THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957 VOLUME FIVE A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE OF THE PLAINS EDITED BY Elaine L. Mills and AnnJ Brickfield

KRAUS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A' Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME FIVE

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Plains

I I Ie '''.'!:i~';i;:'':''} ~"'.:l' f' ...III

Prepared in the National Anthropological Archives Department ofAnthropology National Museum ofNatural History Washington, D.C.

THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME FIVE

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Plains

EDITED BY Elaine L. Mills and Ann J. Brickfield

KRAUS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited White Plains, N.Y. © Copyright The Smithsonian Institution 1987

All rights reserved. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced o~ used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or taping, information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission ofthe publisher.

First Printing Printed in the United States of America Contents

The paper in this publication meets the minimum INTRODUCTION V I requirements of American National Standard for Scope and Content of this PUblic~t~on V / V1/t Information Science- Permanence of Papers for V / vtn Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. History of the Papers and the Microfilm Edttwn Editorial Procedures V / x Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Acknowledgements V / xii Harrington, John Peabody. The papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907 -1957. A guide to the xv field notes. NOTES TO RESEARCHERS V I Using the Guide V I xv "Prepared in the National Anthropological Archives, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of History, Using the Microfilm V I xvi Washington, D.C." Note on Terminology V I xvii Vols. 3,4,5 edited by Elaine L. Mills and Ann]. Brickfield. An official inventory for the microfilm edition of Harrington's papers in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957. MAP V / XtX Includes bibliographies. . ,{'F' Id rk in the Plains V I xxt Contents: v. 1. Native American history, language, and culture Tribal Territories and Sttes OJ te wo of Alaska/Northwest Coast-[etc.]- v. 5. Native American history, language, and culture of the Plains. 1. Harrington, John Peabody-Archives-Microform PHOTOGRAPHS V I catalogs. 2. Indians-Manuscripts-Microform catalogs. xxiv 3. Indians-Languages-Manuscripts-Microform catalogs. Laura Pedrick V I 4. National Anthropological Archives-Microform catalogs. Mr. and Mrs. Delos K. Lonewolf V I xxiv I. Mills, Elaine L. II. Brickfield, AnnJ. Z1209.H33 1981 [E58] 970.004'97 81-7290 ISBN 0-527-84243-5 (v. 1) ISBN 0-527-84345-8 (v. 5) _M

V /vi Contents

Painting ofEnoch Smoky V / xxv Painting ofPerry A. Keahtigh V / xxv Parker Paul McKenzie and Nettie Odlety V / xxvi Delos K. Lonewolfand Ah-kaun-do-nah V / xxvii Perry Keahtigh in Native Dress V / xxvii Newell F. Joyner at Devils Tower V / xxviii The Black Hills, Home ofthe Kiowa V / xxix Two Omaha Log Canoes V / xxix SERIES DESCRIPTIONS and REEL CONTENTS V / 1

Kiowa V / 1 Mandan/Hida~a/Crow V / 12 Caddo / Pawnee / Wichita / Comanche V / 16 Introduction Siouan V / 19 APPENDIX V / 25 SCOPE AND CONTENT Abbreviations and Special Uses ofTerms V / 25 OF THIS PUBLICATION " A Guide to the Field Notes: Native American History, Language, and Culture ofthe Plains," is the fifth volume ofa ten-volume official inven­ tory for the microfilm edition of The Papers ofJohn P. Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957. This inventory supersedes any other published or unpublished finding aids describing the collection. Volume One covers the region Alaska/Northwest Coast. Volume Two covers Northern and Central California. Volume Three covers South­ ern California/Basin, and Volume Four covers the Southwest. Subse­ quent volumes of this inventory will be issued as each section of the microfilm edition becomes available, and will cover Harrington's field notes on the Northeast/Southeast and Mexico/Central America/ South America. There will also be a volume on Harrington's notes and writings on special linguistic studies and one on his correspondence and financial records. At the completion of the project all the volumes will be issued in a cumulated hardbound edition. The materials described herein represent the results ofJohn P. Harrington's study ofthe native languages and cultures ofthe Plains,

