7 X 11.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51595-5 - A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century Charles Holcombe Index More information

Index

abacus, 161 Asian values, Singapore, 332 aborigines Attila the Hun, 50 19th century southeast China, 198 automobile. See also Hyundai; and Toyota Southern dynasty China, 62, 96 ﬁrst Chinese, 236 Taiwan, 335, 336 fuel efﬁciency standards, People’s Tang Dynasty, 95 Republic of China, 344 Acheson, Dean, 296, 297 sales in People’s Republic of China, 324 advantages of backwardness, 46 Avalokitesvara,´ 73 advertising, commercial Axis of Evil, 302 early 20th century China, 236 Azuchi, castle, 181 TV, People’s Republic of China, 345 agriculture, origins of, 12 Baghdad, 140 Aguda, 129 BaiJuyi(PoChu-I),¨ 95, 109 Ainu, 219 bakufu, 152 Allan, Sarah, 26–27 bamboo curtain, cold war, 289, 350 Allied Occupation of Japan. See postwar Bamiyan, Afghanistan, 71 Allied Occupation of Japan banditry, 242 alphabet, 19, 20, 22 banner gown, 171 Altaic language family, 17, 65, 167 Banner People. See Manchu alternate attendance (sankin kotai),¯ 184, barbarian, 8 217 Barbie doll, 345 Amaterasu, 11, 87, 116, 120, 256, 282 Barme,´ Geremie, 329 Amitabha,¯ 71, 76, 153 baseball, 249, 290 Amoghavajra, 102 baths, 153 An Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106 beer, 236, 249 Analects, 36, 37, 44, 183 Beg (Uighur “noble”), 168 anime, 291, 292 Beijing. See also Beiping Arabs, 104, 106 Cultural Revolution, 319 armor, 31, 43, 60, 86 falls to Communist forces, 314 Arrow war. See opium Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 129 Ashikaga Takauji, 154–155 Mongol Yuan Dynasty capital, 139, 145 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 155, 156–157 Olympics, 347 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 155, 162 residence of Koryo˘ princes, 145 Asia. See East Asia Beiping, “Northern Peace,” 267 Asia Express, 261 Biddle, Commodore, 215

405

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51595-5 - A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century Charles Holcombe Index More information

406 Index

Bodhidharma, 101 Koryo˘ Korea, 143 Bodhisattva, 71 last age of the law, 152, 153 Bolshevik model, 264 Mahayana, 71 bone rank, 112 medieval Japan, 121, 124 Book of Changes, 35, 36, 55, 134 miracles, 73 Book of Documents, 32, 33, 35 nirvan¯ . a, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76 Book of Lord Shang, 41 pagoda, 72, 109 Book of Odes, 35, 78, 307 printing of scriptures, 131 bourgeois liberalization, 327 Pure Land, 153 bow, composite reﬂex, 31 purges, 74 Boxer Protocol, 207 reincarnation, 74 Boxer rebellion, 206–207 spread to China, 73–74 Britain spread to Japan, 78–79, 88 alliance with Japan, 227, 244 spread to Korea, 77–78, 84 colonial Hong Kong, 332, 335 Tang Dynasty monasteries, 101 colonial Singapore, 331 textual canon, 71, 76, 77, 100 dominance of 19th century China trade, translation of scriptures, 74–75, 102 203 Bukhara, 137 East India Company, 193 bunmei kaika (civilization and free trade, 196 enlightenment), 219 opium trade, 195–196 bunraku, Tokugawa puppet theater, 185 opium wars, 197–198 Bush, George W., 302 origins of modern nation-state, 232 bushi. See samurai origins of tea trade, 173 bushido,¯ 183 Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong, 335 calendar, solar, 235, 237 Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 200 calligraphy bronze as examination criterion, 99 Chinese ritual vessels, 26, 31 Huaisu, 102 Japan, 87 Wang Xizhi, 62 Korea, 79 Canton. See Guangzhou bubonic plague, 139, 140 Cao Cao, 55 Buddha nature, 76, 101 Cao-Wei Dynasty, 55, 87 Buddhacinga, 73 capital punishment, 37 Buddhism Cardinal Principles of the National Polity, 257 art, 76 castles, 156, 157, 180, 181, 182, 184 bodhisattva, 71 castle-towns, 185, 187 cave temples, 71 cavalry Chan, or Zen, 8, 101, 124 Han Dynasty China, 51 Chinese domestication, 76 Hu, 60 Choson˘ Korea, 147 Jurchen, 129 digitalization of scriptures, 310 Mongol, 136 Esoteric (Tantric), 102, 120 Northern Wei Dynasty, 68 four noble truths, 70 cell phones, 324, 346 government supervision in China, 74 Ch’oe Che-u, 211 imperial temple construction, China, Ch’oe Sung-no,˘ 143 100 chaebol,˘ 305–306, 311 imperial temple construction, Japan, 119 Chaghadai Khanate, 137 Indian origins, 70 chairs, 69, 77 inﬂuence on Neo-Confucianism, 108, Chajang, 110 134 Champa, 92 interaction with Daoism, 76, 97 Chan, 101 Kamakura Japan, 153 Chang Po-go, 114

Index 407

Chang’an Chon˘ Namsaeng, 111 center for Buddhist translation, 75 Chon˘ Tu-hwan. See Chun Doo Hwan fall of Western Jin Dynasty alternate Chongqing, 267 capital, 56 chonin,¯ Tokugawa townspeople, 185 Tang Dynasty capital, 93 chopsticks, 290 chanoyu, 8, 157 Chosh¯ u,¯ 216, 217, 220 chariot, 30, 31, 43 Choson.˘ See also King Kojong; Yi Song-gye˘ Charlemagne, 109 Buddhism, 147 chaste widow, Confucian ideal, 28, 133 ceremonial code, 36 Chen Duxiu, 238, 264 chili peppers, 177 Chen Shuibian, 340–341, 342 Christianity, 177–178 Chiang Ching-kuo, 263, 340 civil service examination system, 146, Chiang Kai-shek 212 Christianity, 263 Confucian academies, 147 Commandant of Nationalist military economy, 177 academy, 243 founding of dynasty, 146 death on Taiwan, 337 isolationism, 176, 177, 178–179 loss of Civil War and retreat to Taiwan, Japanese invasion, 147, 174–176 313–314 King Sejong, 146 Memorial, 341 King Yongjo,˘ 177 military training in Japan, 238 legal codes, 147 Northern Expedition, 243 Ming military assistance, 176 split with leftists, 243, 264–265 Neo-Confucianism, 146–147, 177 U.S. support, 314 Old Choson,˘ 11 World War II, 267–269 reduced to Japanese protectorate, 246 Xi’an incident, 267 relations with Tokugawa Japan, Chiang Wei-kuo, 263 208–209 Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 185 slaves, 146, 177, 212 chili peppers, 177 Tonghak rebellion, 211 China. See also names of Chinese dynasties; tributary relations with China, 207–208 People’s Republic of China; Republic Wiman, 79 of China women, 147 Chinese identity, Tang Dynasty, 95, 107 yangban aristocracy, 146 deﬁned, antiquity of, continuity and Christianity. See also Taiping Rebellion change, 5–7 Chiang Kai-shek, 263 derivation of name, 7 Choson˘ Korea, 177–178 origins of, 25–26 colonial era Korea, 248 Chinese Communist Party. See communism early-modern Japan, 179–180 Chinese language. See language Jesuit mission to China, 164, 172–173 Chinese Nationalist Party Matteo Ricci, 164 Civil War, 313–314 People’s Republic of China, 345 military academy founded, 243 rites controversy, 172 1912 elections, 241 Saint Francis Xavier, 163, 164, 179 Republic of China ruling party, 263 South Korea, 307–308 Taiwan’s ruling party, 336, 338, 340, Sun Yat-sen, 233 341 Tang Dynasty, 95 Chinese Revolution, 1911, 234–235 Tokugawa proscription of, 183 Chinese writing system, 18–19, Yuan Dynasty, 140 23–24 Chronicles of Japan. See Nihon shoki Chinggis Khan, 135–137 Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, 81, 85 Chinhan, 81 Chun Doo Hwan, 308, 309, 311 chinoiserie, 164 Chungking. See Chongqing Chinul, Korean monk, 143 Chushingura¯ , 185

