Japanese Confucianism Kiri Paramore Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05865-1 — Japanese Confucianism Kiri Paramore Index More Information

Index

Action Française, 189 religious and political vision, 30 agricultural innovation and reform, 51 rise of, 44 alternate attendance system social reading, 89 (sankinko¯tai),70 Tendai Buddhism, 38 American Civil War, 124 Way of Heaven texts and, 50 Amino Yoshihiko, 23 Zen Buddhism, 17, 31, 32–35, 38 anti-Christian tradition in bunbu ryo¯do¯, 72, 82 Japan, 148 Bushi practice, 136 anti-elitism, 176 anti-Semitism, 9 capitalism, 119, 130–136, 188 anti-Siniticism, 9. see also Sinophobia carnal desire, 80 anti-Western sentiment, 119 Catholicism, 47. see also Christianity Arai Hakuseki, 47, 101 “Central Kingdom” (chu¯goku), 64, 175 Asai no So¯zui, 96 Cheng Hao, 45, 52, 111 Association for the Propagation of Japanese Cheng Yi, 45, 52, 60, 111 Confucianism Nihon jukyo¯senyo¯ Cheng Ziming, 96, 99 kai, 157 Chiang Kai-shek, 160, 165, 188, 189 authoritarianism, 166, 191 Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 75–77 China, occupied, 161–162 Ban Gu, 5 Chinese Civil War, 174 Bansho wage goyo¯ (barbarian document Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 10, translation service), 108 159, 186 Barbarian Documents Research Center Chinese Confucianism, 185–191. see also (bansho shirabesho). see Shogunal East Asian Confucianism Institute of Western Learning Chinese dynastic codes, 26 barbarian identity, 22–23 Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT), 159, Bencao (Herb Canon), 109 161–162, 186 Bingo Mihara Rebellion, 91 Choson Korea, 66, 163 Bito¯Jishu¯, 78, 87, 88, 92 Christianity Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice, 47 Catholicism, 47 Bodiford, William, 39 Confucianism vs., 150 book learning, 73 introduction, 7, 8 The Book of Rites, 20, 22 Meiji conversion to, 139 Buddhism morality, 126 attacks on, 143 role under Meiji modernization, 148 Chinese revival of, 186 Christian Mission in China, 158 Confucian revival link to, 190 Church of England, 200n10 impact of, 16 Classics, 109 introduction, 6, 7, 8, 13 colonial Korea, 162–164, 165f medieval Confucianism as, 31–32 “Conciliation Association” Kyo¯cho¯kai, 154 modernization attempts, 151 Confucian activism, 131, 155

225

226 Index

Confucian state academy. see Shogunal occupied China, 161–162 Confucian Academy overview, 157–158 Confucius, 5–6 reinvigoration as conservatism, 153–157 Confucius Analects trans-war period and fascism, 164–166 encouraging child readers of, 180 Fifteen Years War (1931–1945), 157 first printings of, 96 filial piety, 76, 149, 164 Japanese education post-1945, 167 Fillmore, Millard, 122 overview, 45 First Sino-Japanese War (1894), 152, 153 plain reading, 84 The Five Classics of Confucianism, 44–45, preference for rites, 20–21 63, 109 conservatism Five Mountains Zen Buddhism (Gozan failure of, 162 Zen), 17, 31, 32, 36, 38 fascism and, 160, 170, 173, 185 The Four Books of Confucianism introduction, 2 Chinese medical curriculum, 109 national education and, 152 Military Learning, 54 as negative social force, 173 overview, 44–45 radical conservatism, 186, 189 plain reading, 84 reactionary conservatism, 191 rejection of, 62 relationship between, 15 scholarly skills based around, 82 Constitutional Convention of the Japanese Fujita Yu¯koku, 110 Empire, 142 Fuji TV, 180 critical politics, 3–4, 8 Fujiwara Seika, 32, 56–57, 58 cultural capital, 13, 16–18 Fukuzawa Yukichi, 123, 125, 127, 148 culture, 69–78 funerary rites, 36 Furen liangfang daquan text,96 Daoism fuxing practice, 62 impact of, 16 influence on Tang dynasty, 25 gaku (“learning”), 68 introduction, 7 Gido¯Shu¯shin, 35 de Bary, William Theodore, 187 global high imperialism, 9 democracy, 164 Goto¯Konzan, 98 Doctrine of the Mean, 84, 129, 134 Gozan Zen culture. see Five Mountains Zen Domainal Confucian academies, 115, 146 Buddhism Dutch Learning, 74, 89 Greater Learning,80–81