V /vii

...... V /viii John Peabody Harrington Plains V fix a region where he worked brieR d . intermittently, in the 1930 194YO UrIng the period 1918-1921 and, . '. s, s, and 1950s Th d they had been created while her father was a federal employee. A sizable prImarIly on lInguistic data, althou h the .' e ocuments focus portion ofthese California-based papers was actually loaned on a long­ ethnographic and histor' l' £' g . y also Include small amounts of . lea Inlormatlon M . 1 term basis to the Departnlent ofLinguistics at the V niversity ofCalifor­ trIbe, which is located geogra h' ll' . atena on the Cheyenne nia, Berkeley, under the charge ofProfessor Mary R. Haas. Afterexten­ notes on related eastern gr p IC(Sa y In the Plains, has been filed with sive use there by several generations ofgraduate students in linguistics, Onl '. oups. ee Volume Six.) y OrIgInal documents created b . cultural anthropology, and archeology, they were shipped to the Smith­ workers, and field assistants or fi ld . Y HarrIngton, his co­ sonian during the period from 1976 to 1979. . . e notes gIven t h' b contaIned In this publication R 1 d . 0 1m y others are Work on organizing the Harrington Papers began almost as 11 ton such as printed matt' . e 1ate materIals co ected b y Harring­ er,Journa sand b k . soon as the first boxes of documents arrived at the archives. Early in stats, microfilm, and typed and h 'd . 00 s a~e not Included. Photo­ 1962, Catherine A. Callaghan, then a graduate student at V.C., Berke­ . an WrItten CopIes f bl' . manuscnpts which lack h" 0 pu Icatlons and IS annotatIons h l'k . ley, was hired on a temporary appointment to tackle the monumental Some additional field n t f ave I e~Ise been omitted. task of preparing a box list for several tons of notes. She spent several Plains may be housed am h' 0 es rom HarrIngton's work in the ong IS papersat th S B months identifying as many bundles as possible by tribe or language, at Natural History. The anth l' e anta arbara Museum of . ropo OgIStS on the t ff 1 . least down to the family level. mIcrofilm those documents £ d' . ~ a p an to Inventory and Refinement of this initial sorting was continued by the then of Harrington's papers ,unbIng permIttIng. Other smaller blocks . . can e found t'd h . current archivist Margaret C. Blaker and later, in the early 1970s, by a InstItutIon - notably at th S h ou SI e t e SmIthsonian b' e out west Museum d h member ofher staff, jane M. Walsh. Throughout this period the papers rary, UnIversity of Californ' B klan t e Bancroft Li­ were available to researchers, some ofwhom were able to make sugges­ b la, er e ey and dd" su sequently come to light Th' . ~ a ltlonal items may tions for improving the identification ofsmall portions ofthe collection. majority of Harrington's o~tp tIS. puhblIcatlon presently represents the u In t e area. A new energy was infused into the work on the papers after the arrival in 1972 ofNational Anthropological Archives Director Her­ manj. Viola. He not only encouraged the application ofmodern archi­ HISTORY OF THE PAPERS val methods to avoid the piecemeal efforts of the past, but also actively AND THE MICROFILM EDITION sought ways to improve the accessibility of the material to a steadily Th '. e onglnal documents co .. growing number of researchers. Encouraged by the interest ofa num­ H . mpnslng The P P if arrzngton are housed in th S . h' a ers 0 John Peabody ber ofmicrofilm companies in publishing the papers on film, he decided h . e mit sonIan Inst"t (, . t ropologlcal Archives (N A A) h I U Ion s NatIonal An­ in 1975 to submit a proposal for funding such a project to the National Ii . . . were they w b h a tel' Harrington's death in 1961 S ere roug t together Historical Publications and Records Commission (N.H.P.R.C.). located on the Smithson' .. ~me of the papers were already Ian premIses In th h' A major consultant in developing the documentation for this American Ethnology (B A E) h' e arc Ives of the Bureau of . . " aVlng been dep 't db h' proposal was Geoffrey L. Galnble, then a Smithsonian Fellow doing ual manuscripts while in th b' OSI e y 1m as individ­ . e ureau s employ a h work on Harrington's Yokuts field data. During his year at the archives, vanous warehouses in th W h' . tel'S were located at e as Ington D C he began integrating the Berkeley-based material with the material in The great bulk f h , .., area and elsewhere. t Washington and compiled the first systematic inventory of the entire Awona Harrington in a nuOmb e Pfapers was sorted by his daughter er 0 storage 1 ( • . collection. Through correspondence and attendance at meetings he sent to Washington DC. oca Ions In CalIfornia and . , . ., over a penod of 1 helped to marshall support for the archives' project among members of lInguist-ethnologist had . severa years. Although the . . expressed the wIsh that h' fi 1 • the anthropological profession. to some InstItution in Calii' . M' . IS e d notes be gIven lornla, ISS HarrIn t . In December 1976 the Smithsonian Institution received a approximately one million g on recognIzed that the pages were actually government p grant from the N.H.P.R.C. for the first year ofan envisioned five-year ropertyas venture, and work on the "Harrington Microfilm Project" officially v Ix John Peabody Harrington Plains V /xi began. Herman J. Viola was the r' . archives staff member wh h d Pl oJect dIrector. Elaine L. Mills an The fact that Harrington, for many reasons, was a poor docu­ . 0 a a ready d . ' Harnngton's photograph h one consIderable work on menter of his own work posed yet another challenge to the effort to s, was c osen as edit N James R. Glenn and Smiths . 1.. or. .A.A. archivist identify, arrange, and describe the field data. His notes often furnished onlan Ingulst Iv G dd consultants to the project. es 0 ard agreed to act as little internal evidence for easily determining either the language, tribe, or identity of the informants involved, or the circumstances under which the work was done. A page-by-page examination was often neces­ EDITORIAL PROCEDURES sary to glean enough clues to file the material properly. The present arrangement ofthe P f An important aspect ofthis work was the deciphering ofHar­ apers 0 John PH· represent the state in which h 1 .c: h . arnngton does not rington's numerous personally devised abbreviations and special uses of e elt t e papers M h d· . ha d to be done for thispubl· h d· . uc e !tonal work has ternlS. Some codes were fairly obvious ("'Tl." for Tlingit; "U.U." for b IS e InVentoryand t k Yresearchers at the Nation 1A h . 0 rna e the notes usable Upper Umpqua). Others were not nearly so clear ("Can." for Canalefio, · a nt rOpologI 1A h· t h IS publication. This was d . ca rc Ives and through i.e., Chumash; "No Sir" for Noser, or Yana). Sometimes an abbrevia­ . ue In part to the w . h' portIons ofthe collection arr' d h . ay In w lch the various tion would have to be seen in many contexts before it could be correctly , Ive at t e arch d . ton s lack ofmethodical org '. lves an In part to Harring­ interpreted. The creation ofa working file ofgeneral abbreviationsand anlzatlon and thor h d As explained above th oug ocumentation. those referring to informants and tribes or languages assured that any . , e papers w .d 1 tIme of Harrington's death Th ere WI e y scattered at the form could be recognized if encountered elsewhere in the papers. . . . e urgency of k' removIng It from the va . pac Ing the material and The research necessarily led from the field notes to other h· . nous warehouses stora h d w Ich It was then beingstored d' ' ge s e s, and offices in parts of the collection. The examination of the correspondence was . rna e It necessary to k manuscnpts and segments of fi ld . pac many unrelated quite illuminating. Harrington sometimes gave a fuller description of e notes In an . b ear1 y efforts to broadly cate . h YgIven ox. Despite the . gonze t e mat . 1 his fieldwork in letters to his friends than in the field notes themselves. malned to be done. ena, much sorting still re- Searches offinancial records also proved exceptionally helpful in estab­ There was also the task ofinterfil' '. lishing indirect identification of the notes. In accounts of expenses Washington D C and B k 1 Ing SImIlar material from the , .., er e ey reposit . I Harrington often listed informants and the number ofhours he worked same individual manuscripts f ones. n some cases parts ofthe or with each. Cancelled checks also provided information on linguistic had to be taken to assure that a sets? nfiotes had been separated. Care services rendered. All such information, along with that gleaned from · . meanIng ul orde 1atIonshIpS also had to b d. r was restored. Interre­ e etermIned betw h . annual reportsand otheradministrative recordsofthe BureauofAmer­ cataloged portion of th h· een t ese SectIons and the e arc Ives' h ld· f ican Ethnology, was compiled in a working chronology ofHarrington's The difficult' 0 Ings rom Harrington. Ies posed by the h life and career, a valuable summary of all his activities which will be examined and sorted were 1. seer bulk of material to be published in the cumulated edition of this inventory. , comp Icated by dd·· 1 ton s method ofsorting h· ~ Itlona factors. Harring­ . IS papers was to tIe th . At times it was necessary to identify field notes through com­ tImes as much as a foot thi k E h . em Into bundles, some­ . c . ac stack mIght .. parative work, with extensive use ofpublished dictionaries, grammars, matenals: correspondenc fi. ContaIn wIdely disparate . e, nanClal record . ethnographies, and maps, as well as unpublished vocabularies housed at ot her mIscellaneous matter I·n dd.. s, notes to hImself, and the National Anthropological Archives and elsewhere. The problems , a Itlon to the fi ld C group or groups with wh· h h . e notes lor the Indian of varying orthographies used by Harrington and the other linguists . IC e was WOrkIng at the . InconSIstencies in Harrin ton' tIme. sometimes made it difficult to categorize positively the linguistic data he the confusion. Pages ob' 1. g s system for labeling added to VIOUS y Intended h d· recorded. For this reason a number of linguistic consultants were found in the middle or at ,th b as ea Ing sheets might be brought in to cover each of the major language families represented in h e ottom ofa st k fl s eets and slips. The contents fC ld ac 0 oose, unnumbered the papers. (Those who worked on this section are listed in "Acknowl­ · 0 10 ersandenv 1 . t h e outSIde labels ifthe' e opes mIght not match edgements.") Their examination of the relevant material during an ContaIners had been reused. average week-long visit allowed them to confirm identifications already V /xii John Peabody Harrington Plains V /xiii made and to supply explanations for any tentatively or totally uncate­ project's director. The attention to detail shown by the project's con­ gorized material. Their findings were submitted in reports which gave suggestions for further editorial work. sultants, james R. Glenn and Ives Goddard, in reviewing the guide and the reels of microfilm, has improved the accuracy and clarity of both In refining the arrangements of notes within each series, two archival principles were kept constantly in mind. One was to determine narrative descriptions and microfilm targets. Jim's willingness to act as a liaison between the project and the publisher during late stages of the and then preserve or restore any original arrangement scheme in­ work has also been very much appreciated. tended by Harrington. Thus, ifheading sheets were found indicating a Special thanks go to Ann Brickfield who served as the princi­ semantic or an alphabetic organization, any misfiled pages were refiled pal editor for Harrington's field notes on the tribes of the Plains. She to conform to these plans. If, on the other hand, large blocks of notes carefully processed this section of notes and prepared thorough and were totally without order, an attempt was made to find a logical accurate descriptions for the guide. It was a pleasure to see how rapidly method of reorganizing them. For example, a section of vocabulary her work on this material progressed. My thanks also to staff member elicited through the use ofa secondary Source was arranged to follow Louise Mills for her insights into Harrington's fieldwork in this area the order ofthe lexical items in that source. Time limitations required from her organization of his correspondence. that some particularly confusing sections be left in an "unsorted" state. In addition, I wish to recognize the invaluable assistance of Considerable time was spent in preparing descriptions of the Vyrtis Thomas ofthe National Anthropological Archives. She has com­ field notes in an effort to make them maximally useful to researchers in pleted delicate conservation work on many fragile pages in the collec­ as many disciplines as possible. Harrington's field methods usually inte­ grated linguistic and ethnographic descriptive work into one approach. tion and has greatly facilitated the packing, shipping, and reboxing of the field notes. Thanks also to Mary Frances Bell, the archives' staff Thus, while eliciting grammatical data, he developed ethnographic editor, who has provided expert editorial assistance in all phases of data. He also had a strong sense ofbeing an American Indian historio­ grapher. All of his material incorporates data relevant to post-contact, preparing this guide. local history, and the personal histories of informants. Therefore, al­ The "Harrington Microfilm Project" has drawn continually on the technical resources of many other individuals inside the Smith­ though a particular set of material is categorized in this publication as linguistic, it mightjust as accurately be described as ethnographic, his­ sonian Institution in the offices of Grants and Risk Management, Print­ torical, or biographical. Division titles were assigned largely for conve­ ing and Photographic Services, and the Library. Deserving of special nience, depending upon the predominance ofanyone type ofmaterial mention are David R. Short of the Contracts Office and Jeanne Ma­ within that diVision. The detailed descriptions which follow indicate the honey of the Department of Anthropology, whose competence, pa­ variety of material to be found within each category. Researchers are tience, and good spirits have made administrative details much less ofa encouraged to at least skim each descriptive paragraph to ensure that nightmare. Thanks also to Christina M. Allen, for her care in preparing they locate all notes of potential interest to them. For more technical the excellent map for the guide. information on the microfilm and its use with this guide, please see the Obviously of vital importance to the project have been the "Notes to Researchers" which follow this introduction. editorial and production staffs at Kraus International Publications and Graphic Microfilm, especially, at Kraus, Ruth Sandweiss, production manager; Barry Katzen, managing editor; Camilla Palmer, Associate ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Editor; and, at Graphic, Mickie Stengel, lead technician. I thank them I wish to express my appreciation to the other staff members of the for their cooperation in producing a high-quality publication. It has "Harrington Microfilm Project" for their cooperation and support, been a pleasure working with them. I would also like to acknowledge the which have been indispensable to the Success of the project. Adminis­ generous financial support of the National Historical Publications and trative support has come from HermanJ. Viola, who has served as the Records Commission, the Ahmanson Foundation, and Kinetics Tech­ nology Incorporated. Frank Burke, Roger Bruns, and George Vogt of

