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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51595-5 - A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century Charles Holcombe Index More information Index abacus, 161 Asian values, Singapore, 332 aborigines Attila the Hun, 50 19th century southeast China, 198 automobile. See also Hyundai; and Toyota Southern dynasty China, 62, 96 first Chinese, 236 Taiwan, 335, 336 fuel efficiency standards, People’s Tang Dynasty, 95 Republic of China, 344 Acheson, Dean, 296, 297 sales in People’s Republic of China, 324 advantages of backwardness, 46 Avalokitesvara,´ 73 advertising, commercial Axis of Evil, 302 early 20th century China, 236 Azuchi, castle, 181 TV, People’s Republic of China, 345 agriculture, origins of, 12 Baghdad, 140 Aguda, 129 BaiJuyi(PoChu-I),¨ 95, 109 Ainu, 219 bakufu, 152 Allan, Sarah, 26–27 bamboo curtain, cold war, 289, 350 Allied Occupation of Japan. See postwar Bamiyan, Afghanistan, 71 Allied Occupation of Japan banditry, 242 alphabet, 19, 20, 22 banner gown, 171 Altaic language family, 17, 65, 167 Banner People. See Manchu alternate attendance (sankin kotai),¯ 184, barbarian, 8 217 Barbie doll, 345 Amaterasu, 11, 87, 116, 120, 256, 282 Barme,´ Geremie, 329 Amitabha,¯ 71, 76, 153 baseball, 249, 290 Amoghavajra, 102 baths, 153 An Lushan’s rebellion, 104–106 beer, 236, 249 Analects, 36, 37, 44, 183 Beg (Uighur “noble”), 168 anime, 291, 292 Beijing. See also Beiping Arabs, 104, 106 Cultural Revolution, 319 armor, 31, 43, 60, 86 falls to Communist forces, 314 Arrow war. See opium Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 129 Ashikaga Takauji, 154–155 Mongol Yuan Dynasty capital, 139, 145 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 155, 156–157 Olympics, 347 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 155, 162 residence of Koryo˘ princes, 145 Asia. See East Asia Beiping, “Northern Peace,” 267 Asia Express, 261 Biddle, Commodore, 215 405 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51595-5 - A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century Charles Holcombe Index More information 406 Index Bodhidharma, 101 Koryo˘ Korea, 143 Bodhisattva, 71 last age of the law, 152, 153 Bolshevik model, 264 Mahayana, 71 bone rank, 112 medieval Japan, 121, 124 Book of Changes, 35, 36, 55, 134 miracles, 73 Book of Documents, 32, 33, 35 nirvan¯ . a, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76 Book of Lord Shang, 41 pagoda, 72, 109 Book of Odes, 35, 78, 307 printing of scriptures, 131 bourgeois liberalization, 327 Pure Land, 153 bow, composite reflex, 31 purges, 74 Boxer Protocol, 207 reincarnation, 74 Boxer rebellion, 206–207 spread to China, 73–74 Britain spread to Japan, 78–79, 88 alliance with Japan, 227, 244 spread to Korea, 77–78, 84 colonial Hong Kong, 332, 335 Tang Dynasty monasteries, 101 colonial Singapore, 331 textual canon, 71, 76, 77, 100 dominance of 19th century China trade, translation of scriptures, 74–75, 102 203 Bukhara, 137 East India Company, 193 bunmei kaika (civilization and free trade, 196 enlightenment), 219 opium trade, 195–196 bunraku, Tokugawa puppet theater, 185 opium wars, 197–198 Bush, George W., 302 origins of modern nation-state, 232 bushi. See samurai origins of tea trade, 173 bushido,¯ 183 Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong, 335 calendar, solar, 235, 237 Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 200 calligraphy bronze as examination criterion, 99 Chinese ritual vessels, 26, 31 Huaisu, 102 Japan, 87 Wang Xizhi, 62 Korea, 79 Canton. See Guangzhou bubonic plague, 139, 140 Cao Cao, 55 Buddha nature, 76, 101 Cao-Wei Dynasty, 55, 87 Buddhacinga, 73 capital punishment, 37 Buddhism Cardinal Principles of the National Polity, 257 art, 76 castles, 156, 157, 180, 181, 182, 184 bodhisattva, 71 castle-towns, 185, 187 cave temples, 71 cavalry Chan, or Zen, 8, 101, 124 Han Dynasty China, 