early modernity, 13–14 Han dynasty (206BC-220CE) East Asian Confucianism, 183–191 Confucianism deﬁned by, 20–21 East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, 165 feudal order and its customs during, 63 emishi. see barbarian identity institutionalization of Confucianism, 24 ether, 55, 56. see also ki; qi introduction, 5 ethics, 48–49 Japanese Confucian theory, 34 ethno-centric nationalism, 188 Old Text movement, 183 European intelligentsia, 9 Qing-favored treatises, 113 “everyday life” (seikatsu), 175 Han ethnic nationalism, 188 Examination System, 82–84, 85f Han Yu, 129 harmony, 19–20 fascism Hattori Unokichi, 154, 156 as anti-Modern, 146–149 Hayashi Kinpo¯, 105 colonial Korea, 162–164, 165f Hayashi Razan, 42, 43, 52, 56–58, 88, 159 as colonizing mission, 158–160 Hayashi Shihei, 110 Confucianism as philosophy, 149–153 heart/mind, 49–51, 52, 55, 58, 81. see also introduction, 4, 15, 141, 144f xinfa in Manchuria, 160–161 Heaven’s Mandate, 61 Meiji state suppression of Confucianism, Heaven’s Will, 133–134 141–146 Hegel, G.W.F., 95

Index 227

heritage, 177–182 “Japanese intellectual history” nihon Hirata Atsutane, 119, 142 shiso¯shi, 180 Hirohito, Emperor, 1, 7 Japanese language poetry, 77 Ho¯jo¯ Ujinaga, 54 Japanese nationalism, 64 Hoshina Masayuki, 58, 59–60 Japanese Self-Defense Forces, 170 Huntington, Samuel, 10 Japanese Society for Philosophy, 150 Hu Shih, 160, 165 Japan Socialist Party, 172 Jesuit missionaries, 150 Ichijo¯Kanera, 39 Jiang Qing, 185, 188–189 Igakukan. see Shogunal Medical Academy Jingui yaolue (Essential Prescriptions from Igakukan gakuki rules, 109 the Golden Cabinet), 109 Ikeda Mitsumasa, 51 Jo¯do Shinshu¯(Shin-sect) Buddhism, 47 Ikuta Yorozu, 92 Judo, 80. see also Kito¯ryu¯Ju¯jitsu impartial mind idea, 87, 88 Ju¯jikai political work, 110 imperialism, 9, 30, 111, 127, 164 Jujitsu, 80–82, 83, 86, 135. see also Kito¯ryu¯ Imperial Rescript on Education, 134, Ju¯jitsu 136, 152 individualism Kagawa Shu¯an, 98, 102 capitalism and, 131 Kaibara Ekken, 43, 74, 97 impact of, 135 Kaidoku. see social reading “independent self respect,” 134 Kaikoku heidan, 110 liberal system and, 128 Kaji Nobuyuki, 180 Shibusawa outlook on, 134 Kamakura Shogunate, 32, 36 Tokugawa role and, 133 Kang, David, 11–12 ultra-individualism and, 4 kangaku juku learning academies, 137 Inoue Enryo¯, 151 Kang Xiaoguang, 10–11, 185 Inoue Testujiro¯, 148, 150, 151–152, 187 Kang Youwei, 142, 184, 188 Ishikawa Tadahisa, 181 Kano¯Jigoro¯, 80 Islam, 7 Kansei Reforms (1787–1793), 99, Itagaki Taisuke, 149 104–108, 112f Ito¯Hirobumi, 138, 142 Katayama Sen, 136–140 Ito¯Jinsai, 97, 98 Katayama Tetsu, 169 Kato¯Masanosuke, 157 Japanese Communist Party, 173 Katsu Kaishu¯, 123 Japanese Confucianism. see also conserva- Katsushika Hokusai, 77 tism; East Asian Confucianism; Keisaishin text, 59 fascism; knowledge and Kenkei kai, 153 Confucianism; liberalism; public Kepler, Johannes, 108 sphere Confucianism; religion and ki, 80, 81. see also ether; qi Confucianism; taboo nature of Kingly Way ideology, 159, 199n9 Confucianism Kito¯ryu¯Ju¯jitsu,80–81 capitalism and, 119, 130–136, 188 Kiyohara Nobutaka, 39 deﬁned, 5–10 knowledge and Confucianism denial of religiosity in, 151–152 introduction, 14, 94–96 institutionalism of, 24–31 Kansei Reforms, 99, 104–108, 112f introduction, 1–5 Kyo¯ho¯ reforms, 99, 100–104 medieval Confucianism, 31–40, Meiji state and, 114–117 modernity and Confucianism, 3, 10–12, private sphere dissemination, 96–99 14–15 sociological sphere of, 196n1 as philosophy, 149–153 state institutionalization of, 99–100 practice of, 5 Tokugawa state and Westernization, relativism and, 4 108–114 resistance to Westernization, 118 Kobe-han school Kyo¯rindo¯,87 science and, 4 Koga Kin’ichiro¯, 114, 145 Japanese Confucian theory, 34 Kogakuha. see School of Ancient Learning