408 Index

civil service examination system land redistribution and class struggle, abolition, 231 315–316 Choson˘ Korea, 146 loss of enthusiasm for in post-Mao Koryo˘ Korea, 144 China, 324 late imperial system, 131–133 Nationalist purge, 264–265 meritocracy, 38 Soviet support for Chinese Communists, precursors, 48, 53, 97 314 Silla Korea, 113 compass, magnetic, 130 Sui and Tang dynasties, 99–100 computers Civil War, Chinese, 313–314 China, 23, 324, 343, 346 Cixi. See Dowager Empress Cixi Hong Kong, 335 Classic of Filial Piety, 37 Singapore, 332 Japan, 117, 118 South Korea, 310 Xianbei language translation, 68 Taiwan, 339 climate change, 136 Confucian academies clothing Choson,˘ 147 Choson,˘ 177 Song Dynasty, 134 Khubilai Khan, 139 Confucian classics, 32, 35–36, 53 kimono, 291 Kang Youwei’s claim to be forgeries, 230 Manchu, 167 Korea, 82, 84 Silla, 110 Meiji Japan, 223 Turkic,¨ 95 Nara Japan, 118 World War II Japan, 270 Neo-Confucianism, 107 Xianbei, 68, 95 printed, 131 coal, 131, 192, 344 6th century, 77 coinage stone inscription, 53, 61 Japan, 117, 121, 123, 153 Tang Dynasty, 98 Cold War. See also Korean War Confucian sacriﬁces, Nara and Heian bamboo curtain, 289, 350 Japan, 118 end of, 289, 326, 329 Confucian temple Nixon’s demarche,´ 320 Northern Wei Dynasty, 67 U.S. containment of communism, 315 Tang Dynasty, 98 U.S.-Japanese alliance, 282 Confucian work ethic, 350 Collection of Ancient and Modern (Poetry). Confucianism. See also Neo-Confucianism See Kokinshu¯ deﬁning feature of East Asia, 36 Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves. See Han Dynasty, 53–54 Manyosh¯ u¯ hierarchy, 38 colonial Korea. See Korea, Japanese Japan, 36, 117 colonial Korea, 36 comfort women, 248 meritocracy, 38, 219 commerce. See economy “Teachings of the Ru,” or Rujiao, 35 communes. See Great Leap Forward Tokugawa Japan, 183 communism. See also Mao Zedong Western invention of, 35 Chinese Civil War, 313–314 Confucius, 32, 35 Chinese Communist Party founded, 239, life and teachings, 36–38 264 on military tactics, 44 Chinese translation of, 23, 323 conscription, military, 43, 51, 56 collective ownership of means of Nara Japan, 117, 121, 148 production, 323 consumer culture, early-modern, 165 as form of westernization, 240 Corner with Love, TV serial, 342 historical stages, or modes of production, creation myths, 11–12 240, 315 crossbow, 43, 51, 148, 149 Jiangxi rural revolutionary base, 265 Cui Jian, 328

Index 409

Cultural Revolution, 318–319 Deng Xiaoping literature of the wounded, 322 Cultural Revolution, purged during, 319 curry, 249, 292 economic reforms, 323–325 pragmatism, 323 Dai Kui, 63 rise to power, 322–323 daimyo,¯ 155 southern tour, 343 domains abolished, 220 studies in France, 239 late Tokugawa economic revival, Tiananmen Square demonstrations, 328, 215–216 329 Tokugawa period, 184, 188 department stores, 249, 251 Warring States Japan, 157 Depression, the Great, 255, 285 dairy products, 59, 100 Japanese industrial recovery, 255 Dalai Lama, 73, 168, 171 Deshima, 183 Dali, 107 developmental state Damansky Island, 320 postwar Japan, 285, 286 Dan no Ura, 152 South Korea, 304–305 Dao Tong, the “Transmission of the Way,” Dewey, John, 238 108 dialects, Chinese, 17 Daoism diffusion theory, 12 deﬁnition, 39–40 Discourses on Salt and Iron, 53 Japan, 39 Disneyland Laozi, 40–41 Hong Kong, 335 religion, 39, 72, 76, 97 Toky¯ o,¯ 290 wuwei, 41 disturbances of the eight princes, 56 Zhuangzi, 40 divination, Shang Dynasty, 28 Daozang, Daoist scriptures, 39 dolmen, 79 Datong, 71 Dong Zhongshu, 54 Davies, David, 192 Dou Yi, 108 Daxue. See Great Learning doubt antiquity movement in modern Demilitarized Zone, Korea, 302 China, 25 democracy. See also Tiananmen Square Dowager Empress Cixi, 205, 206, 207, 230 demonstrations dragon bones. See oracle bones China’s 1912 elections, 241 Du Yuesheng, 242 Hong Kong, limited democratization, Duke of Zhou, 32, 98 334 Dunhuang, 106 late 19th century world trend, 190 Dutch Meiji constitution, 222–223 Deshima, Nagasaki, 183 Meiji Japanese popular rights movement, monopoly of Japan trade, 193 222 Taiwan outpost, 163, 336 People’s Republic of China, 343 VOC, East India Company, 192 postwar Japan, 280 Dutch studies (rangaku), 213 Qing Dynasty constitutional reforms, dynastic histories, 98 231 South Korea, 302, 308–309 East Asia South Korean Confucian interpretation deﬁnition, 2–3 of, 309 spread of elements of common elite Taisho¯ Japan, 251 culture, 70, 109–110 Taiwan, 339–340 21st century relevance, 350–351 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. See East India Company. See Britain North Korea Eastern Jin Dynasty, 58, 61–63 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Eastern Turkestan. See Xinjiang 340 economic miracle. See postwar Japanese Deng Lijun. See Teng, Teresa economy

410 Index

economy. See also industrial revolution Esen, Oirat Mongol, 141 Choson,˘ 177 Esoteric (Tantric) Buddhism East Asia, 350 Japan, 102, 120 equitable fields system, 67 Tang Dynasty, 102 estates, in Han Dynasty, 54 eunuchs Han Dynasty, 53 Han Dynasty, 54, 55 Hong Kong, 2, 332–334 Qin Dynasty, 48 Japan, Heian, 121 Tang Dynasty, 106 Japan, Meiji, 224–227 Zheng He, Ming Dynasty admiral, 141 Japan, Muromachi commercialization, examinations. See civil service examination 155 system Japan, postwar, 283–286 Japan, Tokugawa, 187–188 fajia. See legalism Japan, World War I, 250 Falun Gong, 346 Japanese colonial Korea, 247, 248 famine, 318 late Qing commercial activity, 202 fashion, 6, 165 market-based reforms in People’s Faults of Qin,essaybyJiaYi,48 Republic of China, 323–325 Faxian, 75 Ming Dynasty commercialization, February 26, 1936, mutiny in Japan, 257 161–162 February 28th Incident, Taiwan, 313–314 Northern dynasties China, 59, 65, 67 fengshui, 96 post–World War II U.S., 275 feudal. See communism, historical stages Qing Dynasty standard of living, 174, fiction. See also novel (fiction) 193–194 Heian Japan, 122–123 Singapore, 2, 331–332 “Madman’s Diary,” 236 Song Dynasty, 130–131 Ming Dynasty, 165 South Korea, 303, 304–307, 309–310 “Peach Blossom Spring,” 63 Southern dynasties China, 63–64, 67 Tokugawa playwrights, 185 Soviet model in early People’s Republic filial piety, 37, 38 of China, 316 First Emperor of China. See Qin shi Taiwan, 338–339 huangdi Taiwan’s investment in mainland China, Five Dynasties, China, 126 342 five Hu. See Hu Tang Dynasty, 106, 108–109 floating world (ukiyo), 186 world, 1, 2, 140, 194, 196, 236 floods, Chinese legend, 97 Edo, 182, 185, 188, 216 foot-binding, 28, 133, 171 becomes Toky¯ o,¯ 219 abolition, 230, 236 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 282 Fortune, Robert, 194 Emishi, 148 forty-seven ronin.¯ See Chushingura¯ encyclopedias, 131 Fotucheng. See Buddhacinga English language four noble truths, 70 brand names, 345 Francis Xavier, Saint, 163, 164, 179 Hong Kong, 335 Frank, Andre Gunder, 163 loanwords in Japanese, 22 free trade, ideal of classical economics, 196 postwar Japan, 291 French Concession. See Shanghai Taiwan, 341, 342 French influence on Chinese enka, 293 revolutionaries, 238–240 enrich the country, strengthen the army, Fujiwara, 122, 149 42, 217, 304 origin of name, 115 equality of income distribution, postwar Fujiwara Michinaga, 122 Japan, 284 fukoku kyohei.¯ See enrich the country, equitable fields system (juntian), 67, 108 strengthen the army Erlitou, 26 Fukuzawa Yukichi,¯ 220

Index 411

Gandhara,¯ 71 Gu Kaizhi, 62 Gang of Four, 322 Guangzhou Gao Huan, 69 Canton system, Western trade, 174, 194 Gao Xianzhi, 104 eclipsed by rise of Shanghai, 198 geisha, 186 Ming Dynasty, 162 Gempei war, 150–152 Nationalist Party base, 243, 269 General Sherman, schooner, 178 Tang Dynasty, 127 Genghis Khan. See Chinggis Khan Guanyin, 73 Genji, Tale of, 21, 123 Guanzhong, “within the passes” gentleman, Confucian ideal, 37 Han Dynasty, 49 Germany Kumaraj¯ ¯ıva, Buddhist translation project, concession in Shandong, 238 75 inﬂuence on Japanese developmental Qin, 45 state model, 285 Sui, 91 Meiji Japanese preferred model, 222 Ta ng , 94 nation-state, 232 Xianbei, 68, 97 Qing Dynasty preferred model, 231 Zhou, 31 relations with Republic of China, 263 guerilla warfare globalization Chinese Communist, 240, 265 19th century, 191 Korean anti-Japanese, 246 People’s Republic of China, 325–326, Korean Communist, 301 343–347 gunpowder, 131, 137 postwar Japan, 291–294 gunpowder empires, 166 reawakening of local identities, 349 Guomindang. See Chinese Nationalist Party South Korea, 309–312 Gobi desert, 50, 68 Hakka, 17, 198, 337 Go-Daigo, Emperor, 154–155 Han Dynasty. See also Han, China; Han Goddess of Democracy statue, 328, 329, Wudi; Liu Bang 346 Confucianism, 53–54 Golden Horde, 137 deposition of last Han emperor, 55 Golden Pavilion, 155, 156 eunuchs, 54 golf founding, 49 People’s Republic of China, 345 large estates, 54 South Korea, 310 military, 51 Gong, Prince, 201 Wang Mang’s usurpation, 54 Google, 335 Yellow Turban rebellion, 54 Gordon, Charles, 199 Han Feizi, 41 Go-Shirakawa, Emperor, 150–151 Han Gaozu. See Liu Bang Grand Canal, 92, 161 Han Wudi, 51–53, 65. See also Han Dynasty Great Leap Forward, 316–318 Confucian orthodoxy, 53 Great Learning, 135 embassy to western regions, 51 Great Wall of China grand strategy against Xiongnu, 51 Manchuria outside of, 167 Korea, conquest of, 79 Ming Dynasty, 141 northwestern campaigns, 51–53 Ming-Qing transition, 170 Han Yu, 98, 107 projection of early imperial Chinese Han, as name of Xiongnu state, 61 power, 50 Han, China Qin Dynasty, 46 derivation of name, 49 “Great Wave at Kanagawa, The,” Han, Korea, 9, 81 woodblock print, 187 han’gul,˘ 22, 146 Greater China, 2, 330, 342–343. See also Hanzi. See Chinese writing system Hong Kong; Singapore; Taiwan Harbin, 206, 258 Green Gang, 242 Hayashi Razan, 183