.... V /xiv John Peabody Harrington the N.H.P.R.C. have all been extremely helpful in offering training and advice in all aspects of editing a microfilm publication. I have also benefited from the technical advice of Alan Bain, William Bright, and Marc Okrand, whose suggestions have improved the quality and useful­ ness of both the film and the guide. Special appreciation is due Awona Harrington, Mary R. Haas, and Catherine Callaghan for their early efforts to preserve the papers and to Geoffrey L. Gamble who helped in so many ways to forward the microfilm project in its early stages. Thanks also to the numerous scholars who have written so kindly in support ofthe present work. The enthusiastic encouragement ofall these people has served as an inspira­ tion in the often overwhelming task ofediting such a voluminous set of papers. A number of consultants, researchers, and information spe­ cialists deserve thanks for their work on the field notes for the "Plains." They collectively helped us to identify and better organize the notes Notes to Researchers here at the archives and carefully reviewed our drafts of series descrip­ tions. Among those deserving of special recognition are Ives Goddard and William De Reuse. The project staff is particularly indebted to Parker McKenzie who provided many historical data to explain the nature of Harrington's work on Kiowa and to clarify his sketchy de­ USING THE GUIDE scriptions ofhis informants. Mr. McKenzie generously loaned us a num­ Researchers are encouraged to read relevant portions of this guide ber of valuable photographs from his personal collection, two ofwhich before examining the microfilm itself. A perusal of the series descrip­ appear in this publication. tions and reel contents will give an accurate idea of both the general I would also like to extend thanks to John P. Marr and the scope and specific contents of each block of field notes. Harrington family for their notes of personal encouragement. A final, The field notes for the Plains have been arranged by tribe/ special thank you goes to my husband, Bob Kline, for his unfailing language or, in the case of comparative material, by field trip. Each of support and assistance in all phases of the project. these categories constitutes a "series." Series descriptions begin with a brief introduction, furnishing such background information as the cir­ ELAINE L. MILLS, Editor cumstances of the trip and the identity of the principal Indian and The John P. Harrington Papers non-Indian informants and coworkers. This is followed by textual de­ National Anthropological Archives scriptions (highlighted by titles in bold face type) ofthe major divisions within the notes-for example, vocabularies, dictionaries, texts, eth­ nographic notes, historical and biographical data, and bibliographies. Finally, the reel contents list provides a detailed outline of contents complete with reel and frame numbers. Other helpful aids are checklists of the people with whom Harrington worked and the published and unpublished works to which he referred. In the first list, abbreviations and alternate spellings of

V /XV

L V /xvi John Peabody Harrington Plains V /xvii

names appear in parentheses. In the second listing, brief notes in interspersed throughout the records. It serves primarily to announce brackets indicate whether Harrington possessed a copy of the work the beginning of each new section on a reel. It may also be us~d to (photostat, microfilm, typescript, handwritten copy, etc.). The notation explain the peculiarities of certain pages of notes such as: ~and~n~ten "N.A.A." stands for National Anthropological Archives; "B.A.E." annotations by informants and assistants; errors in numbenng; m.IssIn?, stands for Bureau of American Ethnology. misplaced, and two-sided pages; abbreviations which are not obvIous In ~lso . included, if relevant, are a list of publications by Har­ context; old manuscript numbers; and cross-references to other parts of nngton hImselfand cross-references to other series in the "Plains" field the papers. The second device is the "flash space," .a strip ~f bla~k.~lm notes or elsewhere in the papers. Researchers are urged to skim the placed between major and minor sections to aid In spottIng dIVIsIon forth~omingguide "Correspondence" as well as the "Chronology of breaks (between letters of the alphabet in a dictionary, for example) Harnngton's Career" for additional information. Interested re­ when reeling quickly through the film. searchers should contact the National Anthropological Archives for When individual manuscript pages are faded, discolored, information regarding any photographs or sound recordings men­ tioned in the guide. torn, or reversed (as in carbons), typed transcripts appear on the film beside the manuscript version. These follow the original text as closely as possible. Any information supplied by the editor is bracketed. USING THE MICROFILM Before being duplicated each master reel ofmicrofilm passed a frame-by-frame quality control check at Kraus International Publica­ TheJohn P. Harrington Papers are published on 35mm microfilm at a tions. It was then proofread by the "Harrington Microfilm Project" reduction of 14 : 1. Images appear in the"A" position, usually two to a staff against the inventory list for the Papers as they appear in the frame. Each numbered reel begins with introductory frames giving general reel contents and technical information. folders and boxes at the National Anthropological Archives. The only omissions are those noted in the "Scope and Content" section and on Beginning with the first original item, a digital counter ap­ the backs of those pages where data has either been completely obliter­ pears at the bottom center ofeach frame for ease in locating and citing ated, or crossed out and copied exactly elsewhere. documents. The location ofeach section of notes for a given tribe/lan­ guage is provided in the reel contents lists in this guide. A list will direct researchers to the film by two sets of digits, the first designating the NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY correct reel and the second indicating a frame or group of frames. Occasionally, terms used in this publication for referring to Indian Thus, to locate "Material Relating to Devils Tower" under Kiowa groups may not be those currently utilized by anthropologists, lingui~ts, (013:0001-0620) turn to Reel 13, Frames 1 through 620. or tribal members. To avoid confusion in choosing among alternatIve In citing the papers in footnotes and bibliographical refer­ terms or the various ways to spell them, the editor referred to a stan­ ences, researchers should refer to the original set of papers and their dardized master list based on the catalogs of manuscripts and photo­ location and should mention the use of the microfilm edition. A sug­ graphs in the National Anthropological Archives. gested form for the first citation is: Kiowa Field Notes John P. Harrington Papers National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (Microfilm edition: Reel 1, Frame 534) Two editorial devices have been used to guide the researcher through each reel of film. The first is the "target," a kind of signpost r

Map

EXPLANATION OF MAP Map 1 shows the tribal groups studied by Harrington during fieldwork in the Plains. Also included are SOllle ofthe major sites mentioned in his notes. The map was prepared by Christina M. Allen, from sketches and data provided by the editor.

V /xix

------·---·-···----.;,;;;--...... ---IIIIiIIIi_....~IilIilIiIii ..._~__.... _ CANADA ,.. ":;-;"_"_"_"_"_"_"~"_"_"_"_"_"_"_"_'\"_"_:\ ~~~NAP ~ i:::~::THOLD ~ \ ;;:··/··~··'·~~1i2j;·;Y ~! MANDAN YANKTON \ ~ e f

Billings ! ARIKARA NORTH DAKOTA j ~ /1 CROW tilB crow AgenCy'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' <. \ '1 J-'-'-'-~-'-'-'-'~ ~ i._., ; CROW INDIAN 6. i TETON \ "''''' . RESERVATION DEVILS,' . SANTEE ..l , TOWER. , -'-'-'-' , ; I $:'-'-'-- IOWA c' • • SOUTH DAKOTA) \..",._. ! r·_·_·_·_·_·_·_· ..... ·""·_·~·j ,., , . "' i ; ! OMA~A ..,.';

. I \." (j) ·_.-T-':':;:;.M:~_._._._L._._.1 PAWNEE ofO ._._._.-./ ~ . . ": -'- MiSSOURI " NEBRASKA.~ " I! !~._._._._._._._._. - 7 " j I KANSA '\ \,... ! "\ ;I I. ,. ! \ j I . ~~. , COLORADO i KANSAS _.-l OSAGE I-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'~'-'- '-'-'-'-'-'-' . _.-' j NEW MEXICO _.~!!?~~. OKLAHOMA ~'-'-'ARKANSAS

; TEXAS I \ QUAPAW . i 0 Oklahoma City \ ! ., , I 0 Anadarko i ~; i.' ~ i ,-_~._~!CHIT A _J" \ ~j COMMANCHE "v6.,,~_...... ,.. '-'''''\~~~~._. ~ \ .I i , " .._.. l.._r·:;E~;~··l.~·-·-·-·-·-J \ ,. ;' ....\ \ \ i ~

o 50 100 MILES \..,.. f··-··-··,·. LLJ ...... _.. '. \. ""'"

V /xxi Photographs

V /xxiii Painting by Tom James Moore of Kiowa informant Laura Pedrick as Enoch Smokey,"Kiowa intonation photographed by the Bureau of informant," [940s. (Negative number American Ethnology, )898. 49,3 91 , National Anthropological (Negative number 1473-a, National Archives.) Anthropological Archives.)

Mr. and Mrs. Delos K. Lonewolf, members of Kiowa delegation to Washington, as photo­ Painting of Perry A. Keahtigh, graphed by DeLancey Gill intended for publication in an article [913. (Negative number ' on Kiowa, 1940s. (Negative Number [475-c, National Anthropo­ 49,390, National Anthropological logical Archives.) Archives.)

V /xxiv v /xxv (Below) Delos K. Lonewolf and his second wife, Ah-kaun-do-nah, mother of Harrington's major Kiowa informant, Parker McKenzie, ca. 1930. (Photograph reproduced through courtesy of Mr. McKenzie.) (Right) Perry A. Keatigh in native dress, 1940s. (This and all follow­ in~ photographs from The Papers o/John P. Harrington, National Anthropological Archives, Smith­ sonian Institution.)

Parker Paul McKenzie and his wife, Nettle Odlety, ca. 1952. (Photograph reproduced through courtesy of Mr. McKenzie.)

V /xxvi V /xxvii The Black Hills of South Dakota, 1940s. Known to the Kiowa as Sudlk'cekoup, the Leaftripe Mountains, the Hills were the borne of the tribe at an early period. (Photograph by F. A. Clark.)

Ne.well F. Joyn.er, Custodian, at Devils Tower National Monument, 1940s. Two Omaha log canoes examined by Harrington at the Sioux City Museum This View, looking southeast, illustrates the likeness ofthe Tower to a "gigantic for his study of Mandan and Hidatsa coracles, 1940s. old, weathered tree stump." (Photograph by the National Park Service.) , (Photograph by William Felton.)

