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Study and Uses of the I Ching in Tokugawa Japan

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Study Ching Tokugawa Uses of and I Japan the in Wai-ming Ng University Singapore National of • Ching $A (Book Changes) The of 1 particular significance has been book of a history. interest and in Asian East Divination philosophy basis its and derived from it on integral of Being civilization. Chinese within parts orbit the Chinese of the cultural were sphere, Japan traditional Ching development indebted for the the 1 of of its to aspects was culture. Japan The arrived in later sixth than the and little studied text in century no was (539-1186). Japan ancient readership expanded major It literate such Zen to groups as high-ranking monks, Buddhist courtiers, and period warriors medieval in the (1186- 1603). Ching scholarship 1 during reached Tokugawa its period the (1603-1868) apex Ching when the became 1 popular of the influential and Chinese This 2 most texts. one preliminary is provide work aims which brief Ching of overview 1 to essay a a scholarship highlighting Tokugawa Japan, in popularity themes: several of the the text, major writings, schools, the scholars, of/Ching and characteristics the and scholarship. 3 Popularity Ching The of the I popularity Ching Tokugawa of the The Japan in acknowledged I has been by a t• •" :i• •b Miyazaki Japanese number scholars. of Michio Tokugawa scholar of a thought, has remarked: "There by [Tokugawa] reached Confucians consensus was a pre-Tokugawa historical of the For overview Wai-ming in Japan, Ng, Ching "The 1 in text a see Japan," Quarterly Ancient (Summer Culture 1996), 26.2 Wai-ming 73-76; Asian and Ng pp. History Ching of the in "The of Japan," Medieval 1 History forthcoming. Journal 30.2, Asian • • Ching • Piety) • :•= The (Book of Hsiao Filial (Analects) and Lun Yii have exerted to seem impact Japan ancient and Ching. medieval Ching than scholarship the stronger When 1 1 a on Tokugawa period, reached its popularity in the its influence and matched, and apex even surpassed, classics. those of these two topic secondary 3 This is research and extremely materials 9•: limited. Imai • Usabur6 a new are 7 -•---•[• provides history brief Japan of the text's "preface" in in the translation, his account to a • •bYf: Ekiky6 (Tokyo: Meiji •• •j'_12 shuppansha, • tosho 1987). Murakami Masataka studies the punctuation early Tokugawa of ekigaku commentaries juy6 in "Kinsei shi ni okeru Gahrten some • 5• • • • t• hongi igi" • Ekiky6 • • •, ,• ,•, I-)" • • • • • • •7_ Bungei kenky• • no •:-•--;[0]: •[] (1982), 79-88, 100 and "Bunshi in dengi • •.;•. Gensh6 Shaeki • • taizen" to pp. j7. • J• • 4•_ • •d kenkydjo 7•: kenkyd • •i• •j• •)• •'• • • • Nihon bunka • hrkoku 25 }/•, t•, • (1989), ff•¢) Seealso 19-60. T6gai Hisao ekigaku" Hama • @, "It6 pp. no ]g, • Try6 '• • kenkyfi (1989), 90 1-31. articles of number divinational A its methods pp. on journal published be found in by the University, • • • Ekiky6 Waseda kenkyd •)• (1958- can 83). 24 regarding Ching highest the I classic. Usaburr, the leading Imai TM of scholar the I as a Ching, has bakufu's "Supported by commented: policy the Confucianism, towards I Ching Ching studies and prospered divination 1 during before Tokugawa the as never period. provide analysis will I statistical ''5 popularity demonstrate the by of the to text a analyzing writings the number of authors it and importation the and reproduction and on Chinese of commentaries. early An number the of writings Confucian Tokugawa attempt in the count to period • by •t/•, Terada made Hiroshi [] ex-offical domain, of Satsuma in the was an Meiji period (1868-1912). following provided He the 7• statistics the in [] Nihon keikai •g • Explanation (An of Japan): Confucian Books in 6 Writings Confucian Table Tokugawa 1A: the in Period Confucian Classics No. of of Authors Books No. 338 116 Ching •t Shu 124 68 • Ching Hsiao 81 116 Ch Ch 108 'un 'iu 75 Ching Shih 90 60 •• Chf Li 37 33 According Terada, there Ching written 338 by about the Tokugawa I 116 to texts were scholars. His indicate calculations by popular that it overwhelmingly was more an margin Confucian than other Tokugawa classics the period. in the During period •)6 (1912-1926), Taish6 gJ• Hayashi the • Taisuke former a professor philosophy University of Tokyo, Chinese the figures of these revised in at the TAg • •, • • • keikai [] srmokuroku Nihon Complete (A keikai, Index of Nihon the volumes). four raised books number of He the and 212, authors respectively. 395 and 7 to • •?• • •J• • Miyazaki kenky• 111 Michio, 4 (Tokyo: Banzan Kumazawa Shibunkaku, r) 6 no 1990), 256. p. Ekikyr, 5 76. p. J• 7• • keikai (also 6 keikai • Nihon • mokuroku Nihon The called • •q Dai ) compiled was Shigeno • by by • •-• •j• Hiroshi and collated Terada (1826-1910) Seisai Meiji period. the in closely Ch'ing format book followed The [•;• of the •; (1764-1849) Yiian's scholar Juan Huang- • • ching-chieh • • Explanation ch 'ing (An of Period)and Ch'ing Confucian Books the in •f; :• 1.842-1918) Wang 8• g• hsii-pien q:: Huang-ch ching-chieh • Hsien-ch'ien's 'ing • ,• • ching-chieh, (Huang-ch'ing pkj Supplement, •, •-• 1886-88). Uchino •; Dairei See "Nihon 7.