51 Chinese domestication, 76 Hu, 60 Choson˘ Korea, 147 Jurchen, 129 digitalization of scriptures, 310 Mongol, 136 Esoteric (Tantric), 102, 120 Northern Wei Dynasty, 68 four noble truths, 70 cell phones, 324, 346 government supervision in China, 74 Ch’oe Che-u, 211 imperial temple construction, China, Ch’oe Sung-no,˘ 143 100 chaebol,˘ 305–306, 311 imperial temple construction, Japan, 119 Chaghadai Khanate, 137 Indian origins, 70 chairs, 69, 77 influence on Neo-Confucianism, 108, Chajang, 110 134 Champa, 92 interaction with Daoism, 76, 97 Chan, 101 Kamakura Japan, 153 Chang Po-go, 114 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51595-5 - A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century Charles Holcombe Index More information Index 407 Chang’an Chon˘ Namsaeng, 111 center for Buddhist translation, 75 Chon˘ Tu-hwan. See Chun Doo Hwan fall of Western Jin Dynasty alternate Chongqing, 267 capital, 56 chonin,¯ Tokugawa townspeople, 185 Tang Dynasty capital, 93 chopsticks, 290 chanoyu, 8, 157 Chosh¯ u,¯ 216, 217, 220 chariot, 30, 31, 43 Choson.˘ See also King Kojong; Yi Song-gye˘ Charlemagne, 109 Buddhism, 147 chaste widow, Confucian ideal, 28, 133 ceremonial code, 36 Chen Duxiu, 238, 264 chili peppers, 177 Chen Shuibian, 340–341, 342 Christianity, 177–178 Chiang Ching-kuo, 263, 340 civil service examination system, 146, Chiang Kai-shek 212 Christianity, 263 Confucian academies, 147 Commandant of Nationalist military economy, 177 academy, 243 founding of dynasty, 146 death on Taiwan, 337 isolationism, 176, 177, 178–179 loss of Civil War and retreat to Taiwan, Japanese invasion, 147, 174–176 313–314 King Sejong, 146 Memorial, 341 King Yongjo,˘ 177 military training in Japan, 238 legal codes, 147 Northern Expedition, 243 Ming military assistance, 176 split with leftists, 243, 264–265 Neo-Confucianism, 146–147, 177 U.S. support, 314 Old Choson,˘ 11 World War II, 267–269 reduced to Japanese protectorate, 246 Xi’an incident, 267 relations with Tokugawa Japan, Chiang Wei-kuo, 263 208–209 Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 185 slaves, 146, 177, 212 chili peppers, 177 Tonghak rebellion, 211 China. See also names of Chinese dynasties; tributary relations with China, 207–208 People’s Republic of China; Republic Wiman, 79 of China women, 147 Chinese identity, Tang Dynasty, 95, 107 yangban aristocracy, 146 defined, antiquity of, continuity and Christianity. See also Taiping Rebellion change, 5–7 Chiang Kai-shek, 263 derivation of name, 7 Choson˘ Korea, 177–178 origins of, 25–26 colonial era Korea, 248 Chinese Communist Party. See communism early-modern Japan, 179–180 Chinese language. See language Jesuit mission to China, 164, 172–173 Chinese Nationalist Party Matteo Ricci, 164 Civil War, 313–314 People’s Republic of China, 345 military academy founded, 243 rites controversy, 172 1912 elections, 241 Saint Francis Xavier, 163, 164, 179 Republic of China ruling party, 263 South Korea, 307–308 Taiwan’s ruling party, 336, 338, 340, Sun Yat-sen, 233 341 Tang Dynasty, 95 Chinese Revolution, 1911, 234–235 Tokugawa proscription of, 183 Chinese writing system, 18–19, Yuan Dynasty, 140 23–24 Chronicles of Japan. See Nihon shoki Chinggis Khan, 135–137 Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, 81, 85 Chinhan, 81 Chun Doo Hwan, 308, 309, 311 chinoiserie, 164 Chungking. See Chongqing Chinul, Korean monk, 143 Chushingura¯ , 185 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51595-5 - A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century Charles Holcombe Index More information 408 Index civil service examination system land redistribution and class struggle, abolition, 231 315–316 Choson˘ Korea, 146 loss of enthusiasm for in post-Mao Koryo˘ Korea, 144 China, 324 late imperial system, 131–133 Nationalist purge, 264–265 meritocracy, 38 Soviet support for Chinese Communists, precursors, 48, 53, 97 314 Silla Korea, 113 