228 Index

Koga Seiri, 78, 88, 110 McCarthyism in U.S., 169 Koga To¯an, 92, 114 medieval Confucianism, 31–40, Koishikawa Botanical Gardens, 104 Medieval Japan (12CE-16CE), 17 Kojiki,18 Meiji state/Restoration Kojima Tsuyoshi, 179, 180 anti-religious policy of, 141 kokugaku. see National Learning Confucianism limits under, 139 Kokuze Sanron (Three Theses on State knowledge and Confucianism, 14, Policy), 120 114–117 Korean Confucians, 163 Neo-Confucianism practice during, 67 Kornicki, Peter, 16, 193n2 role of Christianity under, 148 Koyanagi Shigeta, 155 suppression of Confucianism, Ko¯yu igen medical treaty, 98 141–146, 147 Ku¯kai, 28 Tokugawa period influence, 58, 115 Kuki Takamura, 80 Westernizing of, 9 Kumazawa Banzan, 42, 58, 67, 91 Mencius text, 62, 84, 134, 183 Kuomintang (KMT). see Chinese “Method of the Heart-Mind,” 49–50, 56 Nationalist Party Military Learning/Military Thought, 44, Kurozumi Makoto, 76, 138 47, 53–56, 59, 61 Kyo¯ho¯ reforms (1716–1745), 99, 100–104 Mill, J. S., 126, 148 Kyokuron jiji fu¯ji (A Secret Memorial on the Minamoto Ryo¯en, 76, 177, 199n5 Urgency of Current Affairs), 110, 111 Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 24, 44, 66, 96 Mingfang lei zheng yishu daquan Leiden University, 124 (Encyclopedia of Medicine), 96 leisure learning, 70–74, 89 Minomura Rizaemon, 130 Liang Qichao, 142, 150, 184, 190 Mishima Yukio, 168, 170–172, 182 liberalism Mitani Hiroshi, 178 capitalism and, 130–136 Mito Confucian Aizawa Seishisai’s New influences, 133 Theses, 142 introduction, 4, 118–119 Miura Baien, 110 overview, 126–130 Mizuno Rentaro¯, 156 socialism, 136–140 modernity and Confucianism, 3, 10–12, Western statecraft, 119–126 14–15 Lingshu (Spritual Pivot), 109 Motoda Eifu, 149, 150 linguistic knowledge, 29 Mou Zongsan, 185 Li Zhu, 97 Muhammad, Prophet, 6 Muro Kyu¯so, 83, 101 Maeda Tsutomu, 53, 86, 88 Muromachi shogunate, 34, 36 Makabe Jin, 105, 145 Manchukuo state Confucianism, 1–2 Nagasaki Interpreters, 103. see also Manchu Qing empire, 111 Shogunal Dutch Interpreters Manchurian incident, 157 Naito¯Konan, 179 Manchurian puppet state, 160 Nakae To¯ju, 57 martial arts assessments, 82–83 Nakamura Masanao, 126 Maruyama Masao, 75, 167, 168–177, 181 Nakasone Yasuhiro, 172 Marxism, 172–173, 176 Nanjing (81 Nanjing), 109 Master Sorai’s Responsals National Learning (kokugaku), 75, 89, 92, (Sorai sensei to¯monsho) leaflet, 86 119, 143 Matsudaira Sadanobu national morality ideology, 150, 169 biography on, 132–133 Nativism. see National Learning Confucian Examination System, natural law, 124 82–84, 85f Neo-Confucianism Confucian practice of, 78–80, 81–82 introduction, 6, 7, 18 Kansei Reforms, 104–108, 112f medieval Confucianism and, 32–35 as painter, 78, 79f Meiji state/Restoration, 67 Matsuo Basho¯,77 popularity of, 64

