butthe Tsunshrans and State-Operated Schools are 22,000 are speakers of various Athabaskan languages trying to plan one for 1973-74 in Canada. Interior Alaska is. the original. homelandof The other Alaska Indian languages (Haida, all the Athabaskans, who expanded into Canadaand Eyak and the Athabaskan family) are sometimes the Southwest ol,er the last 2.500 years. There are grouped together by some linguists under the name about ten different Athabaskan languages in Alaska, "Na- Dene." The relationships are very much obscured that is languages that are different enough toqualify by time, how el,er. by our ordinary European standards as separate There is hardly any resemblance betweenHaida languages,requiringseparate books andwriting and any other language: Though some claim it maybe systems. One of these Athabaskan languagesis in the related to Tlingit in the distant past, Haida hasbehind Copper River area, another is in the Cook Inlet area, but eight are in the Tanana Chiefs area.. it acompletelyseparatedevelopmentand independent history of probably 10,000 years. All the Indian languages of Alaska have suffered There are some deep grammatical resemblances greatly. ,Evak is already nearly extinct, with three considered between Tlingit and Athabaskan-Eyak, butthese are speakers of about 20 people who might be too stands apart for Eyaks. Of 500 Haidas in Alaska, there are onlyabout also very ancient. so Tlingit 45. Of about several thousands of )ears. 100 fluent speakers. almost all over Evak is distantly related to the great Athabaskan 9.000 Tlingits in Alaska, most speakers are also over under family as a whole.. as one branch of thetwo-branch 45.. Only in Angoon are there many speakers Athabaskan-Fyak language family. There are now 25. or any at all under 20.. But there are virtually no schoolchildren anywhere now speaking Tlingit. and the total number of fluent speakers ofthe language may be by now under 2.000, Asmentioned in the preceding section. there are now writing systemsfor Tlingit and flaida,' the Center has made considerable effort to help the Tlingit and intheir determined efforts to keep their language,

1

20 0022 Hie 1thabaskan langu iges sue mostly in the same programs beganin1972. 1 etlin and Venetie are situation .is Tlingit and flaida. There ate about 6,000 Bureau of Indian Affairs schools, however, and no 1thabaskansinthe %111,1g,e, ofAlaska.. and 10 bilingual programs v ill begin in them until 1973-74. languages. but only about 2.500 speakers of these The Center-supported Alaska Native Education Board languages altogether.1 hereareveryfewif any proposal for National Indian Education Act funds schookluldren able to speak fluent Athabaskan in the nowallowsTetlinandVenetietojointheir Copper River (Ahtena), or Cook Inlet (Tanaina) State-Operated sister-villages in the people's efforts to areas. The same applies to about five of the eight maintain their Athabaskan languages. The future now 1thabaskan languages of the Tanana Chiefs area: looks brighter thanithas in a long time for the there are fewif and schoolchildren who can speak survival of at least these three Athabaskan languages. fluentIngalik Anvik, Shageluk), Holikachuk The following table will summarize the Alaska Grayling):Ktnukon(variousdialects.Kaltag, nativeDriguages and theirpresentsituation as Nulato. Hughes. Huslia, Allakaket; Koyukuk,. Ruby, discussed above. For each the total population is Galena. Tanana. Stevens Village), Tanana (various given, and thenthe number of fluentspeakers, dialectsMinto. Nenana. Tanacross, though some together with the following indications: a (fluent childrenthere also can speak thatdialect). Han speakers of all ages. including all or many children), b Eagle.. though a fcw children there also can speak (few or no speakers under 10), c (few or no speakers some). In all of these areas, the people desire to save under 30). d (few or no speakers under 50), e (few or their language. There are writing systetas developed no speakers under 70)., It should be emphasized that forallexcept Ahtena and Tanaina, but sofar these indications are for the status of the 'native Athabaskan language programs have begun only in language only. The status of English in all locations some of the State-Operated schools in the Koyukon designated b, c. (.1 or e is. of course, so strong that area. with Title Ifunding and some assistance from English is almoS't conipletely dominant already., Of theCenter.Materials development for Han and the areas designated a, only in some of the Central Tanacross has also begun during. 1973 at the Center, Yupik villages and on St Lawrence Island are large :tow e,er..andtheCenteralsosponsored numbers of schoolchildren unable to converse easily tape-recording in several more locutions. inEnglish; in most other areas designated a. the The Alaskan Athabaskan languages which are still children are truly bilingual in native and English. 'ableinthe sense that children still speak them Following the table is a map showing the location fluent l}are three, in the 1 anana Chiefs area: Upper of the Alaska native languages. Kuskokw (Nikolai). Upper 'lamina (Tetlin and \otthway 1.and Kutchin (especially Arctic' Village and Venetic. but some children also at Ft. Yukon). In all the State-Operated schools in these areas bilingual

