ELECTRIFICATION AND RAPID DECARBONIZATION TECHNOLOGY AND PRACTICE
Steven Guttmann Stet Sanborn P.E., BCxP, LEED Fellow AIA, CPHC Principal Principal Guttmann & Blaevoet SmithGroup AGENDA
. Case Studies — Buildings of Every Type can be Electrified
. Essential All-Electric Design Principles #1 Understand Heat Pumps #2 The Importance of Right-sizing #3 Opportunities for Energy Recovery #4 Utility of the Future / The Big Picture #5 Commercial Cooking with Electricity
. New Resources (Coming Soon)
Image Credit: Jessica Russo, NRDC CASE STUDIES CAN I ELECTRIFY MY…?
Fact: all building types can be electrified OFFICES AND WORKPLACE SONOMA CLEAN POWER HEADQUARTERS, SANTA ROSA, CA EHDD, GUTTMANN & BLAEVOET OFFICES AND WORKPLACE ZERO NET ENERGY RETROFIT SHARP DEVELOPMENT WITH RMW, INTEGRAL GROUP OFFICES AND WORKPLACE ZERO POSITIVE ENERGY RETROFIT. DPR OFFICE – SAN FRANCISCO FME ARCH & DESIGN, INTEGRAL GROUP OFFICES AND WORKPLACE ZERO POSITIVE ENERGY RETROFIT. DPR OFFICE, SACRAMENTO SMITHGROUP MULTIFAMILY IS LEADING THE WAY AFFORDABLE AND MARKET RATE HOUSING
. Affordable Housing — Roosevelt Park Apartments, San Jose, CA — Coliseum Place, Oakland, CA — 2060 Folsom “Casa Adelante Apartments”, San Francisco, CA — 618 Florida Family Apartments, Mission Neighborhood, San Francisco, CA — Balboa Upper Yard, Outer Mission Neighborhood, San Francisco, CA — Willow Apartments, Menlo Park, CA — Hunters Point Shipyard Blocks 52 & 54, San Francisco, CA — Mission Bay Block 9A, San Francisco, CA . Apartments — Edwina Benner Plaza, Sunnyvale, CA — Maceo May Veterans Apartments, Treasure Island, CA . Student Housing — Hearst Avenue Academic Housing, University of California, Berkeley, CA — Tidelands Housing, University of California, San Francisco
Electrification LABS LBNL INTEGRATED GENOMICS LAB SMITHGROUP, INTEGRAL GROUP, GUTTMANN & BLAEVOET
Electrification LABS LBNL BIOEPIC RESEARCH LAB SMITHGROUP HEALTHCARE
• Wellness Center, Alexander Valley Healthcare, Cloverdale, CA
• Kaiser MOB, Santa Rosa, CA
11 CIVIC / PUBLIC
. Rinconada Library, Palo Alto, CA (Historic Bldg Renovation) . Minor Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA . Albany High School, Albany, CA . New Classroom Building, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, CA . Kelso Visitor’s Center, Mojave, CA (Historic Bldg. Renovation) . Silver Oak Winery, Healdsburg, CA . Burbank Theater, Santa Rosa Junior College (Historic Renovation) . City of Sunnyvale Civic Center
12 LARGE SCALE CENTRAL PLANTS STANFORD ALL-ELECTRIC CENTRAL PLANT ZGF + AEI Principles to Live By Five Essential All-Electric Building Design Principles
14 Principle #1
Understand heat pumps
15 Heat pump efficiency favors lower hot water temperature
HPWH Coefficient of Performance (COP) vs. Source Temp 120 degrees F
130 degrees F HPWH COP Range (1.2 to 5.0) 140 degrees F
150 degrees F COP Increasing Efficiency Increasing
Boiler COP Range (0.75 to 0.95)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Source Temperature Heat pumps are key to Climate Independent HVAC design
Seattle Houston Chicago (Mixed Marine) (Hot Humid) (Cool Humid)
Heat Pump & Heat Recovery Conventional Plants Plants ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS CLIMATE ZONE AFFECTS EFFICIENCY
Climate Zone
Source: ASHRAE AEDG: Net Zero Energy Multi-family Design Guide
Electrification Heat pumps also reduce energy use in DHW systems
Source: ASHRAE AEDG: Net Zero Energy Multi-family Design Guide HEAT PUMP CENTRAL PLANTS HAVE ADVANTAGES
• Loading based on chilled water OR hot water demand
• Load balancing (if necessary) to air or water o Water-balanced systems require a secondary heat source/sink LARGE DHW & CENTRAL HEATING/COOLING PLANTS
Air-Cooled Water-Cooled
Aermec NRP/NRL Climacool UCA Multistack DRHC 50 to 130 TR 20 to 420 TR 10 to 1,320 TR
LARGE PROJECTS HEAT PUMP PLANTS ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS CLIMATE INDEPENDENT DESIGN Water-Source Heat Pumps
Sanitary Wastewater Energy Exchange Ground-Source Heat Pump How Do I Make Hot Water All Year? Air-source Heat Pump Operation Below 40 deg. F
Expansion Valve
o COLD COLD 45 F AMBIENT AMBIENT Evaporator o Condenser AIR AIR 35 F
Compressor Air-source Heat Pump Operation Below 40 deg. F
Expansion Valve
COLD HEATED AIR AMBIENT Evaporator Condenser AIR
Compressor Heat pumps can produce really hot water in cold climates