412 Index

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. Sino-British Joint Declaration, 335 See Taiping rebellion source of capital for post-Mao People’s Heavenly Qaghan, 95 Republic, 334 Heian. See also Kyoto¯ Special Administrative Region of People’s Emperor Go-Shirakawa, 150–151 Republic, 335 Emperor Shirakawa, 149 World War II, 271 estates, 121 Hong Mai, 135 Fujiwara dominance, 122 Hong Xiuquan, 198–199 Gempei war, 150–152 Hoover, Herbert, 207 last embassy to China, 118, 123 Hu, non-Chinese peoples, 59–60 last legal code, 123 loss of identity, 95 literature, 122–123 Hu Jintao, 343, 344 Minamoto Yoritomo, 151–152 Hu Yaobang, 327 provincial governors, 148 Hua Guofeng, 322 retired emperors, 122, 149 Huaisu, Tang monk calligrapher, 102 rise of warriors, 121, 148–149 Huaxia, Chinese, 6, 7, 32 selection of city site, 120 Huineng, 6th Chan Patriarch, 2, 101 Taira Kiyomori, 150–151, 152 human sacrifice, 28 weakening of central imperial humanity, Confucian virtue, 37 government, 121 hundred days of reform, 206 women, 122 . See also Heian, literature Huns, 50, 56 Heike, Tale of, 151, 152 hunting, 65 Heisei Emperor, 288 Hwabaek, Sillan council of nobles, 112 Hello Kitty, 291 Hwarang, Sillan “flower youths,” 112 Heritage Foundation, 332 Hyegwan, 110 hermit kingdom, 176 Hyundai, 305, 306, 307 Hideyoshi administrative measures, 182 Ibn Bat.t.ut¯ .a, 130, 140 deathbed maneuvers, 182 I-Ching. See Book of Changes invasion of Korea, 147, 174–176 Il-khanate, 137 origins, 181 Imperial Palace, Toky¯ o,¯ 288 unification of Japan, 181 imperialism, new, 193, 246 hieroglyphics, 12, 18, 19 import substitution, 339 Himiko, 85, 87 India Hiragana. See kana British East India Company, 193 Hirohito. See Showa¯ Emperor Chinese pilgrims to, 75, 95, 102 Hiroshige, 186 Chinese trade with, 102, 130 Hiroshima, 274 curry, 249, 292 historical stages, 160–161, 315 economic importance, 140 Hobbes, Thomas, 47 embassies to Southern dynasty China, 69 Hok¯ oji,¯ 78 Hong Kong, 335 Hokusai, 186 influence in Japan, 78, 120 Honen,¯ 153 influence in Tibet, 104, 113 Hong Kong influence on China, 76–77 British colonial origins, 197, 332 influence on Vietnam, 3 capitalist refuge from early People’s legendary origins of Chan/Zen, 101 Republic, 334 missionaries to China, 73, 76 Chinese population, 332 Mughal Empire, 166 economy, 2, 332–334 1962 war with China, 320 end of British colonial rule, 335 opium, 195, 196 limited democratization, 334 relations with PRC, 298, 345 New Territories, 206 restaurants in Japan, 291 postwar Japanese influences, 292 sepoy mutiny, 197

Index 413

Singapore, 331 immigrants, 86, 87, 117 Tang Dynasty military intervention in, imperial rivalry with China, 115, 118 103 imperial title, 88, 116 treaty port China, 203 Jomon,¯ 84 Indo-European language, 59, 75 literacy, 8th century, 2, 38, 118 industrial revolution, 192, 236 neolithic, 14, 84 late industrializing countries, 193 old tombs, 85 Manchuria, 259 pottery, 14, 84 Meiji Japan, 224–227, 238 prehistoric southern influence, 84–85 slow start in China, 202–203 Song Dynasty trade with, 130 World War I Japan, 250 traditions, invention of, 8, 157 Inner Mongolia, 13, 50, 136 Yayoi, 85 Boxer rebellion, 207 Japan as Number One: Lessons for America, Khitan, 107 286 Sui and Tang dynasties, 94 Japanese language. See language Tuoba Xianbei, 60, 65, 66 Japanese national histories, 123 internet. See computers Jazz, 252 Inukai Tsuyoshi, 257 Jesuit mission to China, 164, 172–173 iron Jesuit mission to Japan, 180 early Japan, 87 Jia Yi, 48 Song Dynasty production, 131 Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek Tokugawa Japan, 187 Jiang Jingguo. See Chiang Ching-kuo irrigation in early China, 24 Jiangxi, communist base, 265 Iryon,ˇ 22 Jiaoran, Tang monk poet, 102 Ise, shrine, 116, 220, 282 Jingdezhen, kilns, 192 Ishiwara Kanji, Lt. Colonel, 260, 270 Jinshi degree, 99, 131 Ishiyama Honganji, 180 Jomon,¯ 84 Islam juche. See North Korea rise in Central Asia, 104 jud¯ o,¯ 9, 292 Song Dynasty trade with Islamic world, juntian. See equitable fields system 130 junzi. See gentleman, Confucian ideal western Mongol conversion, 137 Jurchen, 129 Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 200 Jin Dynasty, 129 Zheng He, Ming Dynasty admiral, 141 Manchu predecessors, 167 Itagaki Taisuke, 221, 222 Mongol raids, 137 Ito¯ Hirobumi assassination of, 246 kabuki, 185 drafting the Meiji constitution, 222 Kadoorie, Lawrence, Baron, 334 first Prime Minister, 223 Kaitokudo¯ (Hall of Embracing Virtue), 183 party politician, 251 Kamakura, 151 Resident-General in Korea, 246 baths, 153 Buddhism, 153 Jackson, Michael, 311 fall of shogunate, 154 Japan. See also names of major Japanese Hoj¯ o¯ regency, 154 historical periods; postwar Japan Honen,¯ 153 derivation of name, 8 . See also Nihon Minamoto Yoritomo, 151–152 early 20th century modernizing model, Mongol invasions, 154 238 Nun Shogun, 154 early Korean connections, 14, 85, 86, shogunate, founding of, 152 110, 119 kami, 78, 87 early-modern Christianity, 179–180 kamikaze, 273 embassies to China, 87, 115, 123 kana, 21, 22, 122 female rulers, 88, 120, 121 Kang Youwei, 230

414 Index

Kangxi Emperor, 171 Kong Fuzi. See Confucius Kanto¯ earthquake, 250 Kongmin, King, 145 Kanto¯ plain, 87, 151, 152 Korea. See also names of Korean dynasties; karaoke, 291 North Korea; South Korea Kashgar, 104 ancient marriage customs, 82 Katakana. See kana borders, 81 keigo, respect language, 16 derivation of name, 9, 114 keiretsu (enterprise groups), 286 early diversity, 81–82 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 253, 261 Han Dynasty Chinese colony, 79–81 Kennedy, Paul, 92 inﬂuence on early Japan, 85, 86, 110, kerosene, 235 119 khan Korean people in Tang China, 95, 104, Mongol, 135 109–111, 113–114 Tuoba Xianbei, Northern Wei, 67 Korean people in Tuoba Xianbei Khitan, 104, 142 Northern Wei, 65 Cathay, 127 Manchurian connections, 13, 81, 82, dynastic founder, 127 107, 142 Liao Dynasty, 107, 127, 129 native culture, 80, 84 Khokand, 200 neolithic, 79 Khotan, 104 old tombs, 84 Khubilai Khan, 137–139 pottery, 79 Ki no Tsurayuki, 122 tradition, early-modern formation of, Kim Chong-il.˘ See Kim Jong Il 147, 174 Kim Dae Jung, 311 tributary status, 113 Kim Il Sung, 296, 301. See also North uniﬁcation of, 84 Korea Korea, Japanese colonial Kim In-mun, 111 annexed, 246 Kim Jong Il, 301, 312 assimilation policy, 248 Kircher, Athanasius, 12 economic policy, 247, 248 Kishi Nobusuke, 285 Japanese presence, 246 Koguryo˘ Korean nationalism, 247–248 adoption of Chinese institutions, 82 modernization and westernization, 247 Buddhism, 77 1919 mass protest, 247 fall of kingdom, 111 Korean Empire, 212 marriage customs, 82 Korean language. See language origins, 81, 82 Korean War Sui Dynasty invasions, 92–93 Chinese intervention, 299 wars with Sui and Tang, 110–111 Cold War partition of peninsula, Kojiki, 11, 21, 88, 184, 216 295–296 Kojong, King consequences, 299–300 abdication of, 246 decision for war, 296–297 becomes Emperor, 212 Inch’on˘ landings, 298 during Sino-Japanese war, 212 Pusan perimeter, 297 enthronement, 209 truce, 299 regency of the Taewon’gun,˘ 209–210 U.S. First Cavalry crosses 38th parallel, takes refuge in Russian legation, 212 298 Tonghak rebellion, 211 Korean wave, pop culture, 312 Treaty of Kanghwa with Japan, 210 Koryo.˘ See also Wang Kon˘ Koken,¯ Empress, 117 Buddhism, 143 Kokinshu¯, 123, 219 civil service examinations, 144 kokutai, Japanese “national polity,” 250, founding, 114, 142 252, 256 government, 144 kolp’um, Sillan bone rank, 112 Khitan threat, 143