V /xxviii V /xxix Series Descriptions and Reel Contents

Kiowa

Harrington's search for a relationship between Kiowa and the Tanoan languages led to a substantial accumulation ofand career-long interest in Kiowa grammatical, linguistic, and textual material. His study resulted in eight publications on Kiowa, the first appearing in 1910 and the last in 1948. Early in 1918 Harrington worked in Washington, D.C., with Delos and Ida Lonewolf, (the latter abbreviated "Mrs. L. "), who were accompanied by their youngest son, Theodore.1 Delos was a full-blood Kiowa who, although he was not a descendant of the famous chief Lonewolf, had inherited his name. His wife, Ida Wansey, was halfwhite,

1. Theodore is referred to in the notes as "Teddy Hummingbird." This apparently stems from the fact that his mother, Ida, later married Conklin Hummingbird. As he was only six years old in 1918, he would certainly have been too young to have served as an informant. V /1 V /2 John Peabody Harrington Plains V /3

the daughter ofa Fort Sill army man. The Lonewolfs were graduates of ten, when he began learning conversational English at a governmental the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania, the first nonreservation school boarding school. established by the u.S. Government, and both spoke Kiowa fluently. From mid-1919 through 1920 Harrington remained at InJune 1918, Harrington conducted fieldwork at the Kiowa B.A.E. headquarters, during which time he sorted and reorganized the Agency in Anadarko, Oklahoma. Interviews were held with James Kiowa notes. While in Washington, D.C., in 1924, he elicited Kiowa Waldo (W.): Enoch Smoky, head of the peyote cult among the Kiowa; texts from the Lonewolfs and from George Hunt, who was regarded as Parker McKenzie (McK): Laura D. Pedrick (also referred to as "Mrs. P" a superb tribal historian. and"L. Pro "); and several other informants. The primary focus of his "Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language," published in 1928, work at that time was to collect linguistic data needed for comparative unfortunately reflects only a small portion of the information he had studies, especially with the Tanoan languages. amassed during his early work. In his notes, Harrington referred to this All of those with whom Harrington worked spoke Kiowa publication as the "Dictionary," "Dict.," or "Bulletin." He was evi­ fluently, differing, of course, in their selection of words to form the dently not pleased with the work. As he wrote to Parker McKenzie in phrases which he elicited. Some variance in their pronunciation of later years: "It has a lot of idiosyncracies in it which are absolutely words can be detected. This is due perhaps in part to the fact that the incorrect. They [the B.A.E.] forced me to publish, and so I did-to my

Kiowas roamed about in separate bands, coming together once each chagrin now." 3 year for the annual Sun Dance. In the summer of 1939, Harrington and Parker McKenzie Harrington's acquaintance with Parker McKenzie stemmed renewed their acquaintance during a visit which Harrington made to from the fact that both men had rooms in the Employee Quarters at the Anadarko. They reminisced just a few hours on that occasion. Shortly agency. McKenzie, who was then twenty, was temporarily employed afterwards they began an exchange of letters which lasted almost into there as a typist and interpreter. His permanent appointment began 1950. McKenzie's exposure to linguistic method in their early work March 1, 1920, and continued until June 1958. together had awakened an abiding interest in the preservation of In corresponding with the bureau, Harrington stated that Kiowa. Thus, he was willing to impart what he had discovered in his Parker McKenzie was "descended from Mexican captives" and that efforts to analyze the language. although he had "a splendid knowledge of the language he [had] no This exchange allowed Harrington to collect updated mate­ Kiowa blood." 2 This statement is misleading in a number of respects. rial for the paper which he eventually published on January 1, 1948, Among his immediate relatives only his father, referred to as General titled "Popular Account of the Kiowa Indian Language." Although McKenzie, and his maternal grandfather, Queton, were captives and McKenzie was listed as coauthor ofthe work he had no direct part in its only the latter was ofMexican ancestry. Both men were taken captive by preparation. He was, in fact, surprised to discover that the monograph warriors as very young children and were adopted successively by Co­ did not present the writing system which he had devised for the lan­ manche and Kiowa families, although they were eventually raised as guage and which he and Harrington had used throughout their years of Kiowas and spoke the language fluently. In adulthood they were as­ correspondence.4 Harrington planned ambitious appendices of a se­ signed land parcels as Kiowa allottees. Queton distinguished himselfas a Kiowa warrior and later married a full-blood Kiowa woman, Peah­ meah. Their daughter, Ah-kaun-do-nah, who became McKenzie's sec­ 3. From letter of March 1, 1945, Harrington to McKenzie, in the possession ond wife, always dressed in the style ofKiowa women and spoke only her of Mr. McKenzie. native language. Parker McKenzie, himself, spoke only Kiowa until age 4. See Appendix 3 of Laurel Watkin's A Grammar of Kiowa, University of Nebraska Press, for a presentation of the "McKenzie system." Mr. McKenzie plans a 2. See Records of the B.A.£., Correspondence, Letters Received and Sent more complete discussion of his system in a work which he is tentatively entitling "Ele­ (1909-1950), Harrington to Fewkes,july 6,1918. ments of the Kiowa Language." V /5 V /4 John Peabody Harrington Plains mantically arranged vocabulary for this publication. They reached only work. Some of the latter's letters are cut and mounted on separate prepublication stage but the related notes are on file. sheets of paper, others were copied by Harrington, and many are iden­ From September 1944 to early 1947, Harrington elicited ad­ tified with the symbol"0'." ditional grammatical information and reheard his earlier notes in work Miscellaneous material includes photocopies of fragments sessions with a new informant, Perry A. Keahtigh (also referred to as from Robert M. Lowie's "A Note on Kiowa Kinship Terms and "Keah."). Perry was born in 1898 to Arthur, a Kiowa full-blood, and his Usages," mounted, annotated, and reheard with Keahtigh. A few wife, Christian, who was three-quarters white and one-quarter Potawa­ tribenames elicited from Guy Quoetone (data from him are labeled tomi. His exposure to the spoken Kiowa language was somewhat limited "Guy Kiowa") and Kiowa Charlie in March and April of 1946 add in that his parents died at an early age and he attended the Carlisle randomly to the earlier lists. School in his middle teens. He married a daughter of Enoch Smoky around 1930. COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY Knowing that his father-in-law had worked with Harrington in 1918, Keahtigh sought out the linguist when he returned to the East This small section contains Tewa comparisons based on Harrington's Coast in the 1940s. They worked evenings and weekends while Har­ 1927 accumulation ofinformation from Tewainformant Eduardo Cata rington was detailed to the Office of Censorship as part of a volunteer (former B.A.E. ms. 4705pt.). Harrington also used Tewa terms from his war effort by members of the Smithsonian staff. Fortunately for Har­ "Ethnogeography ofthe Tewa Indians" (1916), as well as Kiowa terms rington, he had the interest and blessing ofhis superior, Franklin Rou­ fromJames Mooney's "Calendar History ofthe Kiowa Indians" (1918). dybush, to combine his linguistic inquiries with translation work for the In addition, there are a few brief comparisons of Kiowa with Navaho, Censorship office. Keahtigh provided a wealth oflinguistic information Paiute (eight pages), and Siouan (two pages). during 1945 and most of 1946, his work dwindling off in 1947 as Harrington's manuscript neared completion. Keahtigh died on Oc­ tober 30, 1947, shortly after being run over by a car in a Washington DICTIONARY suburb. This section is comprised ofa manuscript and related notes. The manu­ script contains most but not all ofthe lexical portion of "Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language" with an addition of further entries which were VOCABULARY apparently written at a later date. The notes are written one word to a Some of the information gathered between 1918 and 1920 remains in page with annotations and are distilled mainly from Harrington's own slipfile form, arranged semantically (former B.A.E. mss. 2289pt. and extensive material, with occasional references to Mooney's "Calendar 2297pt.). Subjects include animals, material culture, plants, and per­ History of the Kiowa Indians." sonal categories. During 1945 and 1946, Harrington reorganized his Kiowa notes based on a continuing enlargement of the earlier semantically LINGUISTIC NOTES arranged vocabulary, adding such categories as astronomy, geography, The earliest dated material is a partial draft written in 1916 titled''The minerals, months, placenames, rank, relationship terms, songs, and Language ofthe Kaekua or Kiowa Indians." From 1918 to 1920 while tribenames (former B.A.E. ms. 4622pt.). The etymology of some per­ in Anadarko and in Washington, Harrington accumulated extensive sonal names and a partial draft and notes for a proposed paper on information (about 700 pages) on Kiowa vocabulary, grammar, and "Human Terms" form part of the vocabulary material. The geo­ texts. In 1922 he began a paper on "Notes on the Kiowa Language." He graphic terms were provided by Parker McKenzie and, according to later collated this material in Washington, and in 1928 published a correspondence, most ofthe relationship terms may also be McKenzie's synthesis titled "Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language." Vocabulary is a V V /6 John Peabody Harrington Plains /7