0023 21 ALASKA NATIVE LANGUAGES

Peculation "4. Name anti Affiliition-: h-Afaska 1r "Speakert

I:Eskimo-Aleut c (a in. Atka A. (Aleutian) Aleut-.-7 -2,000 A.' 700 b in Nikolski, Belkofski) -;:fe .

-1". B. Eskimo

**7: Sugceitun Aleut (2 in Erigliser-Bay- (Pacific Gulf Yupik Eskimo) b in Port Graham)

Central Yupik 17,000 ,11.4,1000 a in most locations : . . ^,f,., Siberian Yupik (SLI) 1,000

A-7 . . Inupiaq 11,000 6,000 a toc(See text) .AY,41(E.`WIP-.:- 14.V1P5M,, IL, 1,000 150 d

Haida 500 100 : - '7.. - IV. Tlingit 9,000 2,000 c (b in AngoOn)

V. Athabaskan-Eyak

A. Eyak 20 . 3 e

B. AthaWskan

Ahtena 500 200

Tanaina 1.000 300 c lb in Limo Village)

Upper Kuskokwim 100 100

Ingalik 300 100

Holikachuk S5 20

Koyukon 2.000 700

Tanana 600 200 c (b at Tanacross)

Upper Tanana 300 300

Han 50 30 hin 1.000 700 a (a-cat Ft. Yukon b at Chalkyitsik)

*The rointlanon pirirec may 1,, wmest m..;,; tow in that they in, hide nrattdtMow In tn..: n t,i112,ge% or preitommantli, tt.r.tn,, and do th.t inehide inv. in Inc I: ,r4: 11zirtanks or In nzatt., other prinnin:ntlynon-native Communities 0024