Index 415

King Kongmin, 145 Choson˘ Korea, 147 Korean values and traditions, 143 early Japan, 117 mandate of Heaven, 143 printing of Song code, 131 metal moveable type printing, 143 League of Nations, 261 military dictatorship, 144 Lee, Ang, 342 Mongol domination, 144–145 legalism, 41–42 Neo-Confucianism, 145 discredited by fall of Qin, 48 porcelain, 143 Qin Dynasty, 46, 47 royal residence in Beijing, 145 Leibniz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von, surnames, 144 164 Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong, 332, Lelang, 80 335 li Kucha,¯ 75, 104 principle, 107, 134 Kukai,¯ 102, 120 ritual, 26, 37 Kumaraj¯ ¯ıva, 75 Li Bai (Li Po), 95, 98 Kuo-Min-Tang. See Chinese Nationalist Li Yu, 165 Party Li Yuan, 93–94. See also Tang Dynasty Kwangju uprising, 308 Liao Dynasty, 107 Kwantung Army, 260, 261 Liaodong Kyoto.¯ See also Heian Russian leasehold, 205, 244 Muromachi period, 155, 156 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Japan, not bombed during World War II, 274 280–281 libertinism, Three Kingdoms era, 56 laid off workers, People’s Republic of libraries, 63 China, 323 Lin Zexu, 196–197 laissez-faire, 41, 161, 196, 203, 285 literacy language. See also written language late Ming China, 165 Altaic, 17, 65, 167 Nara Japan, 38, 118 Chinese and Japanese compared, 16 literature of the wounded, 322 dialects, Chinese, 17 Liu Bang. See also Han Dynasty English loanwords in Japanese, 22 ancestor of 4th century Xiongnu rebel, Indo-European, 59, 75 61 Japanese, 18, 22, 85, 116 birth and early career, 48 Korean, 18, 81, 113, 247 disdain for booklearning, 53 Manchu, 18, 167, 171 Emperor Han Gaozu, 50–51 Mandarin, 17 King of Han, 49 modern Chinese, 16 logograph, 18, 19 Sino-Tibetan, 17 Long March, 265 Taiwanese, 17, 337 Lord Shang, 41–42, 46. See also Shang Yang tones, Chinese, 16, 77 Lotus Sutra¯ , 76 Tungusic, 129, 167 loyalty, Confucian virtue, 38, 153, 183 Tuoba Xianbei, 65, 68, 96 Lu Fahe, 96–97 Laozi Lu Xun, 236 ancestor of Tang Dynasty imperial Lunyu. See Analects family, 93 Luoyang deiﬁed, 72 fall of Western Jin capital, 56 identity of, 40 Han Dynasty, 54 mysterious learning, 55 Northern Wei capital, 67, 93 philosophy, 40–41 16 kingdoms, 73 late industrializing countries, 193 stone Confucian classics, 61 Latin, 24, 160, 171, 235 law Ma Ying-jeou, 341 ancient China, 42 Macao, 162, 195

416 Index

MacArthur, Douglas, General education, 240 Korean War, 297, 298, 299 Great Leap Forward, 316–318 postwar Japan, 277, 280, 281, 282 Jiangxi base, 265 World War II, 273 Long March, 266 Macartney, George, 1st Earl, xxi, 195, 200 Lu Mountain (Lushan) Party conference, Madman’s Diary,shortstory,236 318 magatama, 85 as member of Nationalist Party, 243 Mahan, 81, 83 Moscow visits, 315, 316 Maitreya, 103, 139 peasant revolution, 240–241, 265 Manchu. See also Qing Dynasty “people’s war,” 299 banners, 167 proclaims People’s Republic, 314 distinctions from Han Chinese, 171 Yan’an, 266 language, 18, 129, 167, 171 maps Mongol interactions, 167–168 lack of good world maps in 1895 Beijing, Nurgaci, 167 202 occupation of Beijing, 170 Matteo Ricci, 164 origins, 166–167 Qing Dynasty, 172 prominence in late Qing, 232 Marco Polo Bridge, 267 Manchukuo, 258–262 Maripkan, 83, 112 Park Chung Hee, 304 Marshall, George C., General, 313 Manchuria Marx, Karl, 240 early 20th century population and Marxism. See communism economic boom, 259 May Fourth Movement, 238 Han Dynasty China, 51 McDonald’s Japan’s economic “lifeline,” 256 Japan, 290 Jurchen, 129 People’s Republic of China, 345 Khitan, 107 South Korea, 310 Kim Il Sung, 301 Taiwan, 342 Koguryo,˘ 82 McGray, Douglas, 291 Korean identity, 13, 81, 142 Mecca, 141 Manchukuo, 258–262 medieval economic revolution, 130–131 Parhae, 107 medieval, historical period, 160 Qing Dynasty, 258 Meiji restoration Russian concessions, 205, 244, 245, 258 bunmei kaika (civilization and Soviet Union, 274, 314 enlightenment), 219 warlord Zhang Zuolin, 242, 259 Charter Oath, 219 Xianbei states, 82 conservative reaction, 220, 250 Mandarin, language or dialect, 17 constitution, 222–223 mandarin, scholar-ofﬁcial, 131 Fukuzawa Yukichi,¯ 220 mandate of Heaven, 33, 61, 67, 68 Imperial “Rescript on Education,” 224 Koryo,˘ 143 industrialization, 224–227, 238 Qing Dynasty, 170 initial palace coup, 219 manga, 252 limits of Meiji era changes, 227 manhole covers, 343 nation, minzoku, 232 Manichaeism, 95 national anthem, 219 Manila, 162, 163 oligarchy, 220, 224 Manyosh¯ u¯, 121 opening of Korea, 210 Mao Zedong. See also communism; popular rights movement, 222 People’s Republic of China samurai privileges abolished, 221 captured by Nationalist forces, 265 Satsuma rebellion, 221–222 Civil War, 314 Sino-Japanese war, 205, 211–212 Cultural Revolution, 318–319 war with Russia, 244–246, 258 death, 322 western fashions, 249–250

Index 417

Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms. Khubilai Khan, 137–139 See Samguk yusa raids on Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 137 Mencius, 33, 38, 142 Tibetan Buddhism, 168 Mengzi. See Mencius tribe, 135 meritocracy, Confucian, 38, 219 12th century steppe population, 136 metal-bound box, story in Book of Zunghar empire, 168 Documents, 32 Mongolia, 50, 92, 136. See also Inner Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, 291 Mongolia; Outer Mongolia millet, 13, 24, 26 Uighur Turks,¨ 106 Minamoto, 149 Mongolic language, 18, 136 Minamoto Yoritomo, 151–152 mono-no-aware, 21 Ming Dynasty. See also Zhu Yuanzhang Moscow, 166, 240, 243, 263, 264, 265, bankruptcy and collapse, 170 315, 316 Christianity, 164 motion picture (movie) commercialization, 161–162 China, 236 foreign wars, 141 Japan, 252 founding, 140 Korea, 247 garden-homes, 165 Taiwan, 342 Great Wall, 141 Motoori Norinaga, 184, 216 isolationism, 141 mountain Viet people, 62 Japanese pirates, 162 Mouzi, 75 late Ming consumer culture, 165 Mozi, 42 literacy rate, 165 mudang, Korean female shaman, 147 military assistance to Choson,˘ 176 Mukden, 260 naval expeditions, 141–142 Mulan, 68 selection of name, 140 Murakami, Emperor, 123 tourism, 162 Murakami Haruki, 291 Wang Yangming, 142 Murasaki, Lady, 123 Ming Taizu. See Zhu Yuanzhang Muromachi minzoku. See nation, minzoku Ashikaga Takauji, 154–155 minzu. See nation, minzu Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 155, 156–157 Missouri, battleship, 275 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 155 MITI (Ministry of International Trade and commercial economy, 155 Industry), 285 daimyo,¯ 155 Mitsubishi, 226, 286 Emperor Go-Daigo, 154–155 Mitsui, 226, 286 founding of shogunate, 155 Mitsukoshi, 292 Ming Dynasty relations, 155, 162 Miyoshi Kiyotsura, 118 No¯ theater, 157 modern, historical period, 160–161 Onin¯ War, 156 modernization. See also May Fourth traditional Japan, 157 Movement; Meiji restoration; Taisho,¯ Warring States, 157 modernity; westernization mysterious learning (xuanxue), 55 early 20th century China, 235–238 French model, 238–240 Nagasaki, 179, 183, 213, 274 Japanese colonial Korea, 247 Naka no Oe,¯ Prince, 115 Japanese model, 238 Nakatomi Kamatari, 115 Manchukuo, 261 Nanjing (Nanking) Mongol. See also Yuan Dynasty capital of Republic of China, 244, 262 Chinggis Khan, 135–137 capital of Three Kingdoms Wu, 55 conquest of China, 137 destruction by Sui Dynasty, 92 domination of Korea, 144–145 Eastern Jin Dynasty capital, 58 Esen, 141 Southern dynasty capital, 61, 64 invasions of Japan, 137 Taiping capital, 199