misleading term as the publication encompassed grammatical informa­ times three different dates (not including the year) often appear on one tion with Tewa comparisons, a glossary of lexical terms (see "Dictio­ page, reflecting Harrington's search for the quintessential expression. nary"), and a Kiowa text (see "Texts"), (former B.A.E. mss. 4705pt., Parker McKenzie's substantial contribution to the Kiowa ma­ 2289pt., and 2297pt.). The material on file is arranged generally in terial has been mentioned earlier. Collaboration on "Popular Account chronological order ofaccumulation, and subdivided according to lin­ ofthe Kiowa Language" was conducted principally by mail. Some non­ guistic category. The principal informants wereJames Waldo, Mr. and linguistic correspondence between the two is included among these Mrs. Delos Lonewolf, Enoch Smoky, Laura D. Pedrick, and Parker notes and has not been separated, notably McKenzie's briefautobiogra­ McKenzie. phy. Also on file are a partial 1944- 1945 work schedule for Keahtigh and random miscellaneous grammatical notes. During the preparation ofhis grammatical material, Harring­ GRAMMAR ton consulted innumerable lexical, grammatical, foreign, and musical Harrington was particularly interested in Kiowa intonation, a title he publications in order to employ proper terminology. Since these works gave to a manuscript for which Perry Keahtigh was the informant. were used peripherally more than substantively, they have not been Their work on this aspect of Kiowa grammar proceeded from Sep­ listed in "Sources Consulted." Most are clearly identified in the notes tember to November 1944, and included recording sessions at the together with relevant publication data. Library of Congress. Correspondence indicates that Harrington con­ sidered this paper complete in April 1945, but it was not published. TEXTS There is another unpublished manuscript titled "Kiowa, Delos K. Lonewolf and George Hunt were in Washington between Pueblo Language of the Plains" which Harrington apparently sent to April 15 and May 21, 1924, and provided over twenty brief stories of Edgar L. Hewett in August 1945, for possible publication in El Palacio Seindei, the culture hero. Some are in Kiowa and English, some in or in ajournal of Hewett's choice. This is probably the manuscript that English only. One myth was given in English by a Comanche Indian underwent many revisions and rehearings before being published in named Albert Attock. This textual material was formerly cataloged as 1948 as "Popular Account ofthe Kiowa Indian Language." It encom­ part of B.A.E. ms. 4705. passed only a minute portion of the ambitious and comprehensive There are various versions of Lonewolf's "The Udder-angry grammar which Harrington had originally envisioned. Travelers-off" text which appeared in "Vocabulary of the Kiowa Lan­ Because of the diligent reworking of the information, it is guage," "Three Kiowa Texts," and "Popular Account of the Kiowa rather difficult to determine in what sequence the drafts were created. Indian Language." Frequent rehearings with Keahtigh in November In order to eliminate as much confusion as possible, all the grammatical 1945 preceded the last-named publication. Additional material for drafts of the 1940s are placed together, followed by notes that most "Three Kiowa Texts" contains extensive annotations by Parker nearly reflect the outline of the 1948 publication. Phonetics and mor­ McKenzie and a few further rehearings from Keahtigh. phology are dealt with in detail. Included is briefinformation on syntax, Laura D. Pedrick translated the Lord's Prayer; a "Church Indian native language, Spanish and English loanwords, foreign words, Song" in Kiowa (former B.A.E. ms. 4705pt.) came from Mr. Light (not slang, and polysynthetic words based on Robert W. Young's "Lan­ further identified). There are several texts edited by McKenzie for guage: Interesting Side-views of Its Study." (April 1937). collaboration with Harrington. They include Enoch Smoky's "Bear Another set of rehearings with Keahtigh follows the above. Girl Story," recorded March 26,1946, and Hunting Horse's "Mad Girl Harrington apparently began this work as soon as he sent his first Story," heard on February 24, 1946 (former B.A.E. ms. 4622pt.). On manuscript to Hewett, and continued it into early 1947. These notes March 31, 1940, Kiowa Charlie, with the help of Guy Quoetone and center primarily upon phonetics, verbs, and adverbs. Two and some- Lonewolf, dictated still another Devils Tower myth. f\i

'I

ii'I' iii V /9 I, V/8 John Peabody Harrington Plains

MATERIAL RELATING TO DEVILS TOWER Mr. Light Delos K. Lonewolf Information about Devils Tower (spelled officially without an apostro­ Ida Wansey Lonewolf (Mrs. Delos Lonewolf, Mrs. L., Ida phe) in the Black Hills of Wyoming evolved into Harrington's 1939 Hummingbird) publication, "Kiowa Memories ofthe Northland." In 1936 he began to Parker Paul McKenzie (Paul McKenzie, Mck., 0) accumulate notes and extract information from a vast array ofsources. Laura D. Pedrick (Mrs. P., L. Pr.) These included many government documents dealing with geological Guy Quoetone (Guy Kiowa) and geographic surveys, and early expeditions to the area, as well as Enoch Smoky (Enock) publications by authors on the history and ethnology ofthe Indians who James Waldo (W.) peopled the Black Hills over the centuries. He evidently had access to COMANCHE General Hugh L. Scott's Sign Language Film Dictionary which was in Albert Attock production but not completed before the general's death in April 1934. TEWA The history ofthis film is found in Harrington's''The American Indian Eduardo Cata Sign Language" (1938a). Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Harrington's own extensive bibliography and acknowledge­ J. Murray Barbour (Library of Congress) ments are found among the first pages ofthe 1938 Devils Tower drafts Benjamin B. Botkin (Library of Congress) and notes. The most important sources are repeated under "Sources Donald D. Brand Consulted" and include W. P. Clark's The Indian Sign Language (1885); James Mooney's "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians" (1898); and Margaret Burke George B. Grinnell's The Fighting Cheyennes (1915). Harrington also Judson Cunningham received invaluable information from Newell F. Joyner, custodian of N. H. Darton the Devils Tower National Monument. Ella Deloria Harrington organized two sets of notes, one in 1937 and an­ Lee Fairly other in 1938. He interviewed Kiowa informant Delos Lonewolf in Bertha Frolander June 1938 and reheard some information with Perry Keahtigh. Photo­ Fred E. Harvey graphic material has been transferred to a separate file ofHarrington's Rudolf Hertz Richard S. Hill (Library of Congress) photographs, but photocopies remain with the notes. The bulk of the Devils Tower material was originally listed as B.A.E. ms. 6070. For a Paul Jones Devils Tower myth elicited in March 1940 from the Kiowa speakers Newell F. Joyner Dr. Kenneth Landes Delos Lonewolf, Guy Quoetone, and Kiowa Charlie, see "Texts." Helen M. McFarland Parker McKenzie Paul H. Oehser PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Jane Richardson Linguistic Informants W. B. Scott KIOWA Dr. Joseph B. Thoburn George Hunt Van Gulik Hunting Horse Erminie Voegelin Perry A. Keahtigh (Keah.) Edward N. Waters (Library of Congress) Kiowa Charlie (Charley) Mr. Young V /11 V /10 john Peabody Harrington Plains

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON Harrington,john P. Clark, W. P. 1910e "On Phonetic and Lexic Resemblances Between Kiowan and 1885 The Indian Sign Language, With Explanatory Notes. . . . Phila­ Tanoan." American Anthropologistn.s. 12: 1: 119-122. delphia: [No further publication data given]. 1919b "Studies of the Kiowa, Tewa, and California Indians." Smith­ Grinnell, George B. sonian Miscellaneous Collections 70:2:118-120. 1915 The Fighting Cheyennes. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1922 "Field-Work on the Kiowa, Pueblo, and California Indians." jepson, Willis L. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 72: 15:125-127. 1923 A Manual ofthe Flowering Plants ofCalifornia. Berkeley: Asso­ 1925a "Researches on the Burton Mound and on the Kiowa In­ ciated Students Store. dians." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 77:2: 128 -133. Lowie, Robert H. 1928d "Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language." Bureau of American 1923 "A Note on Kiowa Relationship Terms and Usages." Ameri­Ethnology Bulletin 84: entire issue. can Anthropologist n.s. 25:2:279 - 281. 1939b "Kiowa Memories ofthe Northland." So Live the Works ofMen: Marriott, Alice 70th Anniversary Volume Honoring Edgar L. Hewett. Donald D. 1945 The Ten Grandmothers. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Brand and Fred E. Harvey, eds. Albuquerque: University of Oklahoma Press. New Mexico and School of American Research. Mooney,james 1946a "Three Kiowa Texts." InternationalJournal ofAmerican Lin­ 1898 "Calendar History ofthe Kiowa Indians." Seventeenth Annual guistics 12:4:237 -242. Report ofthe Bureau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1895-1896 Pt. McKenzie, Parker, and john P. Harrington 1:129-445. 1948b "Popular Account of the Kiowa Indian Language." Mono­ Newton, Henry and Walter P. jenney graphs ofthe School ofAmerican Research. Number 12:1-21. 1880 "Report on the Geology and Resources of the Black Hills of Dakota." U. S. Geological Survey ofthe Rocky Mountain Region: 1-320. (No volume number.) CROSS-REFERENCES Parsons, Elsie Clews There are related sound recordings at the Library of Congress. 1929 "Kiowa Tales." Memoirs ofthe American Folklore Society. Vol. 22: entire issue. Scholes, Percy A. KIOWA 1941 The Oxford Companion to Music. London: Oxford University Reels 001-013 Press. REEL FRAMES Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2289pt., Voegelin, Erminie 001 0001-0605 } 2297pt., and 4622pt.] 1933 "Kiowa-Crow Mythological Affiliations." American Anthropol­002 0001-0854 Comparative Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. ogist n.S. 35:3:470- 474. 003 0001-0522 Williamson, john P. ms.4705pt.] 1886 An English-Dakota School Dictionary. Yankton Agency, D. T.: 004 0001-0667 Iapi Oaye Press. 005 0001-0659 Young, Robert W. 006 0001-0773 Dictionary 1937 "Language: Interesting Side-views of Its Study." Research 007 0001-0607 1:2:164-178. 008 0001-0258 V /13 V/12 John Peabody Harrington Plains tana, Harrington evidently planned to rehear a Crow dan and relation­ 0259-0841 } Linguistic Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. ship vocabulary copied from Robert H. Lowie's Notes on the Social Orga­ 009 0001-0484 2289pt., 2297pt., and 4705pt.] nization and Customs ofthe Mandan, Hidatsa, and Crow Indians (191 7). 0485_1022} Few expressions, however, were reheard (former B.A.E. ms. 6003). 010 0001-1013 Grammar Hidatsa material is sometimes identifiedby theterm"Hir." Presumably 011 0001-1000 Harrington was using Hira'tsa, an orthography variously applied in his 012 0001-0208 notes to the language, people, or "ancient" village of Hidatsa. This 0209-0663 Texts [includes former B.A.E. mss. 4622pt. and interchange of "d" and "r" occurs elsewhere in the field notes­ 4705pt.] Chiwe' dhe for Chiwere, for example. The etymology of the name 013 0001-0620 Material Relating To Devils Tower [includes former Hidatsa is apparently vague; there are some pertinent references to this B.A.E. ms. 6070] subject among the mythology and tradition notes.

COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR As with the vocabulary notes, there is more information on Hidatsa and AJandan/llidaua/Crow Mandan than on Crow in Harrington's grammatical material. Sylvester and Mahto were his principal informants. Phonetics and morphology BetweenJuly and December 1950, Harrington spent time at are covered, with subcategories labeled by Harrington. This series was the Crow Indian reservation in southern Montana and at Fort Berthold formerly catalogued as part of B.A.E. ms. 6009. in North Dakota. He returned to Washington on December 19 and spent from then until March 9, 1951, reporting on his fieldwork. The ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES bulk of information was elicited from Carl R. Sylvester, a Hidatsa In­ Harrington submitted for publication in the American Anthropologist dian, and from Mark Mahto, a Mandan. He interviewed Mahto's an article titled "New Materials in the Coracle ofthe Mandan Indians." ninety-four-year-old father-in-law, Crowsheart, on September 26, He obtained most of the information from Crowsheart on September 1950, after which he drafted a proposed article on Mandan coracles, or 26, 1950, and from Crowsheart'sdaughter, Annie Eagle, bothofwhom bullboats. In 1951 he tried unsuccessfully to secure Bureau of Eth­ lived on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. The content nology backing for the construction of a coracle, under Crowsheart's of the final draft is almost entirely ethnographic. The notes, however, direction, for display in the National Museum. Small selections ofOto, indicate an attempt to provide a linguistic treatment ofthe subject, with Quapaw, Shawnee, Arikara, and Sioux terms are interspersed among Hidatsa and Crow comparisons from Sylvester and Mahto. This article the vocabulary and grammatical notes. The works of Robert H. Lowie were the most frequently consulted. (former B.A.E. ms. 6008) was not published. The route of Harrington's trip to Crowsheart's home and a bus trip from Brunswick to Kansas City are described in detail. There is COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY a brief section on mythology and traditions (former B.A.E. ms. This section (former B.A.E. ms. 6009pt.) is semantically arranged and 6009pt.). covers eighteen categories. Carl R. Sylvester (abbreviated "Syl.") pro­ vided the Hidatsa terms and the Mandan came from Mark Mahto. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES There are comparatively few Crow terms. The material contains sub­ A small set of reading notes from Washington Matthews' Ethnography stantiallinguistic elaborations; some ethnographic observationsare also and Philology ofthe Hidatsa Indians (1877) deals mainly with the name included, particularly in the plant vocabulary. While in Billings, Mon- V /15 V /14 John Peabody Harrington Plains

"Missouri River." Additional information covers names of persons, a Mr. Comeau bibliography, and a few unsorted notes (former B.A.E. ms. 6009pt.). Mrs. Freeman Other miscellaneous material was labeled "Rejects" by Harrington, "Nurse" including an interview in Bismark with a Mrs. Rubia, who had a Hidatsa Mr. Peterson mother and a Mandan father. Raymond Richards H. L. Roquette Mr. Smith PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Linguistic Informants Vera Facey (spelling uncertain)

HIDATSA W. R. Felton Mrs. Rubia John T. Linkins Carl R. Sylvester (SyI.) R. w. Quinn MANDAN Frank Roberts Crowsheart Professor O. A. Stevens Annie Eagle (Mrs. James Young Eagle) Matthew W. Stirling Mark Mahto Dr. [Waldo] Wedel MIDATSA-MANDAN-CROW George Will Amos Charles B. Wilson Robert Lincoln Mrs. Tusinger SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Mr. Wilson Allen, Louis ARIKARA 1931 "Siouan and Iroquoian." International Journal of American Joseph Packineau Linguistics 6:3 -4:185 -193. OTO LaFlesche, Francis Jack Koshaway 1932 "A Dictionary of the Osage Language." Bureau ofAmerican Mrs. Koshaway Ethnology Bulletin 109: entire issue. James Petit Leforge, Thomas H. Violet Watters 1928 Memoirs ofa White Crow Indian (Thomas H. Leforge) as Told by QUAPAW Thomas B. Marquis. New York, London: The Century Co. Alverta Lowie, Robert H. SHAWNEE 1917 "Notes on the Social Organization and Customs of the Man­ B. (probably Alice Blalock) dan, Hidatsa, and Crow Indians." AnthropologicalPapers ofthe Maggie Boyd (Mag.) American Museum ofNaturaI History21:1:1-99. John Snake 1941 "The Crow Language: Grammatical Sketch and Analyzed SIOUX Text." University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archae­ Ben Killsthunder ology and Ethnology 39: 1: 1-142. N onlinguistic Informants Ma rquis, Thomas B. [Alice] B[lalock]'s son See Leforge, Thomas H. V /16 John Peabody Harrington Plains V /17 Matthews, Washington Although linguistically unrelated, six pages of Comanche 1877 "Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians." S. u. terms, also collected in 1918 in Anadarko, follow the Caddoan material. Geological and Geographical Survey, Miscellaneous Publications 7: entire issue. Morgan, Lewis H. CADDO VOCABULARY 1871 "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Fam­ Six pages of animal and miscellaneous terms were obtained from Joe ily." Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 17: entire issue. Edman onJune 22,1918, at Anadarko, Oklahoma. A two-page copy of Shea, John Gilmary the animal terms (former B.A.E. ms. 4136) were given by Harrington to 1852 Discovery and Exploration ofthe Mississippi Valley. . . . Clinton J. R. Swanton, who later deposited them in the B.A.E. archives naming Hall, New York: Redfield. Harrington as the collector (n.d.). Voegelin, Charles F. and Zellig S. Harris 1939 "Hidatsa Texts Collected by Robert H. Lowie; with Gram­ PAWNEE LINGUISTIC NOTES matical Notes and Phonograph Transcriptions. . ." Indiana Historical Society Prehistory Research Series 1:6: 173 - 239. This briefsection consists ofa semantically arranged vocabulary ofonly a few words in each often categories, and fifteen pages ofgrammatical HIDATSAjMANDANjCROW notes. Correspondence indicates that the information was recorded in Washington on February 18 to 21,1918, from James Murie, who was Reels 014-015 not paid for his time. Murie also provided additional random informa­ REEL FRAMES tion in January 1921. There are also short typed extracts from Sapir 014 0001-1072 Comparative Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. and Boas. mss. 6003 and 6009pt.] 015 0001-0776 Comparative Grammar [includes former B.A.E. ms. WICHITA LINGUISTIC NOTES 6009pL] 0777-1020 Ethnographic Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. Six pages of grammatical notes emphasizing the pronouns and thirty­ 6008 and 6009pt.] four cards dealing with numerals were given by Harrington to J. R. 1021-1103 Miscellaneous Notes [includes former B.A.E. ms. Swanton, who later deposited them in the B.A.E. archives (n.d.) (former 6009pt.] B.A.E. ms. 4136pt.). He also recorded twenty-one pages of grammar and vocabulary from Eben Rose andJohn Haddon,June 1918, at Ana­ darko, Oklahoma.