Index 229

religion and, 41, 44–46, 62–65 public sphere Confucianism “self-cultivation,” 155 book learning, 73 Shinto religion and, 44, 56, 59 Confucian Examination System, Song dynasty, 33, 62 82–84, 85f spread of, 67 culture and, 69–78 Tokugawa shogunate, 44 Dutch learning, 74 Way of Heaven teachings and, 48–51 introduction, 14 Yamazaki Ansai and, 57, 58–62 leisure learning, 70–74, Yuan dynasty, 34 National Learning kokugaku,75 Neo-Kantian philosophy, 152 overview, 66–69 neo-liberalism, 188 plain reading, 84–86 New Confucianism movement, 185, 187 practice, pedagogy and, 78–82 New Life movement, 188, 189 radical politics of, 90–93 nihonjinron writing, 177 social reading, 86–90 Nihon Keizai Shinbun (Nikkei Pu Yi, Emperor, 1 Newspaper), 178 Nihon Shoki, text, 16, 18, 22, 176, 193n2 qi, 55, 97. see also ether; ki Nippon Ko¯do¯ kai, 153 Qing Chinese Confucians, 118, 184 Nishi Amane, 123–125, 126–130, 184 Qing dynasty (1644–1911), 24, 113, 121 Normal Schools, 115, 137 state examinations, 66

Oda Nobunaga, 47 radical conservatism, 186, 189 Ogyu¯Sorai radical politics, 90–93. see also conservatism medicine and, 97 Rai Sanyo¯,90 overview, 42, 60 rechtstaat system of governance, 123 rejection of Neo-Confucianism, Record of Rakuo¯(Rakuo¯ko¯den), 132 62–65, 159 Record of Self-Cultivation (Shugyo¯roku),78 social reading and, 86–87 relativism and Confucianism, 4 state agency cooperation, 104 religion and Confucianism. see also speciﬁc teachings of, 125, 129 religions/religious practices Xunzi-like readings, 184 denial of religiosity in Confucianism, Okada Kanzen, 105 151–152 Okayama Prefecture Normal School, 137 Hayashi Razan, 56–58 O¯ kuwa Hitoshi, 42 as independent tradition, 41–44 Old Text movement, 183 introduction, 3, 8, 41 On Liberty (Mill). see Mill, J. S.; Nakamura Kumazawa Banzan, 51–53 Masanao Neo-Confucianism and, 44–46 Ooms, Herman, 58 Ogyu¯Sorai, 60, 62–65 “original body” (hontai), 80, 81 politics and, 46–48 “original nature” (honsei),80 rejection of Neo-Confucianism, 62–65 oshie (“teaching”), 68 Tokugawa shogunate, 51 O¯ shio Heihachiro¯,90–92 Yamaga Soko¯,53–56 overcoming modernity ideology, 169 Yamazaki Ansai, 57, 58–62 religious freedom, 142 People’s Republic of China, 184 Republic of China, 184. see also Chinese pharmaceutical production Nationalist Party capacity, 101 Rites of Zhou, text, 27 plain reading, 84–86 ritsuryo¯ imperial government system, 30 pleasure quarters, 68 Ritsuzan Memorial (Ritsuzan Jo¯sho) docu- positivism, 125, 133 ment, 106 post-Westphalian international order, 179 Protestantism, 174, 187 Sagara To¯ru, 177 Provisional Government of the Republic of Sakatani Shirushi, 150 China (PGROC), 161 samurai culture, 82 public hospital facilities, 101, 102 Sangoku tsu¯ran zusetu, 110