418 Index

Nanjing, Treaty of, 197 Nihon shoki, 88, 123 Nanking. See Nanjing Nihongi. See Nihon shoki Nanzhao, 107 Nihonjinron (discourses on Japanese Nara people), 287 academy, 118 nine ranks, Chinese official appointment Buddhism, 120 system, 99 construction of capital, 117 nirvan¯ . a, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76 great Buddha, statue, 78, 119 Nissan, 261 palace buildings, 121 Nixon, Richard M., 306, 320–322 penal and adminstrative law codes, No T’ae-u. See Roh Tae Woo 117 No¯ theater, 157 regulation of foreign contact, 118 nomads, 13, 136 nation Nomonhan, 270 Chinese, 6 North Korea. See also Kim Jong Il; Kim Il Japanese, 11 Sung; and Korean War Korean, 11, 13 atomic bomb, 302 minjok, 247 continuing incidents with South, 302 minzoku, 232 economy, 301 minzu, 6, 27, 232 independent course, 301 National Basketball Association’s (NBA), Juche, 301 345 personality cult, 301 national defense state Six Party Talks, 302 pre–World War II China, 263 Northern and Southern dynasties, China. pre–World War II Japan, 256 See names of specific dynasties national learning, school, Tokugawa Japan, Northern and Southern dynasties, Japan, 184 155 nationalism, modern origins of and spread Northern Wei Dynasty. See also Tuoba to East Asia, 232 Xianbei Nationalist Chinese Revolution, 234–235 dynastic history, 66 Nationalist Party. See Chinese Nationalist founding, 65 Party khan, 67 Nemesis, warship, 197 mandate of Heaven, 68 Neo-Confucianism Mulan, composition of, 68 Choson˘ Korea, 146–147, 177 non-Chinese officials, 67 Daoxue, the Study of the Way, 39 reunification of north China, 65 Koryo˘ Korea, 145 sinicization policies, 67 patriarchal ideals, 133 six garrisons rebellion, 68 relationship with Buddhism and Daoism, Xianbei cultural revival, 68 134–135 Yun’gang Buddhist grottoes, 71 Song Dynasty, 133–135 novel (fiction). See also fiction Tang Dynasty precursors, 107–108 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 55 neolithic Tale of Genji, 21, 123 Chinese, 26 Nun Shogun, the, 154 Japanese, 14, 84 Nurgaci, 167 Korean, 79 world centers of development, 12 Occupation of Japan. See postwar Allied Nestorian Christianity. See Christianity Occupation of Japan New Territories, Hong Kong, 332, Oda Nobunaga, 158, 180–181 335 Okcho,˘ 81 New Youth, 230, 239 Okinawa, 219, 282 new, as buzzword in early 20th century Okubo¯ Toshimichi, 221, 222 China, 230 old tombs, Japan, 85 Nihon, origin of name, 116 old tombs, Korea, 84

Index 419

Olympics Pearl Harbor, 271 Beijing, 328, 347 Peking. See Beijing Seoul, South Korea, 308 People’s Republic of China. See also Deng one child policy, 326 Xiaoping; Mao Zedong; Tiananmen one country, two systems, 335 Square demonstrations Onin¯ War, 156 American influences, 345 opium applications for Communist Party banned in China, 195 membership, 344 Chinese imports, 196 Christianity, 345 East India Company production, 195 Communist Party rule, 343 first opium war, 197 corruption, 326 Lin Zexu, Commissioner, 196–197 Cultural Revolution, 318–319 1919 re-prohibition, 242 Falun Gong, 346 second opium (“Arrow”) war, 197–198 first five year plan for economy, 316 smoking, 195 foreign direct investment, 325 oracle bones, 25, 27, 28 foreign direct investment from Greater Orchid Pavilion, 62 China, 330 Ordos desert, 46, 69, 107 Gang of Four, 322 Osaka,¯ 18, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188 gender discrimination, 326 Ottoman Empire, 166, 200 globalization, 325–326, 343–347 out of Africa, theory, 12 Great Leap Forward, 316–318 Outer Mongolia, incorporated into Qing investment in U.S., 343 Dynasty, 168 land redistribution and class struggle, overseas Chinese (Huaqiao), 330 315–316 Lu Mountain (Lushan) Party conference, pace of Yu, 96 318 Paekche national satisfaction rate, 330 Buddhism, 77 one child policy, 326 fall of kingdom, 111 peaceful rise, 344 influence on Japan, 78 pollution, 326, 344 origins, 82–83 post-Mao economic reforms, 323–325 pagoda, 72, 109 proclaimed, 314 painting. See also woodblock prints relations with Soviet Union, 315, Gu Kaizhi, 62 319–320, 327 Song Dynasty, 133 relations with United States, 320–322, Pak Chong-h˘ ui.˘ See Park Chung Hee 326 Palmerston, Henry Temple, Viscount, rise of Deng Xiaoping, 322–323 332 technocracy, 325 paper, 63 Tiananmen Square demonstrations, paper money, 131 327–330 paper tiger, 319 periodization, 160–161 parallel, 38th, 295 Perry, Mathew Calbraith, Commodore, Parhae, 107, 142 215–216 Park Chung Hee. See also South Korea Persia assassination, 308 ancient Greek conception of as Asia, 2 developmental state, 304–305 embassies to Southern dynasty China, 69 Japanese military service, 304 influence in early Japan, 78 1961 coup, 303 maritime trade with China, 106 Yushin (“Revitalizing”) reforms, 307 origin of game of polo, 95 patrilineal descent, 27, 147 Persian-style artifact in Chinese tomb, Patten, Christopher, Baron, 334 69 Peace Preservation Law, 252 possible Han Dynasty contact, 51 Peach Blossom Spring, 63 silk road commerce, 53

420 Index

Pew Research Center, 330 postwar Japan, environmental pollution, photography, 235 289 Physiocrats, 164 postwar Japan, politics, 280–281 Pillow Book, 122 postwar Japan, population decline, ping-pong diplomacy, 321 288 pirates, 145, 154, 162 postwar Japanese economy Plaza Accord, 287 characteristic features and analysis, pocket watch, 183 283–286 poetry collapse of stock market and real estate Muromachi period Japanese linked-verse, bubbles, 288 157 developmental state model, 285 Nara and Heian Japan, 121, 123 equality of income distribution, 284 Tang Buddhist poetry, 102 foreign direct investment, 286, 325 Tang poets, 95 keiretsu (enterprise groups), 286 Tang poets admired throughout East legacy of Allied Occupation, 285 Asia, 109 lifetime employment, 284 pollution MITI (Ministry of International Trade Japan, 289 and Industry), 285 People’s Republic of China, 326, 344 Plaza Accord, 287 polo, game, 95 slowness of postwar recovery, 283 Polo, Marco, 140 sources of capital, 284, 286 popular culture, Tokugawa Japan, takeoff period, 283 185–187 technology transfers, 283 popular rights movement, Meiji Japan, trade wars with U.S., 287 222 postwar Japanese globalization, 291–294 porcelain pottery, 14, 79, 84 Chinese exports to Europe, 192 presented scholar. See Jinshi degree Koryo,˘ 143 Prestowitz, Clyde, 287 Song Dynasty exports, 130 primary civilizations, 24 Port Arthur, 205, 244, 245, 258, 314 printing, 1, 99, 120 Portuguese Koryo,˘ 143 expulsion from Japan, 170, 183 Song Dynasty, 131 ﬁrearms, 163, 179 private property Macao, 162, 195 Qing Dynasty China, 174 postwar Allied Occupation of Japan reform era People’s Republic of China, breakup of zaibatsu, 280 324 constitution drafted, 280 Warring States China, 54 demilitarization, 281 progress, ideal of, 236, 240 MacArthur, Douglas, SCAP, 277 proletariat, 315 parliamentary system, 280 Puyi, last emperor of China, 235, 261 rationing and black markets, 278 Puyo,˘ 81, 82 reverse course, 282 Pyonhan,˘ 81 San Francisco Peace Treaty, 282 Showa¯ Emperor rehabilitated, 278–279 Qaghan, 95, 137 state shinto¯ disestablished, 280 Qianlong Emperor, 171 strategic industries promotion, 285 Qieyun, 68, 95 Supreme Commander for the Allied Qin. See also Qin shi huangdi Powers (SCAP), 277 early kingdom, 45 Trade Union Law, 279 fall of dynasty, 48 war crimes trials, 278 immigrant talent, 46 postwar Japan, Americanization, 289–290 legalism, 47 postwar Japan, Americanization, limits of, Lord Shang as Prime Minister, 41, 46 290–291 origin of English word China, 7, 48

