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Influences on Native Language Revitalization in the U.S.: Ideology and Culture Amelia Chantal Shettle Purdue University

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Influences on Native Language Revitalization in the U.S.: Ideology and Culture Amelia Chantal Shettle Purdue University Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations January 2015 Influences on Native Language Revitalization in the U.S.: Ideology and Culture Amelia Chantal Shettle Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses Recommended Citation Shettle, Amelia Chantal, "Influences on Native Language Revitalization in the U.S.: Ideology and Culture" (2015). Open Access Theses. 1203. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1203 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. INFLUENCES ON NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION IN THE U.S.: IDEOLOGY AND CULTURE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Amelia Chantal Shettle In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts December 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my committee members, especially Daryl Baldwin for being added to the committee late and under no obligation to do so. Your addition to the committee has been invaluable, thank you. Also, Elena Benedicto, Myrdene Anderson, and Mary Niepokuj, your contributions, feedback, advice, and guidance have made this thesis what it is. I could not have completed it without the attention you have given to both it and me. In addition to direct feedback and advice, the ideas we have discussed in the classes and field trips I have taken with you have directly influenced different aspects of my research and I appreciate the discussions you each facilitated in those contexts. In addition to my committee, there have been many individuals who have guided me to resources that have been of incredible relevance. Thank you Gilliam Jackson, Felica Ahasteen-Bryant, and Karen Baldwin, for the time you spent replying to my emails and helping me find resources or challenging me to think about revitalization in new ways. Also, thank you to the Eewansaapita staff and the Yulbarangyang Balna for helping me formulate questions to further research upon return to campus. My conversations with all of you were enlightening and fascinating. iii Next, I want to thank some of my colleagues and friends for sharing with me your tricks, tips, and talents in regards to research and writing. Wenfeng Li, Rachelle Henderson, and Ashley Kentner, your advices have proved to be extremely useful in this whole process. Finally, there are many I would like to thank for their incessant support and encouragement through all my years at Purdue. Without the encouragement you guys gave me, none of this would have been possible. Thank you for being there when I thought I would break down from stress. Mom, Dad, Sarah, Philip, Betania, JesAlana, Julia, you guys are what encouraged me to keep pushing when I felt that I had run out of steam. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Identifying the Problem .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 History of Revitalization ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Identification of Common Obstacles ........................................................................... 6 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................ 7 1.5 Proposal: Core Principles to Remember in Revival ............................................... 9 1.6 Structure of Thesis ...........................................................................................................14 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................16 2.2 Terminology ........................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER 3 LANGUAGE IDEOLOGY: ITS ROLE IN REVITALIZATION 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................23 3.2 Ideology vs. Attitude; Society vs. Individual ...........................................................25 3.3 Effect of Internal Ideology on Native Communities in the U.S.........................30 3.4 Effect of Mainstream Ideology on Native Communities in the U.S. ...............40 3.5 Improving Linguistic Attitudes & Ideology .............................................................58 3.6 Language Promotion in Action ....................................................................................64 CHAPTER 4 REVITALIZATION THROUGH CULTURE 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................66 4.2 Languaculture as it Pertains to Revitalization .......................................................70 4.3 The Language - Culture Balance ..................................................................................72 4.4 Education as a Cultural System ...................................................................................78 4.5 Conclusion: Culture in Action .................................................................................... 104 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION & FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 107 5.2 Conclusion of Research ................................................................................................ 111 5.3 Future Research.............................................................................................................. 131 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................. 133 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 167 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Materials Available ................................................................................................................19 2 Programs Initiated ................................................................................................................19 3 Cross-Comparison of Materials Available (Sample) ................................................20 4 Tribal Ideologies (Sample) .................................................................................................21 5 Languaculture .........................................................................................................................70 6 Language Shift’s Effect on Languaculture ....................................................................72 vi ABSTRACT Shettle, Amelia C. M.A., Purdue University, December 2015. Influences on Native American Language Revitalization in the U.S.: Ideology and Culture. Major Professor: Elena Benedicto Languages are disappearing at an alarming rate from around the world. Native America is experiencing first hand many of those disappearances. For this reason, language documentation and revitalization has been called by some to be “the most important task in linguistics today” (Dixon 1997: 137). After several generations of international and local pushes for language revitalization, few languages have been restored to widespread daily use by tribal members (Crystal 2005: 340). My intent with this thesis is to compare several different Native languages’ contexts and approaches to revitalization with the purpose of identifying principles that are necessary in the restoration of Native languages to active and spreading use in the United States. Using a document analysis approach, I have looked into the contexts surrounding ten different Native tribes involved in revitalization in the U.S. Specifically I looked into community ideologies and the programs and materials available to the communities in order to identify what commonalities and patterns can be discerned. The main elements that stood out vii from this overview of revitalization efforts were ideology and culture. Regardless of how young the revitalization program is, each of the tribes that have reported positive growth and use among younger generations has put strong emphasis on community-oriented programs within their language revitalization work. Additionally, positive ideologies correlate with recovery while negative ideologies correlate with continued language loss. The results from this study suggest that a successful language revitalization program will focus on revitalizing the language through cultural means with strong family and community support and improving negative ideology in every aspect of the program. 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Identifying the Problem Languages are being lost at an alarming rate around the world, making language revitalization a global issue in need of immediate attention. Unfortunately, it is an issue that has often gone either unnoticed or unheeded by many outside of the effected communities. While some may simply be unaware of the issue,
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