COMANCHE LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC Caddo / Pawnee / Wichita / Comanche NOTES These notes comprise six pages ofrandom terms from Herbert Yernip­ Harrington accumulated a total of only forty-two pages of cut taken onJune 21, 1918, at Anadarko, Oklahoma, and three pages of original notes on three Caddoan languages-Caddo, Pawnee, and miscellaneous vocabulary. There are two pages ofnames ofComanche Wichita. The information was taken in 1918 and 1921 in Anadarko, Indians whose portraits were in one of DeLancey Gill's albums, ob­ Oklahoma, and in Washington, D.C. In 1939 he published a short tained from a person identified only as Millet, and dated May 10, 1924. article on Pawnee hogans (lodges). There is also a small selection of A letter dated May 26, 1924, from Comanche Albert Attock requests secondary Wichita material from John R. Swanton. pictures of Chief Quanah Parker and Peyote Chief Blind Man. V /18 john Peabody Harrington Plains V /19 PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Siouan Linguistic Informants CADDO Correspondence and field notes indicate that Harrington's Joe Edman (Erdman) interest in two Siouan languages, Dakota and Lakota, peaked during COMANCHE the years 1937 to 1939. The Dakota notes are based mainly on the Herbert Yernipcut dictionaries of Stephen R. Riggs and John P. 'Nilliamson, with some PAWNEE original linguistic and ethnographic information inserted. James Murie The bulk of Lakota material centers around a proposed WICHITA primer written in collaboration with John Bad Heart Bull, a Siouan John Haddon artist who worked with Harrington at Fort Wingate inJuly 1939. Har­ Eben Rose rington's fervor for prilners traces as far back as 1923. It continued KIOWA sporadically until about 1936 and escalated from then until July 1939, Delos K. Lonewolf when, at the direction ofthe B.A.E., he went to Fort Wingate to assist in Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents the Office of Indian Affairs primer program. That same year he also Albert Attock consulted with the Federal Works Projects Administration on the Millet translation of Sioux legends. Correspondence with Ella Deloria and extracts from her "Dakota Grammar," written in collaboration with Franz Boas, form part of this section. SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Small amounts of additional Siouan data include Oto and Boas, Franz Dhegiha linguistic notes, and miscellaneous notes on the Dakota, Chi­ 1911 "Handbook of American Indian Languages." Part I. Bureau were, Omaha/Ponca, Osage/Kansa, Kiowa, and Kansas/Kaw lan­ ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 40: entire issue. guages. There are also a brief Tutelo vocabulary and eight Saponi Sapir, Edward placenames extracted from various secondary sources. 1911 "The Problem of the Noun Incorporation in American Lan­ guages." American Anthropologist n.s. 13:2:250 - 282. DAKOTA VOCABULARY A group ofnotes are the result ofa request from correspondent George PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON F. Miller, dated December 5, 1938. Miller evidently sent Harrington a Harrington,john P. list of miscellaneous terms for translation into Dakota. The list is not 1939 "Pawnee Hogans." Indians at Work 6:5:20-21. among his papers but the field notes indicate that Harrington compiled and added additional information. Some of the translations are based CADDO/PAWNEE/WICHITA/COMANCHE on Stephen R. Riggs' "A Dakota-English Dictionary" (1890) and in­ clude Harrington's orthographic annotations and phonetic pronuncia­ Reel 016 tions. The Riggs dictionary contains Lakota (Teton) as well as Dakota REEL FRAMES (Santee) terms. The letter "R" on some notes may refer to an unidenti­ 016 0001-0008 Caddo Vocabulary [former B.A.E. ms. 4136pt.] fied informant. It does not appear to relate to the Riggs dictionary. 0009-0036 Pawnee Linguistic Notes Another small section contains forty miscellaneous terms 0037-0063 Wichita Linguistic Notes [former B.A.E. ms. from John P. Williamson's An English-Dakota School Dictionary (1866) 4136pt.] (former B.A.E. ms. 6006). Some random linguistic and ethnographic 0064-0074 Comanche Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes information added by Harrington on vocabulary slips includes scat­ V /20 John Peabody Harrington Plains V /21 tered Lakota and Nakota (Yankton) comparisons, and the names of Correspondence with Ella Deloria in 1938 contains random Indians apparently employed by the Bureau ofIndian Affairs who were linguistic information (former B.A.E. ms. 4796pt.). Harrington wrote speakers ofvarious Sioux and Eastern Sioux languages as well as those to Russell C. Adams on August 6 and 10, 1945, requesting his help in who spoke the languages of other tribes of the east. There are several translating a Sioux letter written by Henry Onehill (former B.A.E. ms. pages of miscellaneous notes based on Riggs and Williamson. 6004). A partial translation is on file. This probably had to do with Harrington's work with the Office ofCensorship during World War II. LAKOTA GRAMMAR Grammatical notes are confined to Harrington's handwritten extracts OTO LINGUISTIC NOTES from Franz Boas and Ella Deloria's "Dakota Grammar" (1941). On file A vocabulary and some grammar were given by Mr. and Mrs. Springer, in the N.A.A. are a typed copy and a handwritten copy ofthe prepubli­ Perkins, Oklahoma in 1940. Random terms include placenames and cation manuscript for "Dakota Grammar" (former B.A.E. ms. 6000). tribenames (former B.A.E. mss. 6031 and 6023pt.). An internal note indicates that it was in Harrington's possession onJune 6, 1938, a time when he and Deloria corresponded, raising the probabil­ ity that Deloria sent the manuscript to Harrington. Deloria, a graduate DHEGIHA (OMAHA, OSAGE, QUAPAW) LINGUISTIC of Columbia University, was a Yankton Sioux who grew up among the NOTES Teton Sioux. Omaha and Osage information is from Francis LaFlesche, a staff member of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Some notes are dated mid­ LAKOTA TEXTS winter 1919- 1920, others are dated March 1924 (former B.A.E. ms. In this section are a manuscript, preliminary draft, notes, and illustra­ 6015). There are undated reading notes on the Omaha/Winnebago tions for a proposed primer which was prepared in collaboration with Reservation excerpted from a 1939 Federal Writers' Project. Also un­ John Bad Heart Bull (former B.A.E. ms. 4796pt.). Bad Heart Bull dated is an interview with Amos Skye and Alec Beaver (Alec Lewis, B.), probably supplied the illustrations and was responsible for parts of the two Quapaw speakers. typed and handwritten drafts. A note in Harrington's hand indicates that copies of the manuscript were sent to Willard W. BeattyandJohn COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC NOTES Collier of the Bureau of Indian Affairs on August 10, 1939, but a record of such a publication has not been found. There are seven pages of information on Dakota, Dhegiha, and Chi­ were roots based onJames Owen Dorsey's "Omaha Sociology" (1884) The manuscript bears the title "Lakhota Thawowapi- Sioux and "A Study of Siouan Cults" (1894). A third source (former B.A.E. His Book, by John P. Harrington and John Badheart [sic] Bull, a La­ kota-English Primer." Ann Clark's Sioux Primer, "The Pine Ridge ms. 4043) is credited to "Frank," possibly a reference to Francis La­ Flesche, who was responsible for the "Errata" in the appendix of Dor­ Porcupine . . ." (1941) contains a note on "Bilingual Readers" writ­ ten by Willard Beatty in which he mentions Harrington as an advisor on sey's "The Cegiha Language" (1890). Lakota. Brief miscellaneous notes on Dakota, Dhegiha, Omaha/ Ponca, and Osage/Kansa refer to Siouan groups. Included are four pages on the name "Crazy Horse," an Oglala Dakota Chief (former DAKOTA AND LAKOTA MISCELLANEOUS NOTES B.A.E. ms. 6069pt.). Field notes indicate that in 1939 Harrington read a manuscript on Seven pages of Sioux terms taken from Boas and Swanton's Sioux legends for the Federal Works Agency of the Works Projects "Handbook of American Indian Languages," Part I (1911), are com­ Administration and offered linguistic corrections (former B.A.E. ms. pared with Kiowa terms from Harrington's "Vocabulary of the Kiowa 4796pt.). InformantJoe Guyon provided a few Chippewa comparisons. Language" (1928) (former B.A~E. ms. 6069pt.). V /22 John Peabody Harrington Plains V /23

EASTERN SIOUX (TUTELO) VOCABULARY Henry G. Alsberg Miscellaneous terms were extracted principally from Leo J. Frachten­ John Bad Heart Bull berg's "Contributions to a Tutelo Vocabulary" (1913) and Edward Willard Beatty Sapir's "A Tutelo Vocabulary" (1913), with several additional terms John Collier from Frank G. Speck's The Tutelo Spirit Adoption Ceremony (1942) Ella Deloria (former B.A.E. ms. 6016pt.). Don Glendenning George F. Miller EASTERN SIOUX MISCELLANEOUS NOTES H. J. Stalwood Acting Secretary ofthe Department ofCitizenship and Immi­ A substantial amount of reading notes from a wide assortment of sec­ gration, Indian Affairs Branch, Canada [name illegible] ondary sources includes historic and bibliographic information with some linguistic insertions. A few non-Siouan tribes ofthe East are men­ tioned in the context oftheir early relationship to Eastern Siouan tribes (former B.A.E. ms. 6016pt.). Eight Saponi placenames were extracted SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON from William Byrd's History ofthe Dividing Line . .. (1929). Boas, Franz, and Ella Deloria 1941 "Dakota Grammar." Memoirs of the ]\/ational Academy of MIXED SIOUAN MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Sciences 23:2. Miscellaneous information includes a description of a Sioux canoe ex­ Boas, Franz, and John R. Swanton tracted from Stanley Vestal's The Missouri (1945); a few briefgrammati­ 1911 "Siouan." In "Handbook of American Indian Languages. cal observations and a Sioux mouthmap; reading notes on the name of Part I." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 40:875 - 965. Kansa/Kaw; and some random ethnological notes. Byrd, William 1929 History ofthe Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina. PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Raleigh: The North Carolina Historical Commission. Dorsey, James Owen Linguistic Informants 1884 "Omaha Sociology." Third Annual Report of the Bureau of DHEGIHA American Ethnologyfor 1881-1882:205 - 370. Francis LaFlesche 1890 "The Cegiha Language." Contributions to North American Eth­ LAKOTA nology 6 (entire issue). Appendix ("Errata") by Francis La­ John Bad Heart Bull Gohn Badheart Bull) Flesche. NAKOTA (YANKTON SIOUX) 1894 "A Study of Siouan Cults." Eleventh Annual Report ofthe Bu­ Clement Smith reau ofAmerican Ethnology, 1889-1890:351-544. OTO Frachtenberg, Leo J. Mr. and Mrs. Springer 1913 "Contributions to a Tutelo Vocabulary." American Anthropol­ QUAPAW ogist n.s. 15:3:477-479. Alec Beaver (Alec Lewis, B.) Hale, Horatio Amos Skye 1883 "The Tutelo Tribe and Language." Proceedings ofthe Ameri­ CHIPPEWA can Philosophical Society 21: 114:1-47. Joe Guyon Riggs, Stephen R. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents 1890 "A Dakota-English Dictionary." James Owen Dorsey, ed. Russell C. Adams Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. 7: entire issue. V/24 John Peabody Harrington

Sapir, Edward 1913 "A Tutelo Vocabulary." American Anthropologist n.s. 15:2:295 - 297. Speck, Frank G. 1942 The Tutelo Spirit Adoption Ceremony . . . . Harrisburg, Penn­ sylvania: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Public Instruction, Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Vestal, Stanley 1945 The Missouri. New York, Toronto: Farrar & Rinehart, Incor­ porated. Williamson, John P. 1886 An English-Dakota School Dictionary. Yankton Agency, D.T.: Iapi Oaye Press.

