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Assessment Report on Climate Change2009 Bangkok Assessment Report on Climate Change2009 Copyright © Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 009 ISBN: 978-974-64-846-7 Disclaimer The views, figures and estimates set forth in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the contributory experts or organi- zations, namely Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Green Leaf Foundation (GLF) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not necessarily imply the official endorsement of BMA, GLF or UNEP. The boundaries shown in maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by BMA, GLF or UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries, nor does mention of a commercial company or product imply their endorsement. Citation Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Green Leaf Foundation and United Nations Environment Programme 009 Bangkok Assessment Report on Climate Change 009. Bangkok: BMA, GLF and UNEP Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. BMA, GLF and UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from BMA, GLF and UNEP. Application for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of reproduction, should be addressed to the Green Leaf Foundation. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Produced by: Green Leaf Foundation (GLF) GLF 600 Tourism Authority of Thailand Building The Green Leaf Foundation was officially founded and registered on 7 March New Phetchaburi Road, Makkasan, Rajthevee 998. It was jointly established by organizations with the same determina- Bangkok 0400, Thailand tion and responsibility, with support, funding and sponsorship from various Tel: (+66) 65 83 local and international organizations. GLF has organized several training Fax (+66) 65 83 seminars on environmental education, environmental standards and energy E-mail:[email protected] efficiency since 999. Its main objective is to promote knowledge and to Website : www.greenleafthai.org support studies and research for creating good understanding of environ- mental conservation. Lead author: Chirapol Sintunawa (Mahidol University) Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) BMA 73 Dinso Road, Sao Ching Cha, Phra Nakorn District, The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) is organized in accordance Bangkok 000, Thailand with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act 985 to be responsible Contributing authors: Tel. 0 4 3055, 0 670 for the management of the city of Bangkok. It is the sole organization at the Jinhua Zhang, Purna Chandra Lall Rajbhandari and Fax. 0 4 3059 local authority level responsible for its duties and it provides services for the Suwanna Jungrungrueng Website : www.bangkok.go.th well-being of Bangkok residents. Reviewers: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) UNEP Amphai Wejwithan, Anna Stabrawa, Chalika Noonin, Dechen Tsering, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific The mission of the United Nations Environment Programme is to provide Kanchana Nakhapakorn, Kulvadee Kansuntisukmongkol, Patompong Saguan- United Nations Building, Rajadamdern Nok Avenue leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by in- spiring, informing and enabling nations and people to improve their quality wong, Panyapat Noppun, Phradech Phayakawichien, Praphan Khunawut, Sakkarin Bangkok 000, Thailand Chorsawai, Sansana Malaiarisoon, Sunsanee Keerativiriyakorn, Shreekar Pradhan, Tel: (+ 66 ) 54 5390, 54 5365 of life without compromising that of future generations. Fax: (+ 66 ) 56 5 Siriporn Tantivanich, Siriluk Leerasiri, Surendra Shrestha, Thumronsak Polbumrong, E-mail: [email protected] Tunnie Srisakulchairak Yaowalak Mankong Yaowalak Mankong and Yuwaree Inna Website : www.unep.org Review editors: Jeremy Colson John Loftus Copyright © Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 009 ISBN: 978-974-64-846-7 Disclaimer The views, figures and estimates set forth in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the contributory experts or organi- zations, namely Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Green Leaf Foundation (GLF) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not necessarily imply the official endorsement of BMA, GLF or UNEP. The boundaries shown in maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by BMA, GLF or UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries, nor does mention of a commercial company or product imply their endorsement. Citation Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Green Leaf Foundation and United Nations Environment Programme 009 Bangkok Assessment Report on Climate Change 009. Bangkok: BMA, GLF and UNEP Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. BMA, GLF and UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from BMA, GLF and UNEP. Application for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of reproduction, should be addressed to the Green Leaf Foundation. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Produced by: Green Leaf Foundation (GLF) GLF 600 Tourism Authority of Thailand Building The Green Leaf Foundation was officially founded and registered on 7 March New Phetchaburi Road, Makkasan, Rajthevee 998. It was jointly established by organizations with the same determina- Bangkok 0400, Thailand tion and responsibility, with support, funding and sponsorship from various Tel: (+66) 65 83 local and international organizations. GLF has organized several training Fax (+66) 65 83 seminars on environmental education, environmental standards and energy E-mail:[email protected] efficiency since 999. Its main objective is to promote knowledge and to Website : www.greenleafthai.org support studies and research for creating good understanding of environ- mental conservation. Lead author: Chirapol Sintunawa (Mahidol University) Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) BMA 73 Dinso Road, Sao Ching Cha, Phra Nakorn District, The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) is organized in accordance Bangkok 000, Thailand with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act 985 to be responsible Contributing authors: Tel. 0 4 3055, 0 670 for the management of the city of Bangkok. It is the sole organization at the Jinhua Zhang, Purna Chandra Lall Rajbhandari and Fax. 0 4 3059 local authority level responsible for its duties and it provides services for the Suwanna Jungrungrueng Website : www.bangkok.go.th well-being of Bangkok residents. Reviewers: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) UNEP Amphai Wejwithan, Anna Stabrawa, Chalika Noonin, Dechen Tsering, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific The mission of the United Nations Environment Programme is to provide Kanchana Nakhapakorn, Kulvadee Kansuntisukmongkol, Patompong Saguan- United Nations Building, Rajadamdern Nok Avenue leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by in- spiring, informing and enabling nations and people to improve their quality wong, Panyapat Noppun, Phradech Phayakawichien, Praphan Khunawut, Sakkarin Bangkok 000, Thailand Chorsawai, Sansana Malaiarisoon, Sunsanee Keerativiriyakorn, Shreekar Pradhan, Tel: (+ 66 ) 54 5390, 54 5365 of life without compromising that of future generations. Fax: (+ 66 ) 56 5 Siriporn Tantivanich, Siriluk Leerasiri, Surendra Shrestha, Thumronsak Polbumrong, E-mail: [email protected] Tunnie Srisakulchairak Yaowalak Mankong Yaowalak Mankong and Yuwaree Inna Website : www.unep.org Review editors: Jeremy Colson John Loftus 3 FOREWORD Climate change is a global issue which is of concern to the entire international community. In view of the rapid increases in urbanization that have occurred in countries of Asia, including Thailand, over the past several decades, the impacts of climate change are starting to occur and are expected to be especially serious in the not too distant future. Thus, they are worthy of increased study and vigorous remedial action. The main cause of this critical problem is the emission of greenhouse gases; unfortunately Bangkok plays a role in this regard. As the capital of Thailand, Bangkok has reached mega-city status. It annually releases tremendous amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, thus contributing to the acceleration of global warming and the other deleterious impacts that will be the outcome of that warming, such as flooding, higher temperatures and disease outbreaks. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) recognizes that it has a responsibility to try to
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