Index 421

Qin shi huangdi gauges not uniform in warlord China, book burning, 47 264 death of, 47 Japan and China, first lines, 190 imperial title, huangdi, 46 Russian lines in Manchuria, 258 rumored illegitimacy, 46 Soviet control in early postwar standardization of imperial systems, Manchuria, 314 46 Toky¯ o¯ to Yokohama, 227 tomb, 47, 86 rangaku. See Dutch studies unification of China, 44, 46, 47 Rape of Nanking, 267 Qing Dynasty. See also Dowager Empress Record of Ancient Matters. See Kojiki Cixi; Manchu; opium; Taiping Record of Hearsay, 135 rebellion; Tongzhi restoration Red Guards, 318, 319 banner system, 167 Red River, 92 Boxer rebellion, 206–207 Red Turbans, 140 conquest of Taiwan, 170 refugees, Northern and Southern dynasties conservative reaction, 165 China, 62, 97 constitutional reform, early 20th century, reincarnation, 74 231 religion. See names of specific religions Court of Colonial Affairs, 169 religious freedom in premodern China, 74 distinctions between Manchus and Han ren. See humanity Chinese, 171 renminbi, 315 early cosmopolitanism, 171–172 Republic of China. See also Chiang 18th century standard of living, 174, Kai-shek; Nationalist Chinese 193–194 Revolution; Sun Yat-sen; Taiwan founding, 167 American influences, 263 Guangxu Emperor, 205, 206 founding, 235 hundred days of reform, 206 militarization, 263 Jesuit missionaries, 172–173 national defense economy, 262 Kangxi Emperor, 171 relations with Germany, 263 languages, 171 restored by Northern Expedition, 262 last emperor, 235, 261 single (Nationalist) party state, 244, 263 late Qing commercial activity, 202 Taiwan, 314, 336 lossoftributaries,194 weakness of central government, 264 Manchu dominance at dynasty’s end, World War II hyperinflation, 269 232 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Manchu garrisons, 171 Republican Chinese Revolution, 234–235 Manchu occupation of Beijing, 170 respect language. See keigo Mongol interactions, 167–168 retired emperors, Heian Japan, 122, 149 new armies, 234 Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui), Nurgaci, 167 234 population, 171 Revolutionary Model Operas, 319 Qianlong Emperor, 171 Rhee, Syngman, 248, 296, 303. See also Sino-Japanese war, 205, 211–212 South Korea Tibet, 168 Ricci, Matteo, 164 Tongzhi Emperor, 198, 205 rice Ya’qub beg and Xinjiang, 200 Japan, 84, 87 qipao. See banner gown Korea, 14, 79 Quanzhou, 130 south China, 13, 26 queue, 171, 235 rickshaw, 227 rites controversy, 172 radio, 247, 252, 261 Rites, Book of, 35 railways ritsuryo¯ jidai, 42 England, world’s first, 192 ritual. See li

422 Index

Roberts, Issachar, Reverend, 199 late Qing Dynasty, 231 Roh Tae Woo, 307, 309 Meiji Japan, 223 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 55 Nara Japan, 118 Rome. See also Charlemagne nationalistic curriculum in 1930s Japan, barbarian invasions, Goths cross 257 Danube, 57 Russian Harbin, 206 fall of Empire and decline in material suspended during Chinese Cultural standards of living, 64 Revolution, 318 legacy for Western civilization, 3 Tang Dynasty, 98 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 255, 295 treaty port Shanghai, 203 Roosevelt, Theodore, 245 vernacular language textbooks in early Ruan Ji, 56 20th century China, 235 rujiao. See Confucianism secondary civilizations, 24, 31 Russell, Bertrand, 238 security pact, United States and Japan, 282 Russia. See also Soviet Union Sei Shonagon,¯ 122 border with China defined, 258 Sejong, King, 22, 146 concession in Wuhan, 234 Sekigahara, 182 imperial expansion, 166 Selections of Refined Literature (We n x u a n ), King Kojong of Korea, 212 63 Manchu banner people, 167 self-strengthening. See Tongzhi restoration Manchuria, Russian presence in, 206, semi-feudal semi-colonial, Marxist 244, 245, 258 category, 315 war with Japan, 244–246, 258 Seoul, 177 Russo-Japanese war, 244–246, 258 becomes Choson˘ capital, 146 Hideyoshi’s invasion, 176 Saigo¯ Takamori, 221–222 Korean War, 297, 299 Samarkand, 51 Russo-Japanese War, 246 Samguk yusa, 11, 22 South Korea, 310 Samsung, 305 Seven Military Classics, 42, 44 samurai seven sages of the bamboo grove, 56 origins of, 121, 148 Seventeen-Article Constitution, 88 privileges abolished, 221 Shang Dynasty, 25, 26–28 residence in castle-towns, 185 Shang Yang, 41–42, 46. See also Lord Shang status permanently fixed, 182 Shangdi, Lord on High, 30 Tokugawa period, 188 Shanghai Warring States period, 157 criminal gangs, 205, 242 Sanguo zhi. See Chronicles of the Three French Concession, 204, 264 Kingdoms International Settlement, 203–205 sankin kotai.¯ See alternate attendance rise as treaty port, 203 Sanskrit Treaty of Nanjing, 197 derivation of English word China, 7 Shanghai Communique,´ 321 derivation of English word mandarin, Shenzhen, 325 131 Shi Hu, 61 names in China, 77 shi, latent force, 43 sacred Buddhist language, 120 Shimabara, Christian rebellion, 182 Sanxingdui, 26 Shingon. See Esoteric (Tantric) Buddhism Satsuma, 176, 216, 217, 218, 220 shinto¯ Schall, Johann Adam, von Bell, 172 Daoist connections, 39 schools disestablished by postwar Allied Heian Japan, 118 Occupation, 280 Japanese language use promoted in mandatory worship in colonial Korea, colonial Korea, 248 248 Koguryo˘ Korea, 84 modern organized state religion, 256

Index 423

Shirakawa, Emperor, 149 founding by British East India Company, shogun¯ 331 founding of first, Kamakura, shogunate, independence, 331 152 strategic location, 331 origin of title, 87 World War II, 271 Shotoku¯ Taishi, 88 Sino-Japanese war, 205, 211–212 Showa.¯ See also postwar Allied Occupation Sino-Tibetan language family, 17 of Japan; postwar Japanese economy; Six Dynasties, China, 58. See also names of Showa¯ Emperor; World War II specific dynasties assassination of Manchurian warlord, six garrisons rebellion, 68 253, 260 sixteen kingdoms, 58 domestic assassinations, coups, and army slaves mutiny, 257 Choson˘ Korea, 146, 177, 212 Manchuria, Japanese activities in, Sillans in Tang China, 114 259–262 Tang Buddhist monasteries, 101 rise of militarism, 256–258 smallpox, 118, 168 Showa¯ Emperor Smith, Adam, 196 death of, 288 Soga, 88, 115 enthroned, 251 Soj¯ o,¯ 110 opposes 1936 army mutiny, 257 Son˘ Buddhism. See Chan postwar rehabilitation, 278–279 Song Dynasty. See also Zhao Kuangyin renunciation of claim to be “manifest civil service examination system, 131 deity,” 280 civilism, 126–127 World War II surrender speech, encyclopedias, 131 275 founding, 126 Showa¯ Restoration, 252, 257 medieval economic revolution, 130–131 sick man of Asia, 193 Mongol conquest, 137 silk roads, 53, 73, 75 Neo-Confucianism, 133–135 Silla printing, 131 abdication of last king, 142 relations with Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 129 adoption of surnames, 112 relations with Khitan Liao, 127 adoption of Tang-style clothing and ships, 130 calendar, 110 Southern Song, 129 alliance with Tang Dynasty, 111 urban population, 130 bone rank, 112 Song Taizu. See Zhao Kuangyin civil service examinations, 113 Songtsen Gampo, King of Tibet, 104 council of nobles, 112 sonno-j¯ oi,¯ “revere the emperor and expel decline of dynasty, 114 the barbarians,” 216 female kings, 112 Sony Corporation, 283 five precepts, 110 South Korea. See also Park Chung Hee; Korean language, 114 Rhee, Syngman maritime trade, 113 American influences, 307, 310 origins, 83–84, 112 chaebol,˘ 305–306 students in Tang China, 113 Christianity, 307–308 title “king,” 112 Chun Doo Hwan, 308 unification of Korea, 111 democratization, 308–309 warrior culture, 112 developmental state, 304–305 silver, 163, 170, 180 dismantling the developmental state, Silver Pavilion, 156 309–310 Singapore globalization, 309–312 benevolent authoritarianism, 332 industial takeoff, 306 Chinese population, 331 Kwangju uprising, 308 economy, 2, 331–332 labor disputes, 308