• 8¢• • • • [] tsuite" keikai ni • • Fukushima Kinez6 •." in ed., •, ---, Kindai Nihon t, -'9 • (-• Jugaku • •k • • (Tokyo: [] shoten, 1939), r) Iwanami 1132-35. 6 pp. no Ibid., 7 1141-43. pp. 25 Table Confucian Writings 1B" Tokugawa the in Period Classics!No. Confucian ofBooks Authors of No. Chine • • I 395 212 Lun Y• 363 261 • •k Ta Hsiieh 183 246 •. •X Ch Ch 'un 'iu 224 164 gJ: Chine ?d• Hsiao 199 144 Chine •, Shih •,• 173 131 Meng -•--•- Tzu 169 126 • Chung Yung • 168 131 • Chine • Shu 147 111 • Chi Li 144 91 These statistics rough underestimated. and prewar My are count suggests own larger figures: much have I found the titles of 1085 Chine the I by written texts on at least 416 authors in Tokugawa the period. Although precise figures for other Confucian classics available, studies of Ching the not 1 are far those exceed of to other seem Confucian classics in of number of authors terms and the quantity writings of commenting the classify book. I these authors follows: on as Commenting Table 2: Authors Chine the in Tokugawa I the Period on Categories Schools No.ofAuthors Percent Rank Chu Hsi school 204 49 Confucianism Ancient school 42 10.1 4 Wang Yang-ming 13 3.1 school (354/85.1%) Eclectic school 46 11.1 3 Oracle school 49 11.8 2 Shinto / / Schools of learning National 10 2.4 Thought and Mito school Religion Shingaku (39/9.4%) Buddhism 19 4.6 learnin• Western 4 Miscellaneous Medicine, science, 23 5.5 4 milita•, art, etc. Total 12 416 100 is obvious It that Confucianism the dominant force Ching in scholarship, I was and that Buddhism the and Kyoto in longer played major court intellectual role in no the a Tokugawa period. This table indicates also that authors from backgrounds. various came Chine played The integral 1 development role in the Tokugawa of intellectual an life. 26 Ching divide I writings ! major into four categories according and to content approach: interpretation textual (explanation, criticism), and textual commentary, symbols and numbers, divination, others. and 8 Writings Table 3: Ching Tokugawa the I in the Period on Categories Approaches of No. Percent Books Explanation 367 33.8 Interpretation Commentary Textual 172 15.9 (659/60.7%) Textual Criticism 120 11.0 Symbols Numbers & 146 13.5 3 Divination / 223 20•5 2 Others / 57 5.3 4 Total: 4 6 1085 100 writings The number of matched Chinese the during Ch'ing the Dynasty. output This 9 also table demonstrates popularity the study of textual Ching of the 1 and the extensive of book the in divination. About writings one-third interpretations of the of use were Tokugawa intellectuals, suggesting high degree maturity of independence and in a Tokugawa scholarship. popularity The of the is also large evident quantity in the text of Confucian books 6ba imported According from China. the provided data 7• by • (•, Osamu to the 1 Ching topped imported list of the Chinese Confucian entering classics Japan through the Nagasaki. of port •0 8 This categorization method of mainly is derived from the Chinese classification. of system Chinese usually scholars Ching divide literature ! into categories: main the school of two textual interpretation •• (i-li • ) and the symbols school of (hsiang-shu •,). •, and numbers They approaches. traditions and former represent The two studies the whereas the latter text, examines symbols its numbers. and The interpretation school of textual three has branches: the school of explanation •. (ch • '•an-shih ), the school • of • (chu-shu ), the commentary and school of 'ao-cheng•g• • (k criticism textual explanation ). The develops interpretations school based on a general understanding of the The school usually commentary the text. text, annotates sentence by The criticism textual employs school sophisticated sentence. methods of criticism, textual philology, phonetics, such hi higher criticism, and study addition, the there to as text. two are Ching subcurrents scholarship. in 1 The school divination of reads it divination manual. a as religion include "Others" schools of culture and apply which the ideas text's enrich their to theories rituals. and According 9 the •r • in index • Ssu-k'u the 'fu•n-shu ch [] (Complete to Collection of the Four Treasuries), writings the Ching of number the Ch'ing early in I the half of China totaled 485, on writings than the of Confucian (1776) quarter included. Richard Smith, See China's more a Ch'ing Heritage: Cultural Dynasty, The 1644-1912 (Boulder: Press, Westview 1983), 192. p. figure This underestimated Ch'ing because the excluded government unorthodox was many writings 'ao-cheng the which did k approach Ch'ing divination.
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