230 Index

Sango¯shîki text, 28 targeted by Meiji forces, 145 sankinko¯tai. see alternate attendance system Tokugawa state and, 108–114 scholarly assessment, 83 Shogunal Dutch Interpreters, 102 Scholarly Way, 72 Shogunal Institute of Western Learning, School of Ancient Learning (Kogakuha),43 114, 115, 123 science and Confucianism, 4 Shogunal Medical Academy (Igakukan), Screech, Timon, 74 107, 109 secularism, 152 Shogunal Office of Nagasaki City Seijukan Academy of the Taki clan, 103, Magistrate, 102 107. see also Shogunal Medical Shogunal Offices of the Chinese Academy Interpreters, 102. see also Nagasaki Seimeiron, 110 Interpreters Sekiten rites. see Shidian rites Sho¯heizaka Academy, 105, 113 “self-cultivation,” 155 Shotoku’s Seventeen Article Constitution, Self Help (Smiles), 133 19–20, Seminar on Self-Cultivation in the Struggle for Sinophobia, 10 Truth (Shisei doryoku shu¯yo¯ko¯wa), Smiles, Samuel, 133, 135 132–136 social Darwinism, 128 seriousness, 52 socialism and Confucianism, 136–140 Shanghan lun (Treatise on Cold Damage social reading (kaidoku),86–90 Disorders), 109 Song Confucianism. see Neo-Confucianism Shenqi rites, 26 Song dynasty (960–1276), 5, 6, 24, 33, Shibano Ritsuzan, 78, 84, 88, 105, 107 45–46, 62, 98 Shibun (Hattori Unokichi), 154 Song-Yuan Buddhism, 33 Shibunkai organization, 154–155, 178, so¯no¯jo¯i ideology, 92 181 Sorai-school Confucian, 64, 127. see also Shibusawa Eiichi, 123, 130–136, 155–156 School of Ancient Learning Shidian rites, 26, 27, 36–38 Spencer, Herbert, 152 Shina,defined, 175 State Academy of Oriental Culture, Shina shiso¯to nihon (Chinese Thought and 157 Japan) (Tsuda So¯kichi), 174 Sugita Genpaku, 74, 89, 103 Shingaku Gorinsho (The Five Ethics of the Sui dynasty (589–616), 24 Learning of the Heart),48 Suwen (Basic Questions), 109 Shingon Buddhism, 28, 38 Suzuki Kiyobei, 80 Shinto religion (Shintoism) introduction, 7 taboo nature of Confucianism medieval Confucianism and, 35–40 academism and cultural heritage, metaphysics and ethical outlook, 61 177–182 Neo-Confucian practice, 44, 56, 59 introduction, 15, 167–168 rituals, 157 public intellectuals and fanatics in power, Way of Heaven texts and, 50 171f, 168–177 Shogunal Academy of Western Learning, Takahashi Kageyasu, 108 84–85 Takahashi Yoshitoki, 107 Shogunal Astronomical Institute Tang dynasty (618–907) (Tenmonkata), 107 Daoism influence on, 25 Shogunal Confucian Academy institutionalization of Confucianism, 24, as arm of state, 29–30, 78 25–26 Barbarian Documents Research introduction, 6, 7 Center, 115 Tashiro Sanki, 98 curriculum standardization in, 106 taxation, 100 floorplan, 112f Teeuwen, Mark, 38 influx of teachers, 107 Tendai Buddhism, 38 Kansei Reforms, 104 Tenmonkata. see Shogunal Astronomical maintaining site of, 180 Institute Sho¯heizaka Academy, 105, 113 Thorbecke, J. R., 124, 125