424 Index

South Korea (cont.) Japanese embassies, 115 land redistribution, 303 Koguryo˘ campaigns, 92–93 1950s economy, 303 rebellions, 93 1961 military coup, 303 reconquest of northern Vietnam, 92 1997 Asian economic “flu,” 311 reunification of China, 91–92, 97 Olympics, 308 Sui Wendi. See Yang Jian relations with Japan, 307 Sui Yangdi, 92–93. See also Sui Dynasty six republics, 303 death of, 93 U.S. economic aid, 303 Koguryo˘ campaigns, 92–93 westernization, and its limits, 310–311 rebellions, 93 Yushin (“Revitalizing”) reforms, 307 Suiko, Empress, 88 South Manchurian Railway, 258, 260 sukiyaki, 249 Southern dynasties China, 61–64 sumera-mikoto, 88 cultural diversity, 69 Summer Palace, destroyed, 198 military usurpers, 64 Sun Goddess. See Amaterasu relationship with Japan, 87 Sun Yat-sen relationship with Korea, 83 compares Chinese people to loose sand, Soviet Union. See also Russia; Stalin, 241 Joseph during 1911 revolution, 234 agreement with Sun Yat-sen, 243 early career, 232–234 boycott of United Nations, 297 revival of Nationalist Party and Kim Il Sung, 301 agreement with Soviet Union, 243 Korean War, 296–297, 299 three stage revolutionary process, 244 neutrality pact with Japan, 271 visits Ming tomb, 235 Nomonhan, 270 Sun Yat-sen suit, 237 post–World War II Manchuria, 314 Sunzi, 42–44 relations with People’s Republic of superstition, 236 China, 315, 319–320, 327 supreme ultimate (taiji), 134 support for Chinese Communists, surnames 314 China, 112 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 325 Japan, 149, 181, 188, 221 spiritual training programs, 288 Korea, 112, 144 Spring and Autumn Annals, 32, 35, 36 sushi Sputnik, 316 as index of globalization, 291 Stalin, Joseph origins of, 8 Korea, 295, 296, 299, 301 Mao Zedong, 315, 319 T’aejo, King. See Wang Kon;˘ Yi Song-gye˘ Starbucks Tabgatch (Tuoba), 68 Forbidden City, Beijing, 346 Ta ewon’gun,˘ the, 209 Japan, 290 Ta ih o¯ code, 117 steam engines, 192 taiji (supreme ultimate), 134 steamship, 190, 202 Taika coup, 115–116 steppe, 13, 50 Taipei, 292, 313, 337, 339, 341 stirrup, 60, 86 Taipei, 101 stone age. See neolithic skyscraper, 292, 339 sugar, 192, 193 Taiping rebellion Sugawara Michizane, 118 capture of Nanjing, 199 Sui Dynasty. See also Sui Yangdi; Yang final defeat, 200 Jian Hong Xiuquan, 198–199 Eastern Turks,¨ 92 Western response, 199–200 fall of, 93 Taiping yulan, 131 founding, 91 Taira, 149 Grand Canal, 92 Taira Kiyomori, 150–151, 152

Index 425

Taisho¯ capital captured by Tibetan empire, 106 conservative countercurrents, 252 Christianity, 95 democracy, 251 civil service examinations, 99–100 economy, 250–251 Confucian temples, 98 modernity, 251–252 cosmopolitanism, 94–95 rice riots, 250 dynastic histories, 98 Ta iwa n early regional military dominance, 104 American influences, 341, 342 economy, 106, 108–109 ceded to Japan, 212, 337 eunuchs, 106 Chen Shuibian, 340–341, 342 foreign students, 110, 113 Chiang Kai-shek Memorial, 341 formation of Chinese identity, 95, 107 Chinese Nationalist Party rule, 336, 338, founding, 93–94 340, 341 Japanese visitors, 115, 120, 123 Chinese Nationalist retreat to, 314, 337 Korean visitors and immigrants, Chinese tradition, 336 109–111, 113, 114 Chinese-style small family enterprises, last Tang emperor dethroned, 126 339 late Tang military and political weakness, democratization, 339–340 106 Dutch outpost, 163, 336 military campaigns in Korea, 110–111 economic and cultural reintegration with Neo-Confucian revival, 107–108 mainland, 342–343 poetry, 102 economy, 338–339 printing, 99 February 28th Incident, 313–314, 338 schools, 98 Hakka, 337 tea, 100 Han Chinese population, 336 Ta ng Ta izong , 98. See also Tang Dynasty independence movement, 336, 338, appreciation of calligraphy, 62 340–341 assassination of brothers, 94 Japanese influences, 292, 337 Heavenly Qaghan, 95 languages, 17, 337, 338, 342 Tang Xuanzong Ma Ying-jeou, 341 An Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106 mainlanders, 338, 340, 341 enthroned, 103 possible Sui Dynasty invasion of, 92 love for Yang Guifei, 104 postwar inflation, 313, 338 Tanguts, 107, 127 Qing Dynasty conquest of, 170 Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming), 62 Qing Dynasty settlement of, 336 taotie design, 26 Republic of China, 336 Tashkent, 95, 104 Teresa Teng and globalization, 293–294 tatami, 157 transfer of U.S. recognition to People’s tattoo, 82, 85 Republic, 322, 337 taxes U.S. support for, 337 Choson˘ Korea, 211 Zheng Chenggong, 163 Confucian minimalism, 41, 142 Taiwan Relations Act, 322 early imperial Chinese tax base, 54 Taiwanese Han Dynasty, 53 Hoklo, subethnic identity, 337 Heian Japan, 121, 122 language or dialect, 17, 337 Hong Kong, 202 Talas River, 95 Meiji Japan, 226 battle, 104 Ming Dynasty, 141, 161 Tan Luan, 76 Muromachi Japan, 155 Tan’gun, 11 post–World War II Japan, 284, 285, 286 Tang Dynasty. See also Li Yuan; Tang Qing Dynasty, 170, 197 Taizong; Tang Xuanzong; Wu Zetian, religious exemptions, 74, 101, 147 Empress Republic of China, World War II era, An Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106 268

426 Index

taxes (cont.) Zhao Ziyang, 328 Singapore, 331 Tianjin, 202, 207 South Korea, 305 tianming. See mandate of Heaven Special Economic Zones, People’s Tibet, 73 Republic of China, 325 disintegration of empire, 106 Taika and Nara Japan, 117 empire, 104, 106 Taiwan, 339 Indian influence, 113 Tang Dynasty, 106 introduction of Buddhism, 104 Tokugawa Japan, 187, 188 Qing Dynasty, 168 under treaty port system in Japan, 216, students in Tang China, 110 224, 227 writing system, 104 tea Yuan Dynasty, 139 British consumption, 192, 194 Titanic, Hollywood movie, 345 Japan, 8, 157 tobacco origins of British trade, 173 British-American Tobacco Company, Tang Dynasty, 100 236 Tea Act (1773), 195 Choson˘ Korea, 177 tea ceremony. See chanoyu early-modern Japan, 179 telegraph, 190 17th century China, 162 telescope, 164, 177 Tocharian language, 75 television Todai-ji¯ (“Eastern Great Temple”), 117, English loanword in Japanese, 22 119 Japan, 291 Tokugawa Ieyasu People’s Republic of China, 324, 328, move to Edo, 182 345 Sekigahara, 182 Singapore, 332 shogun, 182 South Korea, 308, 310, 312 siege of Osaka¯ castle, 182 Taiwan, 342 Tokugawa shogunate tempura, 179 alternate attendance, 184, 217 Temujin.¨ See Chinggis Khan castle-towns, 185, 187 tenant-farming rates conflict with Chosh¯ u,¯ 217 20th century China, 316 Confucianism, 183 20th century Korea, 303 Dutch studies, 213 Teng, Teresa (Deng Lijun), 293–294 Dutch trade, 183 tenno,¯ 88, 116, 152 expulsion of Portuguese, 183 terracotta army, 47 founding, 182 tests. See civil service examination system licensed pleasure quarters, 186 Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness, 335 Meiji Imperial restoration, 219 Three Dynasties, 25 popular culture, 185–187 Three Han, Korea, 81 population, 187 Three Kingdoms, China, 55, 56, 62 proscription of Christianity, 183 Three Kingdoms, Korea, 82–84, 85 revival of Chosh¯ u¯ and Satsuma, 215–216 Tiananmen Square demonstrations samurai, 188 beginnings, 327 school of national learning, 184, 216 commemoration of May Fourth Shimabara rebellion, 182 Movement, 327 socio-economic change, 187–188 diversity of influences, 346 sonno-j¯ oi,¯ 216 hunger strike, 327 subordination and control of daimyo,¯ martial law, 328 184 massacre, 329 Toky¯ o¯ Sino-Soviet summit, 327 base for Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, student grievances, 328 234 westernization, 328–329 becomes capital, 219

