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British Typography from Caxton to Morris

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British Typography from Caxton to Morris British typography from Caxton to Morris Autor(en): Jones, Herbert Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Stultifera navis : Mitteilungsblatt der Schweizerischen Bibliophilen-Gesellschaft = bulletin de la Société Suisse des Bibliophiles Band (Jahr): 6 (1949) Heft 3-4 PDF erstellt am: 06.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-387632 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch Im ersten Kappeier Krieg verfaßte Stumpf im bis zu den Konzilien aufrollte, vermochte er Feldlager der Zürcher das Lied : «ker dich zu uns diesem «sermo contra Papistas» keinen Schluß o höchster Gott»9. In seiner Gemeinde allerdings abzugewinnen, weshalb er es inskünftig bleiben machten ihm seine andersgläubigen Miteidgenossen ließ, sich in eine Predigtweise einzulassen, wie sie wenig zu schaffen, ganz einfach darum, beim Konstanzer Konzil meisterlich geblüht weil keine da waren. Um so mehr gab ihm das hatte11. Er mied fortan das Gestrüpp und Dickicht hohe Lehrgebäude der katholischen Kirche zu scholastischer Predigtweise, um sich schlicht und tun. Einmal schien er der Mann zu einem groß einfach an den Text zu halten und Vers nach angelegten Angriff sein zu wollen, denn er Vers auszuschöpfen. War ihm der Text dunkel versuchte sich, im Unterschied zu seiner sonstigen und unklar, so wurde Johannes Stumpf nicht Predigtweise, in scholastischer Predigtmanier. müde, andere Stellen nachzuschlagen und in der Er teilte seinen Sermon über das 9. Gebot (du Heiligen Schrift so lange zu forschen, bis er die sollst nicht lügen) in vier Hauptteile, den ersten dunkle Stelle durch hell leuchtende Schriftstellen Hauptteil in zwölf Unterteile, um schließlich erklärt fand, getreu der Losung, die Schrift durch Päpstler und Täufer in einen Kessel zu werfen die Schrift auszulegen. und davor stehen zu bleiben10. Obwohl er die Bisher wurden diese Predigtbände des größten Gegenseite Punkt für Punkt, von der Wallfahrt Schweizerchronisten nicht beachtet, sie ruhen bis zum Fegfeuer, von der Anrufung der Heiligen weiter in den Gewölben der Zentralbibliothek Zürich. D Hist, biogr. Lexikon der Schweiz. 11 10 D 115 40SS. Vgl. P. Arendt, Die Predigt des Konstanzer Konzils, 1933. Herbert Jones / British Typography from Caxton to Morris1 Caxton and the Fifteenth Century were of gothic, or black-letter, character. His Jilliam Caxton, England's books had no title-pages. Woodcutts appeared in first printer, gained his The Myrrour of the World, the first English printed knowledge of printing on book to be illustrated, and ornamental borders the Continent, where he are to be found in The Fifteen Oes. had travelled widely for Caxton was not only a producer of books, but many years as a wool translator and editor as well. Before he died in merchant. In 1471, when 1491 he had printed about a hundred books, he was about fifty years of mostly of the popular literature of the period, sale—tales age, Caxton was living in Cologne and, probably books that would command a ready with a printer in that city, took some part in the of chivalry for the wealthy classes, service books printing of books. It is certain that a few years for the clergy, and sermons for preachers. His later he had moved to Bruges and set up a printing technique was considerably behind that of press, and it was here, about 1475, that he Continental printers, but in England his work opened printed the first book in the English language, the way to the building of a common language the Recuyell of the Hisloryes of Troye, which he had for his countrymen. himself translated from the French. Gaxton's press was continued by Wynkyn dc Caxton returned to England in 1476 and set Worde,hisprincipalworkman.The books printed up the first press on English soil at the 'Sign of by dc Worde were similar to those of his late the Red Pale', near Westminster Abbey, about master, but before he died in 1534 he had printed fifty years after printing had been invented. By between seven and eight hundred publications, the end of the following year he had completed a far greater output than any of his contemporaries. the first book printed in England. This was the He printed The Chastising of God's Children. Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophes, an English notable typographically as being the first book translation of a French translation of an anonymous printed at Westminster with a title-page, and his Latin work. All of Gaxton's eight type designs '«British Book News», No. 87. 134 finest production, the De Proprietatibus Rerum of work was the celebrated Book of Martyrs of Foxe, Bartholomäus Anglicus (about 1496) was the one of the most popular illustrated books of the first book to be printed on paper made in time. Day had several new forms of type cut, and England. his work raised English printing to a higher level. Before the end of the fifteenth century there A feature of his letter-founding was that he cut were several other presses working in England: roman and italic letters to the same size; there Theodoric Rood at Oxford, the schoolmaster was no uniformity before this time. printer at St. Alban's,Julian Notary,John Lcttou, The commercial outlook and strict censorship William de Machlinia, and others. The best between about 1550 and 1650 strangled progress printer in England in his day was Richard Pyn- in both printing and typcdesign.Pressesrcstricted son, and although his total output was only half themselves to printing books in English, and that of de Worde the quality of his printing was scholarly works were imported from the superior and his Sarum Missal exhibits both taste Continent where classics were carefully edited. No and ability. Pynson was appointed printer to press was allowed except in London and in the Henry VIII and had also the distinction of printing two university towns of Oxford and Cambridge ; the first book in roman type in England. in 1637 the Court of Star Chamber limited typefounders to four. The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 led State interference led to a deterioration of to a slow revival, and in 1693 the crushing English printing. Control began as a protection regulations of the Court of Star Chamber were against foreign workers, and not until 1523 was repealed. The influence of the great architect. the trade strong enough to ignore foreign Sir Chirstopher Wren, inspired printers as well as competition. The flood of treasonable and heretical other craftsmen. The Oxford University Press books led to the Act of 1538 which forbade the imported Dutch types and began to issue books printing of any book without examination and from the Clarendon Press, Oxford, which had supervision was later continued by the Stationers' been founded on the profits of The History of the Company formed in 1557, under whose charter Rebellion (1641) written by the Earl of Clarendon. no one was permitted to print anything for sale This example inspired other printers. By 1649 the unless he were a member of the Company. Until number of presses had increased to about sixty, the reign of Henry Vili a large quantity of mainly engaged in the printing of controversial liturgical books were printed abroad for the pamphlets. The endeavours of the Parliamentary English market by French printers, popular party to curb their freedom led to the publication English stories were printed at Antwerp, and of Areopagitica, John Milton's famous plea for the after the middle of the century religious and liberty of unlicensed printing (1644). controversial books were imported surreptitiously. William Caslon and John Baskerville and In Elizabeth's reign the standards were their Influence inferior to those of de Worde and Pynson, and the warring of religious factions hindered improvement. The work of William Caslon (1692-1766), the The Court of Star Chamber of 1584 first great English type-founder, ended the prohibited the setting up of presses, and from the importation of Dutch types and changed the course beginning of the Reformation until the Stuart of English typography. Between 1720 and 1734 Restoration English typography was stifled ; any he cut a series of type designs for the publisher merit that it possessed was due entirely to William Bowyer based on Dutch models. The Continental influence. charm of Caslon's 'Old Face' lies in the shape The most important printer of the period was and proportion of the letters, to the lower-case of John Day who, under the patronage of Elizabeth's which he gave a certain increased roundness of first bishop, Matthew Parker, printed the form. Its beauty was quickly recognized, and it Alfredi Regis Res Gesta (1574), the first book to has remained popular (with a temporary eclipse be printed in Anglo-Saxon characters. The between 1780 and 1850) to this day.
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