194 oF 185 oF 176 oF 167 oF 158 deg. F 122 113 104 95 86 77 68 59
Inlet Water Temperature (deg. F) (deg. Water Inlet Temperature 50 41 -13 -4 5 14 23 32 41 50 59 68 77 86 95 104 Outdoor Temperature (deg. F) CENTRAL DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS
Nyle Geyser C-Series Mayekawa Unimo WW Colmac 28.6 to 272 MBH 270 MBH 37 to 1,000 MBH
SMALL PROJECTS CENTRAL WATER-SOURCE HPWH ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS DOMESTIC HOT WATER
More in the upcoming DHW Presentation by Andy Brooks! ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS HEATING AND COOLING: MINI-SPLIT AND VRF HEAT PUMPS Principle #2
The importance of right-sizing
30 Equipment Space – Fossil-fuel Fired Boilers
108”
79.5”
6,000,000 BTUH Equipment Space – Air-Source HPWH vs. Boiler
6,000,000 BTUH 6,000,000 BTUH Equipment Space – Air-Source HPWH vs. Boiler
1,500,000 BTUH + 9,000 gallons 6,000,000 BTUH Lack of Methodology for “Right-sizing” DHW Loads
Field studies show that the Hunter Curves greatly overpredict flow rates
Hunter Curves Created by Roy B. Hunter in 1940 for the U.S. Department of Commerce Courtesy of Ecotope 35 Principle #2 Right-sizing is Critical
• Minimize hot water plant footprints • Reduce cost from oversizing • Take more advantage of storage • Minimize cycling
36 Principle #3
Recoverable energy is everywhere
37 HEAT RECOVERY FOR SPACE HEATING & DHW • Refrigerant system desuperheaters • Heat recovery chillers • VRF systems • Run-around coils on air-handling systems • DX condensers in exhaust air streams • With or without upstream evaporative coolers • Air-to-air heat exchangers • Heat recovery • Energy Recovery • Air-to-air heat pumps • Refrigerant-to-air heat pumps • Air-to-water heat pumps • Water-to-air heat pumps • Water-to-water heat pumps • GSHP
• Sanitary wastewater energy exchange (SWEE) 38 HEAT RECOVERY FOR SPACE HEATING
• Can recover heat from any refrigeration system providing cooling
• Second condenser (desuperheater” heat exchanger)
• Requires thermal storage and/or secondary heat source
LARGE PROJECTS HEAT RECOVERY CHILLER PLANTS Heat Recovery Central Plants ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING & COOLING VIA FOUR-PIPE AIR-COOLED HEAT PUMP: SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE OF THE CHIEF MEDICAL EXAMINER
• Four-pipe air-cooled heat pump for space heating and cooling • Large volumes of outdoor air requiring reheat
41 ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING & COOLING VIA SANITARY WASTEWATER HEAT EXCHANGE: DC WATER HEADQUARTERS ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING & COOLING VIA EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY: SF STATE SCIENCE REPLACEMENT BUILDING ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING & COOLING VIA EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY: SF STATE SCIENCE REPLACEMENT BUILDING
Design/Image Credit: Affiliated Engineers, Inc. HEAT RECOVERY FOR DOMESTIC HOT WATER
• Similar to heat recovery for space heating
• Second condenser (double wall “desuperheater” heat exchanger)
• Requires thermal storage and/or secondary heat source
• Can recover heat from any refrigeration system providing cooling
LARGE PROJECTS HEAT RECOVERY CHILLER PLANTS ALL-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS DOMESTIC HOT WATER: THE POWER OF POOP LARGE DHW & CENTRAL HEATING/COOLING PLANTS
• Less Capacity Limits than Unitary Systems
• Ability to Optimize Efficiency
• More Space Efficient
• GHG Advantages of CO2/Ammonia Cascade Systems o (GWP of 1 and 0)
• Seismic Certification Advantages
LARGE PROJECTS BUILT UP REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS Principle #4
There is an alternate future for utility companies
48 DECARBONIZATION + ELECTRIFICATION MATCH MADE IN HEAVEN IF WE’RE SMART