Index 427

Disneyland, 290 Mongolia, 106 February 26, 1936, mutiny, 257 Xinjiang, 106 Imperial Palace, 288 uji, 87 postwar, 289 ujidera, 78 subway, 251 ukiyo-e, “pictures from the ﬂoating world,” Tomioka silk-reeling factory, 225, 226 186 tones, Chinese language, 16, 77 United Front, 267 Tonghak rebellion, 211 United Nations, 296, 297, 309, 337 Tongmenghui. See Revolutionary Alliance Tongwen guan, 201 Verbiest, Ferdinand, 172 Tongzhi Emperor, 198 Versailles peace conference, 238 Tongzhi restoration Viet (Yue) conservative criticism of, and limits, hundred Viets, 9, 62 201–202 mountain Viet, 62 self-strengthening reforms, 201 Vietnam topolect, 17. See also dialects derivation of name, 9 Tos a , 218 early imperial Chinese port, 64 Tosa Diary, 122 East Asian transitional zone, 3 Toyota , 283 French colonization, 194 trade wars. See postwar Japanese economy, independence, 107, 127 trade wars with U.S. Qin conquest, 46 Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to southward expansion, 9 Take the Lead, 287 Sui Dynasty reconquest, 92 transistor radios, 283 Sun Yat-sen, 234 translation of Buddhist scriptures, 74–75 U.S. military involvement, 320 Trans-Siberian railway, 244, 258 World War II, 271 treaty port system Vladivostok, 258 China, 194, 203 Voltaire, 164 Japan, 216, 227 Triads, 170 Wa, Japan, 87, 116 tribute, 87, 162, 208 wafuory¯ of¯ u¯ (Japanese or Western-style), Tripit.aka. See Buddhism, textual canon 291 Trojan wars, 69 wako,¯ Japanese pirates, 162 True Pure Land League (Ikko¯ ikki), 180 Wang Dao, 62 Truman, Harry, 297, 298, 299 Wang Jingwei, 269 Tsushima, 81, 208, 210 Wang Kon,˘ 114, 143. See also Koryo˘ naval battle, 245 Wang Mang, 54 Tungusic. See language Wang Xizhi, 62 Tuoba Xianbei Wang Yangming, 142 language, 65, 68, 96 Ward, Frederick Townsend, 199 loss of identity, 95–96 Warhol, Andy, 345 origins, 60, 65 warlordism, 241, 242, 264, 268 origins, cavern, 66–67 Warring States 6th century Chinese diversity, 69, 94, 97 China, military specialists, 42 written language, 67 China, tax base, 54 Turfan, 97 China, warfare, 43–44 Turkic language, 18, 106, 136 independent Chinese kingdoms, 6, Turks,¨ nomadic empire, 92, 93, 94, 95 34 2nd Qaghanate, 104 Japan, 157, 180 turtle ships, 176 Wedemeyer, Albert C., General, 263 Wei Dynasty. See Cao-Wei Dynasty; Uighur Turks¨ Northern Wei Dynasty An Lushan’s rebellion, 104, 106 wen (literary) and wu (martial), 44

428 Index

We n x u a n . See Selections of Refined begins at Marco Polo Bridge, 267 Literature Chinese hyperinflation, 269 Western Jin Dynasty, 56, 61, 65 collaborators with Japan, 269 westernization. See also May Fourth Coral Sea, battle of, 273 Movement; Meiji restoration; Guadalcanal, 273 modernization; Taisho,¯ modernity incendiary bombing of Japan, 273 Americanization of postwar Japan, island hopping, 273 289–290 Japan’s China quagmire, 267, 270 Americanization of postwar Japan, limits Japanese language training in the U.S., of, 290–291 279 communism, 240 Japanese rationing, 270 early 20th century China, 236 Japanese reliance on imports, 262, 270, Japanese colonial Korea, 247 271 19th century, 190 Japanese surrender, 275 Singapore and “Asian values,” 332 last Japanese soldier to surrender, 335 South Korea, 310–311 Leyte Gulf, battle of, 273 Tiananmen Square demonstrations, Midway, battle of, 273 328–329 Pearl Harbor, 271 Whampoa, military academy, 243 Rape of Nanking, 267 wild Chan, 142 Soviet neutrality in Pacific war, 271 Wilson, Woodrow, 238 submarine warfare, 273 “within the passes.” See Guanzhong U.S. industrial productivity, 273 women unconditional surrender, 274 Choson˘ Korea, 147 written language. See also language concubines, 131 Chinese characters, 18–19, 23–24 Empress Wu, 99, 102–103 Chinese characters in Japan, 19, 20–21, foot-binding, China, 28, 133, 171, 230, 22 236 Chinese characters in Korea, 22 gain vote in postwar Japan, 279, 280 Chinese characters, simplification, 20 gender discrimination in People’s during China’s age of division, 61, 97 Republic of China, 326 earliest Chinese, 25 Heian Japan, 122–123 East Asian Buddhism, 78, 110 hiragana as feminine script, 21, 122 Japanese, 20–22, 87, 116, 121, 123, 186, Koryo˘ Korea, 143 219 last female emperor of Japan, 121 kana, 21, 22, 122 Li Yu’s views on gender equality, 165 Khitan, 127 Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward, 317 Korean, 22, 177, 212 Neo-Confucian patriarchal ideals, 133 Manchu, 167 rulers of early Japan, 88, 120 modern Chinese vernacular, 235 Shang Dynasty China, 28 Paekche, 83 Silla, Korea, 112 Silla, 84 Taisho¯ Japanese feminism, 252, 253 Tangut, 127 women’s hand (hiragana), 122 Tibetan, 104 Won’gwang,˘ five precepts, 110 Tuoba Xianbei, 67 woodblock prints, artwork, Tokugawa uniformity, and prestige, of Chinese Japan, 186 written language, 20 World Bank, 350 Wu Zetian, Empress, 99, 102–103 World Trade Organization (WTO), 289, Wu, Three Kingdoms China, 7, 55, 56, 58, 345 62 World War I, 238, 239 Wuhan, 234 World War II wuwei, non-action, 41, 75 atomic bomb, 274 Axis alliance, 270 Xi Xia, 107, 127

Index 429

Xi’an incident, 267 Yellow Emperor, 11, 25, 68 Xia Dynasty, 25, 26 Yellow Turbans, 54 Xianbei. See Tuoba Xianbei Yemaek, 81 xiao. See ﬁlial piety yen bloc, 256 Xiaowen, Northern Wei Dynasty emperor, Yi Dynasty. See Choson˘ 67, 68 Yi Song-gye,˘ 145–146 Xiaowu, Southern dynasty Song emperor, Yi Sungman.˘ See Rhee, Syngman 64 Yi Sun-sin, admiral, 176 Xinjiang Yihequan. See Boxer rebellion crossroads of Eurasia, 75 Yijian zhi. See Record of Hearsay early civil service examination Yijing. See Book of Changes manuscript, 97 yin and yang, 39, 54, 134 Han Dynasty, 51 Ying Zheng. See Qin shi huangdi Qing Dynasty “New Frontier,” 168 Yokohama, 217, 227 Sui Dynasty, 92 Yongjo,˘ King, 177 Tang Dynasty, 95 Yongle Emperor, 141 Tibetan empire, 104 Yoshida Shigeru, 279 Uighur Turks,¨ 106 Yoshida Shoin, 216 Ya’qub Beg, 200 Yu, the Great, Sage Ruler, 25, 61, 96 Zunghar empire, 168 Yuan Dynasty. See also Khubilai Khan; Xinjing, “New Capital,” 261 Mongol Xiongnu apocalyptic rebellions, 139 among 4th century ﬁve Hu, 56, 60, 61 Beijing, 139, 145 disintegration of Xiongnu Empire, 53 bubonic plague, 139 5th century, in Northern Wei, 65 Christianity, 140 Han Dynasty appeasement of, 51 Confucian legitimacy, 140 Huns, 50 ethnic hierarchy, 139 origins, 50 invasions of Japan, 137 xuanxue. See mysterious learning meaning of name, 139 Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, 95, Polo, Marco, 140 102 succession disputes, 139 Xunzi, 39 Tibet, 139 universal writing system, 139 Yalta conference, 274, 295 Yuan Shikai, 211, 235, 241 Yalu River, 81, 82 Yun’gang, Buddhist grottoes, 71 Yamaga Soko,¯ 183 Yunmeng, 47 Yamatai, 85 Ya m at o zaibatsu, 226 defeat of Paekche expedition, 111, 116 Zen Buddhism, 8, 123, 153. See also Chan embassies to Sui and Tang, 115 Zhang Zuolin, 242, 259 rise of centralized authority, 87–88 assassination, 253 Taika coup, 115–116 Zhao Kuangyin Yamato, battleship, 256 civilism, 126–127 Yamato plain, 85, 87 Song Dynasty founder, 126 Yan’an, 266 Zhao Ziyang, 327, 328 Yang Guifei, 104 Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), 163 Yang Jian, 77, 91. See also Sui Dynasty Zheng He, Ming Dynasty admiral, yangban, Korean aristocracy, 144, 146, 141–142 212, 303 Zhongguo, 7 . See also China Ya n g s h a o, 13 Zhou Dynasty Ya’qub Beg, 200 Chinese identity, 32 Yawata steel mill, 250 conquest of Shang, 32 Yayoi, 85 Duke of Zhou, 32

430 Index

Zhou Dynasty (cont.) Zhu Yuanzhang, 139, 140–141, 146. Eastern Zhou, 34 See also Ming Dynasty King Wu, 31, 32 Zhuangzi, 40 origins, 30–31 mysterious learning, 55 Warring States, 34 Zongli Yamen, 201 Zhou Enlai, 239, 298 Zoroastrianism, 95 Zhu De, 240 zu, descent group, 27 Zhu Xi, 133, 142 Zunghar empire, 168