SIOUAN Appendix Reel 017 REEL FRAMES 017 0001-0100 Dakota Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. ms. 6006] ABBREVIATIONS AND 0101-0122 Lakota Grammar [includes former BAE ms. 6000] SPECIAL USES OF TERMS 0123-0529 Lakota Texts [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4796pt.] ace. according (as in "ace. to ...") or accusative 0530-0556 Dakota and Lakota Miscellaneous Notes [includes accts. accounts former B.A.E. mss. 4796pt. and 6004] Sp. adivina guesses (as opposed to "kw." -knows) 0557-0570 Oto Linguistic Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. adj./adjvl. adjective/adjectival 6023pt. and 6031] adv. adverb 0571-0596 Dhegiha Linguistic Notes [includes former B.A.E. ag(tv). agentive ms.6015] Am. " American" (English as opposed to an Indian lan­ 0597 -0616 Comparative Linguistic Notes [includes former guage) or modern, nonnative (as in "Am. dress") B.A.E. mss. 4043 and 6069pt.] an. animate (as in "an. or inan.") 0617 -0688 Eastern Sioux Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. an(s). animal(s) ms. 6016pt.] ans. answer (frequently used with kinship terms) 0689-0774 Eastern Sioux Miscellaneous Notes [includes former app(l). apparently B.A.E. ms. 6016pt.] art. article 0775-0790 Mixed Siouan Miscellaneous Notes asp./aspd. aspiration/aspirated aug. augmentative

B. Bay (when given by name) B.A.E. Bureau of American Ethnology V/25 V/26 John Peabody Harrington Plains V /27 bee. because do. ditto betw. between dpI. dual plural (as in "dpI. you" or reduplication) bot. botanical or bought dq(s). direct question(s) (as in "At least dqs. can elicit noth­ bpI. biplural ing further.") Bull. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin dr. downriver dsI. downslope dstr. downstream ca. about D.T. Devils Tower ca./ca. ca. cited above/cited above more than once) dupe duplicate cald. called e.e. carefully caught e. east cd. could Eng. English cf. compare (L. confer) entv. entitative ch. clearly heard (as in "ch. forever" and "chpu."­ equiv(ce). equivalence clearly heard, perfectly understood) equv. equative ck. creek esp. especially clickt clicked eth. d. ethnobotanical dictionary colI. pI. collective plural etym. etymology Com. Comanche eVe evidently conc. conceSSIve exe. excerpted from conJ. conjunction extnI. extensional cons. consonant cp./cps./cpd. compare/compares/compared fame family cttail cattail fingersn. fingersnapping cwd. coastward fingerthr. fingerthrowing cyI. wax cylinder sound recording fingerwr. fingerwrestling fn. footnote d. dual (as in "d. you") Fr. French Dak. Dakota freq. frequentative D(aw). Dawson (book on birds) Frw. Lag. Freshwater Lagoon decI. declension fut. future def. definite demo demonstrative g. galley proof or going (as in "g. to") dervI. derivational gen. gender or general diam. diameter geo. geographical dict. dictionary Ger. German dif. different gest. gesture (as in "gest. of wiping") dim. diminutive or diminutivism gew. Ger. gewissen, known dipth(s). diphthong(s) See Also: ungew. dirctv. directive gI./gld. glottal stop/glottalized V/28 John Peabody Harrington Plains V/29 graysq. graysquirrel intr. intransitive grayh. grayhound Ital. Italian grf. grandfather (as in "mat. grf." or "pat. grf."­ maternal, paternal grandfather) Jph. John Peabody Harrington (referring to himself) grm. grandmother (as in "mat. grm." or "pat." grm." ­ jrabbit jackrabbit maternal, paternal grandmother) grpl. groupal K. Kiowa See Also: Ki(0). hbk. or Hbk. handbook (particularly refers to F. W. Hodge's Ke. knows equivalence Handbook ofAmerican Indians North ofMexico) Ki(o). Kiowa hd. heard See Also: K. hdkf. handkerchief k(w). knows (as in "Ja. kw. Fiddler John" and "kw. Hid. Hidatsa equiv." -knows equivalence); may also mean Hir. Hira'tsa (Hidatsa) knows word hmgbird hummingbird hort. hortatory lag. lagoon hspg. hotspring Lak. Lakota husb. husband ldns. "landnames" (geographical terms) hwriting handwriting lit. literally hw(y). highway 19. language (as in "Old Hyampom 19.") loc. locally called (as in "hopper mortar loc. pounding id(s). island(s) basket") or locative ie./ied. copy/copied (as in "ie. ofGatschet Chumeto Voc.") locnl. locational See Also: n ied. lw(s). loanword(s) Imm. immediately or immediative imp(era). imperative (as in "imp. of verb") m. mile(s) or month or mouth of river impersl. impersonal m.a. mentioned after (as in "[placename] m.a. [name] impt. important and before [name]") Inan. inanimate (as in "in. or inan.") mat. maternal (as in "mat. grf." - maternal grandfather) inch. inchoative mat. cult. material culture indo indicative med. medicine Ind(s). Indian(s) mg./mgless meaning/meaningless indirv. indirective mistrs./mistrd. mistranslates/ mistranslated infn. information (sometimes mistakenly used for "inft.") modI. modal inft(s). informant(s) momy. momentarily (as in "momy. forgets") instrl. instrumental motI. motional int(erj). interjection ms./msws. man speaking/man speaking, woman speaking int(erp). interpreter (usually follows kinship terms) interrvl. interrogatival See Also ws. inter. interview multv. multiplicative

...... ______=,··"'''~w~__~,~,_''".,·,.

V /31 V /30 John Peabody Harrington Plains

n.orN. does not know (L. nescit) (as in "Inft. n."­ pdI. paradigmatical informant does not know) penin. peninsula See Also: nesc. and nt. or Nt. phen. phenomena (natural events) n. north or noun phoned recorded on phonographic cylinders Nat. Museum United States National Museum pI. plural See Also: U .S.N.M. plcn(s) placename(s) Nav. Navaho pIns. plantnames neg. negative postnI. positional nesc. does not know (L. nescit) pOSSe possessive (as in "poss. pronoun") See Also: n. or N. post./postpsn. postposition/ postpositional n ied. not copied ppp. perfect passive participle See Also: ie./ied. pres. present non-possI. non-possessional pnv. privative nt. or Nt. do not know (L. nesciunt) (as in "Infts. nt."­ prtv. prioritive informants do not know) probe probably See Also: n. or N. proncn./ pronunciation/pronounces/pronounced num. numeral proncs./ numd. numeroid proncd. pron./pronI. pronoun/pronominal o's "okays" (as in "Inft. knows this word and o's it.") pt(s). part(s) o. older (as in "0. bro." - older brother) ptc. participle obs. observation(s) made (as in "Obs. on bus River's End pu. or Pu. perfectly understood (as in "chpu." - clearly to Marshfield") heard, perfectly understood) obsc. obscene pub. pts. "pubic parts" (genitals) opp. opposite orig. originally quest. questionnaire ord. ordinal oxy. oxytone R. River rae rancheria p. paces (as in "23 p." on map) or page recd. received Pai. Paiute recipe reciprocal pan. panorama refl. reflexive para. paragraph or paraphernalia r(eg). region parts. particles reh. rehearing passv. passive See Also: rhd./r(h)g. pat. paternal (as in "pat. grm." - paternal grand­ reI./relvI. relative/relatival mother) rem. remotive pc. personic rem./rems./ remember/remembers/remembered pd. proofread remd.

.... V /32 John Peabody Harrington Plains V /33 res. or Res. reservation ungew. not known (from Ger. ungewissen) rhd./r(h)g. reheard/rehearing See Also: gew. See Also: reh. ungld. unglottalized rhet. rhetorical (as in "rhet. length") univ. university rsn. rattlesnake U.S.N.M. United States National Museum See Also: Nat. Mus. s. singular (as in "s. you") or south Sap. Edward Sapir v./vl. verb/ verbal volunteer/volunteers/volunteered Sch. surely clearly heard v./vs./vd. sep. separate val. valley S.1. Smithsonian Institution viI. village slipt. "slipped," made file slips of data voc. vocabulary C. F. Voegelin sp./spp. species/species (plural) Voeg. spg. spring (source of water or season) vow. vowel VIce versa spn(s) specimen(s) vv. stip. stipulative w. west stns. statenames wd. would subord. subordination whm. whiteman or English (as opposed to any Indian lan­ subv. subjective guage) swh. sweathouse Wn. Washington, D.C. syl./syld. syllable/syllabified (as in "naha', syld. nah-ha' ") wpkr. woodpecker syn. synonomous ws. woman speaking (usually follows kinship terms) See Also ms./msws. T. Tewa temp. temporal Y. Robert W . Young tho. though y. yellow (as in "y. pine") tob. tobacco y. younger (as in "y. bro." -younger brother) touched up proofread, diacritical marks added yer second person plural tpl. tripIural (more than two) yest. yesterday tr. translation (especially marks words which are not yellowjacket cognates or true native terms but are approxima­ YJ· ym. young man tions) trbn(s). tribename(s) Z. Zuni trib. tributary trn./trng./trs. translation/translating/translates SPECIAL upc. upcreek __d gone over with informant(s) named (as in ups. upstream "Ascd. and Izd." -reheard with Ascen­ ult. ultimate (as in "ult. syl." - ultimate syllable) cion Solorsano and Isabelle Meadows) Vj34 John Peabody Harrington cQ cross-reference symbol + secondary cross-reference symbol or contrast­ ing form D ungrammatical, form not accurate or authen­ tic (as in "But D p'un K'ehtlahat, one died. Have to say p'un K'ehta.") o similar form * guess, form not verified (as in "Iz. Oct. 1934 adivina * ri . sim.") (See adivina above.) # orb sharp or flat intonation contours The Papers ofJohn Peabody Ham"ngton in the Smithsonian Institution) 1907-1957

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