rp

26. Ilatka translatd hs Ropy Jrect:: by Edna A. IV. LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BYCLIN TER,. MacLean, 1973. '7 pp . 1972 -73 27. Niastia_q A ,i1Fa_q. trarisl_t.rdby N1a-t:.a Aiken. 1973, 20 pp., III. ALEUT b) i;a-Shadon Snlganoff, 1t/73. 19 pp., Oanuq-Kay nqtat.i.Ka% Hama.: flia .A.isal IsuRr by ,Sally 1973.-27 pp 29. Savaktugut cult ,r.:risl.ied by Haney Brown. Marie Alisoak andEr: e C.0..111k. edited by Edna A SUGCESTUN ALEUT Tan'erlit -hlu translated by MacLean. 1973..27 pp.,. ill 2. .ramanek Nuyalek Pinga'un Hopson. edited by Edna Derenty Tabios. 1972, 48 pp., ill Taiguallarui:c! traibiated 'cy Alice MacLean,. 19'3, 61 pp.. ,.1 3. Igapet by Derenty Tabios andJeffry Leer; -1972, 24 pp . 31, Ugalinch by Edna A. Ma:Le.m.1973 33 ppill. ill and illustrated by Edna 4. NupahlkiarcKep arkat 11111111r-A writtenand illustrated by 32,Uoalinch Derenty Tabios. 1973. 20 pp. \K:MacLean. .073. 25 pi, Barbara Kanaviirak. et al., 1973, 5. Sugcestun Uniakuat by DerentyTabios and Seraphim 33. Um, Saitaq translated by Meganack, 1972, 38 pp. 32 pp., ill 6, Tan'erlitiguasaaqPehlahle.qwritten and illustratedby- Derenty Tabios. 1973, 25 pp. HA IDA 34. HaidaLanzi.v_eIVoris,1,opReadereditedby Erma Lawrence:1972..34 pp '11 SIBERIAN ESKIMO 1 Frnia Lawrence. 1972,, 7. Angaltmarn Qikinii translatedbyL,Adelinda Bather, . 1973. 35. Haida Noun D.ctionar ed:ted by 29 pp .111. 68 pp. transcribed by Adelinda 36. Haida Word Lists. Vult.m.e 1 edited by Erma Lawrence.. 8. Ayurniun Ungipaghaatangi 1 Badten, 1972, 33 pp., ill. 1972. 26 pp Gii,-(2.1% by Jessie Natkong, Christine 11 transcribed byAdelinda 37. )aadas Kil Asr.1%.1an 9. Ayumiim Ungipaghaatangi Edensu. and Bob Coto. 1973 27 pp Badten. 1971111. I, 11 written and illustrat-d 10. Atightumerg Liinnagellliet TLINGIT by Adelinda Badten, 1973. Yeei,aado, edirod by Nora MarksFlorendo by Vera Kaneshiro, Sharon Orr. 38. Doo 11. Atightumum Liinnaqusit and Richard Dauenhauer. 1972, 62 pp. and David Shaven. 1973, Johnson,: transcribed by Nora Kaynget translated by Melinda 39. Dukt'ootr told by Fran:: G 12. Goldilocksallu Pin_gayutlu Florendo, 1973. 35. pp. Badten.. 1972, 50 pp., ill. Robert Zuboff: transcr.,ed by translated by Adelinda Badten. 40. Kudatan Kahidee told by 13. lelisanitaighli Afsengaa Gabriel George and Cry s:al McKay.. 1973,18 pp. 1972, 22 pp, by Hoonah High School Melinda Badten. 1972. 28 pp 41. Woos!'Y.11,YaaDatIrl....11 14. Kulusiinkut translated by Students under direction ofKatherine Mills. 1973;24 pp. dl. ill. Melinda Badten, 1972. 18 pp 15. Kulusiq translated by 42. X6otsx Vas ai:AmdliaadeeSbaawSi told by Tom Peter, _16. Latap9t by Vera Kaneshiro,1973.25 ppill. edited and transcribed b% NoraFlorendo. 1973, 32 pp 17: Otayahuk Ungazimitranscribed by Adelinda Badten 1973. 43. First Ytar Thrmt I-VI. byNora Florendo and Richard 17 pp., ill. Datienhauer. 1972.73.2,0 pp. ill. IS. Pmgayut Kaviighhaatby Vera Kaneshiro 1973;19 pp. SCIENTIFIC' LI TERATURE Naghaaghaqukuttranslated by Ora 19. Qepghaghaqukut 44. "Eskimo - .Aleut." byMichael Krauss,. Current Trends in Cologergen : 1972.. 25 pp., ill. Linguistics N. 19-3. p. 706 (102,the Hague. 20. Sallghet translated byMelinda Badten 1972. 25 pp,. Krauss, Current Trends in Lin- by Elinor 45 "Na-Dene.". b, Michael 21. SiviaqamNeghyugnallglianYataagligellglii guistics X19-,3, p 9f-978the Ha;iie Ooieva, translated by EdnaApatiki; 1973,, 14 pp.. ill. :;:id Orthography ," 46 "Sr. Lawrer..! by Michael Krauss. 1973.52 pp I&UPIAQ 22. Ainiaq Ilanilu translar,'by Marie Leatht, edited by Edna A. MacLean,. 1973,'3 pp.. ill. 23 Aualgaani QIIIillli111 translatedby James Naiceak. 1973, 29 pp.. ill. 57 ppill 24, Anulliuyuk transcribedby James Nageak: 1973, by.Alice 25. AqargictTtiluitaqUgrintnaurattliitranslated n, 1973. 17 ppill.

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