Index 231

Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Way of the Ancient Kings, 63 Politics (Maruyama Masao), 169 Western imperialism, 127 Three Dynasties, 120 Westernization, 108–114, 119–126, throwing practice (randori),81 147 To¯a gakujutsu kenkyu¯kai, 153 Western Learning studies, 84–85 Tokugawa Akitake, 123, 131 Wujing zhengyi,18 Tokugawa Hidetada, Shogun, 58 Tokugawa Ietsuna, Shogun, 58 Xiaozhu Furen Liangfang text,96 Tokugawa shogunate. see also liberalism; xinfa, 44, 52, 61. see also heart/mind public sphere Confucianism Xiong Zongli, 96 as feudal order, 46 Xue Ji, 96, 99, 108 Meiji Revolutionaries struggle Xu Jiyu, 118 against, 142 Xunzi text, 183, 184, 188 Neo-Confucianism and, 44 opposition to, 92 Yamaga Soko¯ overview, 40 bunbu ryo¯do¯, 72, 82 peace under, 69 Neo-Confucianism spread, 67 religion and Confucianism, 41, 43, 51, overview, 42, 53–56, 61–62 56–57 samurai uprising, 91 samurai under, 71 Yamazaki Ansai Westernization and knowledge, 108–114 Neo-Confucianism and, 57, Tokugawa Yoshimune, Shogun, 82, 99, 58–62 100–104, 131 overview, 42, 43, 57 Tokyo Trials, 164 Tokugawa Confucian and, 57 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 47 Yangming School of Mind Confucianism Trans-Asian Confucian principles, 1 (Yo¯meigakuha), 52, 170–172 trans-war period and fascism, 164–166 Yasuda Zenjiro¯, 156 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Yijing as cosmology, 39 Navigation, 123 Yo¯jo¯kun health manual, 97 Tsuda Mamichi, 123–125, 126–130 Yokoi Sho¯nan, 120–121 Tsuda So¯kichi, 167, 174–177, 181 Yonaha Jun, 178–179 Tu Weiming, 185, 187 Yoshida Shigeru, 170 Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), 24, 34 ultra-individualism, 4 Yuan-Kang Wang, 11–12 universalism Yu Man-gyo˘n, 166 Christian forms of, 4 Yu O˘ k-kyo˘m, 166 idea of, 122, 162, 164 Yushima Seido¯, 147, 157, 180, 181 “intention of Heaven,” 120 overview, 18–31, Zen, 17, 31, 32–35, 38. see also Buddhism role of, 30, 119 Zheng Xiaoxu, 161 US-Japan Security Treaty, 168 Zhou Dynasty China, 62 utilitarianism, 133 Zhu Xi commentaries by, 50 Vissering, Simon, 124, 125, 128 doctrinal material to support, 45 followers of, 43 Wang Kemin, 161 as founder of Neo-Confucianism, 111 Wang Yang-ming, 43, 57, 60. see also impatial mind idea, 87, 88 Yangming School of Mind interpreted by Ming Neo-Confucians, 59 Confucianism Neo-Confucianism popularity, 64 Warring States period, 71, 91, 96, 97 overview, 6, 35 Way of Heaven teachings, 42, 43–44, 47, seriousness practice, 52 48–51, 61 Zhu Xi Learning. see Neo-Confucianism