compass, magnetic, 130 Sui and Tang dynasties, 99–100 computers Civil War, Chinese, 313–314 China, 23, 324, 343, 346 Cixi. See Dowager Empress Cixi Hong Kong, 335 Classic of Filial Piety, 37 Singapore, 332 Japan, 117, 118 South Korea, 310 Xianbei language translation, 68 Taiwan, 339 climate change, 136 Confucian academies clothing Choson,˘ 147 Choson,˘ 177 Song Dynasty, 134 Khubilai Khan, 139 Confucian classics, 32, 35–36, 53 kimono, 291 Kang Youwei’s claim to be forgeries, 230 Manchu, 167 Korea, 82, 84 Silla, 110 Meiji Japan, 223 Turkic,¨ 95 Nara Japan, 118 World War II Japan, 270 Neo-Confucianism, 107 Xianbei, 68, 95 printed, 131 coal, 131, 192, 344 6th century, 77 coinage stone inscription, 53, 61 Japan, 117, 121, 123, 153 Tang Dynasty, 98 Cold War. See also Korean War Confucian sacrifices, Nara and Heian bamboo curtain, 289, 350 Japan, 118 end of, 289, 326, 329 Confucian temple Nixon’s demarche,´ 320 Northern Wei Dynasty, 67 U.S. containment of communism, 315 Tang Dynasty, 98 U.S.-Japanese alliance, 282 Confucian work ethic, 350 Collection of Ancient and Modern (Poetry). Confucianism. See also Neo-Confucianism See Kokinshu¯ defining feature of East Asia, 36 Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves. See Han Dynasty, 53–54 Manyosh¯ u¯ hierarchy, 38 colonial Korea. See Korea, Japanese Japan, 36, 117 colonial Korea, 36 comfort women, 248 meritocracy, 38, 219 commerce. See economy “Teachings of the Ru,” or Rujiao, 35 communes. See Great Leap Forward Tokugawa Japan, 183 communism. See also Mao Zedong Western invention of, 35 Chinese Civil War, 313–314 Confucius, 32, 35 Chinese Communist Party founded, 239, life and teachings, 36–38 264 on military tactics, 44 Chinese translation of, 23, 323 conscription, military, 43, 51, 56 collective ownership of means of Nara Japan, 117, 121, 148 production, 323 consumer
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  • Politics, Classicism, and Medicine During the Eighteenth Century 十八世紀在德川日本 "頌華者" 和 "貶華者" 的 問題 – 以中醫及漢方為主

    Politics, Classicism, and Medicine During the Eighteenth Century 十八世紀在德川日本 "頌華者" 和 "貶華者" 的 問題 – 以中醫及漢方為主

    East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal DOI 10.1007/s12280-008-9042-9 Sinophiles and Sinophobes in Tokugawa Japan: Politics, Classicism, and Medicine During the Eighteenth Century 十八世紀在德川日本 "頌華者" 和 "貶華者" 的 問題 – 以中醫及漢方為主 Benjamin A. Elman Received: 12 May 2008 /Accepted: 12 May 2008 # National Science Council, Taiwan 2008 Abstract This article first reviews the political, economic, and cultural context within which Japanese during the Tokugawa era (1600–1866) mastered Kanbun 漢 文 as their elite lingua franca. Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges were based on prestigious classical Chinese texts imported from Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) China via the controlled Ningbo-Nagasaki trade and Kanbun texts sent in the other direction, from Japan back to China. The role of Japanese Kanbun teachers in presenting language textbooks for instruction and the larger Japanese adaptation of Chinese studies in the eighteenth century is then contextualized within a new, socio-cultural framework to understand the local, regional, and urban role of the Confucian teacher–scholar in a rapidly changing Tokugawa society. The concluding part of the article is based on new research using rare Kanbun medical materials in the Fujikawa Bunko 富士川文庫 at Kyoto University, which show how some increasingly iconoclastic Japanese scholar–physicians (known as the Goiha 古醫派) appropriated the late Ming and early Qing revival of interest in ancient This article is dedicated to Nathan Sivin for his contributions to the History of Science and Medicine in China. Unfortunately, I was unable to present it at the Johns Hopkins University sessions in July 2008 honoring Professor Sivin or include it in the forthcoming Asia Major festschrift in his honor.