CZ 3 Water Heating - 2019 Std HPWH ~ 3 COP 2019 Elec Emissions Intensity Relative to 2019 GHG Elec HPWH vs. Gas Tankless Natural Gas Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 1.1 1.6 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 2.5 0.5 1.3 3.2 7.5 0.4 2 4.9 1.8 0.9 0.6 0.1 1.3 0.3 1.1 1.2 0.4 2.6 2.9 3 3.8 2.1 0.3 3.2 0.3 2.0 1.0 0.6 8.5 4.3 0.1 1.8 4 6.1 6.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.1 5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.8 1.4 6 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 9 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 10 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.8 11 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.4 1.1 12 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 13 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 15 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 16 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 17 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 18 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 19 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 20 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 21 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.7 22 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.9 23 1.1 0.3 0.8 1.6 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.4 2.9 24 0.7 0.3 1.9 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.9 3.0 0.7 1.1 0.7 1.4
Image Courtesy Martha Brook, CEC
Electrification Sonoma Clean Power Headquarters • Building retrofit with high efficiency rooftop heat pumps • Smart VAV diffusers • On-site solar, stationary battery storage, car charging • NBI GridOptimal Pilot • Automatic, grid-signaled, EVCS, HVAC, and lighting demand reduction • Estimated completion in early 2021 Optimization Challenge Proposed Approach
Cost ($) Cost ($) Cost $0 $ $$ $$$ $$ $ $0 Sonoma Clean Power Headquarters
Eaton Power Xpert Energy Optimizer Principle #4 - There is an alternate future for utility companies Not all combustion is bad
PROMOTING SURPLUS Global energy demand supplied with hydrogen (exajoules) RENEWABLE POWER TO MAKE CLIMATE NEUTRAL FUELS Renewable Hydrogen Alliance promotes using renewable electricity to produce climate-neutral hydrogen and other energy-intensive products that reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Source: Louis Brasington, Cleantech Group
CARBON-FREE COMBUSTION FUEL H2 GENERATION FROM SURPLUS RENEWABLE ENERGY Principle #4 There is an alternate future for utility companies
• Deployable loads will harmonize grid generation with usage • Not all combustion is bad • Seasonal and diurnal storage must be considered • “Batteries” have a roles at the building scale and utility scale
55 Principle #5
If it is good enough for Thomas Keller...
56 Electrification for Commercial Kitchens
Co-Benefits of Induction & Electrified Kitchens • Induction cooking is “superior” to gas • Reduced heat in the kitchen stoves (more precise and faster) • More comfortable working conditions • Reduced need for kitchen exhaust hood fan energy • Airflow reduction reduces make up air heating and cooling • Safety of induction stoves (no surface burns) • Reduction in potential grease fires (no open flames) Principles #1, 2, and 3 Recap - The Truth About Heat Pumps
• Efficiency impacted by air and water temperatures • Expanded temperature ranges are possible • Different refrigerants are available for different temperature profiles • Be aware of defrost • Hot water plant footprints with HPWH's are larger • Oversizing is expensive • Excessive cycling is bad • Staging controls are complex • But not more complex than multiple gas-fired boilers • Use of waste energy is a powerful tool for efficiency and carbon reduction 58 How Do I Make Hot Enough Water All Year?
• CO2 Heat Pumps • Air-Source Heat Pumps • Electric Pre-Heater on Evaporator • Evaporator in warm exhaust air stream • Water-Source Heat Pumps • Ground-source • Sanitary water energy exchange (SWEE) RESOURCES COMING! 61 ASHRAE AEDG: ZERO ENERGY MULTI-FAMILY DESIGN GUIDE PRE-MODELED SOLUTIONS
Total Site EUI Site Residential EUI Targets with End-Use Breakdown
35.0 ) 30.0 ) 2 2 26.5 24.9 24.7 30.0 24.2 23.3 25.0 23.0 22.0 23.1 22.4 21.6 20.1 20.9 20.6 21.4 20.7 20.8 25.0 19.9 19.6 20.2 20.0 20.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 Energy Use Intensity (kBtu/ft Intensity Use Energy Energy Use Intensity (kBtu/ft Intensity Use Energy 0.0 0.0 0A 0B 1A 1B 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 7 8 0A 0B 1A 1B 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 7 8 Climate Zone ERVs HRVs Climate Zone 4 Stories 5 Stories 6 Stories 7 Stories 8 Stories 9 Stories 10 Stories 15 Stories 20 Stories 40 Stories Int Equip Int Ltg Ext Ltg Heating Ht Recvry Ht Reject Cooling DHW Fans Pumps Site EUI Questions? THANK YOU