US-Soviet Summit November-December 1987
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Directors of Central Intelligence As Leaders of the U.S
All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in this book are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Central Intel- ligence Agency or any other US government entity, past or present. Nothing in the contents should be construed as asserting or implying US government endorsement of the authors’ factual statements and interpretations. The Center for the Study of Intelligence The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) was founded in 1974 in response to Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger’s desire to create within CIA an organization that could “think through the functions of intelligence and bring the best intellects available to bear on intelli- gence problems.” The Center, comprising professional historians and experienced practitioners, attempts to document lessons learned from past operations, explore the needs and expectations of intelligence consumers, and stimulate serious debate on current and future intelligence challenges. To support these activities, CSI publishes Studies in Intelligence and books and monographs addressing historical, operational, doctrinal, and theoretical aspects of the intelligence profession. It also administers the CIA Museum and maintains the Agency’s Historical Intelligence Collection. Comments and questions may be addressed to: Center for the Study of Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Printed copies of this book are available to requesters outside the US government from: Government Printing Office (GPO) Superintendent of Documents P.O. Box 391954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Phone: (202) 512-1800 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 1-929667-14-0 The covers: The portraits on the front and back covers are of the 19 directors of central intelligence, beginning with the first, RAdm. -
1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR HARRY JOSEPH GILMORE Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: February 3, 2003 Copyright 2012 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in Pennsylvania Carnegie Institute of Technology (Carnegie Mellon University) University of Pittsburgh Indiana University Marriage Entered the Foreign Service in 1962 A,100 Course Ankara. Turkey/ 0otation Officer1Staff Aide 1962,1963 4upiter missiles Ambassador 0aymond Hare Ismet Inonu 4oint US Military Mission for Aid to Turkey (4USMAT) Turkish,US logistics Consul Elaine Smith Near East troubles Operations Cyprus US policy Embassy staff Consular issues Saudi isa laws Turkish,American Society Internal tra el State Department/ Foreign Ser ice Institute (FSI)7 Hungarian 1963,1968 9anguage training Budapest. Hungary/ Consular Officer 1968,1967 Cardinal Mindszenty 4anos Kadar regime 1 So iet Union presence 0elations Ambassador Martin Hillenbrand Israel Economy 9iberalization Arab,Israel 1967 War Anti,US demonstrations Go ernment restrictions Sur eillance and intimidation En ironment Contacts with Hungarians Communism Visa cases (pro ocations) Social Security recipients Austria1Hungary relations Hungary relations with neighbors 0eligion So iet Mindszenty concerns Dr. Ann 9askaris Elin OAShaughnessy State Department/ So iet and Eastern Europe EBchange Staff 1967,1969 Hungarian and Czech accounts Operations Scientists and Scholars eBchange programs Effects of Prague Spring 0elations -
Index to the US Department of State Documents Collection, 2010
Description of document: Index to the US Department of State Documents Collection, 2010 Requested date: 13-May-2010 Released date: 03-December-2010 Posted date: 09-May-2011 Source of document: Freedom of Information Act Officer Office of Information Programs and Services A/GIS/IPS/RL US Department of State Washington, D. C. 20522-8100 Fax: 202-261-8579 Notes: This index lists documents the State Department has released under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) The number in the right-most column on the released pages indicates the number of microfiche sheets available for each topic/request The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. -
Interview with Ted Sorensen, President Kennedy's Speechwriter by Sherry and Jenny Thompson, February 2010
Sorensen interview with Jenny and Sherry February 2010 Q. Your relationship to Thompson and his to Kennedy When John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960, one of the reasons he ran was because at the height of the Cold War he was fearful that the Eisenhower/Dulles foreign policy of massive retaliation might only lead to nuclear war. Your father, Llewellyn Thompson, who had been US ambassador in Moscow during those late 50’s years was I’m quite certain a career a foreign service officer who was appointed I’m not sure what his title was counselor or maybe Ambassador at Large in the State Department. When CMC broke, (and more details in my new book called Councilor: Life at the Edge of History) on Oct. 16 the first of 13 memorable days of 1962. Historians still call them the 13 most dangerous days in the history of mankind. Because a misstep a wrong move could have started a war which would have turned very quickly into a nuclear exchange. And if the first step were Soviets firing tactical nuclear weapons, The United States, would have responded at least with tactical nuclear weapons and once both sides were on that nuclear escalator, they would have moved up to strategic weapons and then to all-out warfare, and the scientists say that the explosion of so many large nuclear weapons in both eastern Europe and in North America would have produced, in addition to the bombardment of 100s of thousands and millions of people in both countries, would have resulted in radioactive poisoning of the atmosphere and in time of every dimension of our planet and would be speed via wind and water and even soil to the far reaches of the planet until that planet was uninhabitable: no plant life, no animal life, no human life, and we you and I would not be talking right now. -
1 Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project THOMAS R. HUTSON Interviewed By: Charles
Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project THOMAS R. HUTSON Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: April 10, 1999 Copyright 2005 A ST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in Nebraska University of Nebraska Marriage U.S. Army Entered the Foreign Service in 1967 Teheran, Iran; Rotation Officer 1968-1971 The Shah Environment 0isa and citi1enship case studies Am assador Macarthur Political situation State Department, FSI 2 Ser o-Croation language studies 1971 Belgrade, 4ugoslavia, 1972-1975 Consular Officer Environment Security P7O Croatia tensions Banja 7uka branch office 8osovo Al anians Tito Soviet Union Am assador Toom State Department, Special Assistant to Undersecretary Sisco 1975-1976 State Department, CA Bureau. Program Officer, E. Europe 1976 Bulgaria, 4ugoslavia and Romania 1 Cultural e9change programs :innipeg, Canada, Principal Officer 1976-197. Consular district U.S. interests Relations Economic issues 7i erals Environment issues Moscow, Soviet Union, Consul General 197.-19.0 Jewish emigrants American ?refugees” Pentecostals Senator Javits ?DAtente” Security Dutch em assy help Jews Unusual visa cases Am assador :atson Jailed Americans Afghanistan invasion O jections to U.S. policy Resignation in protest to U.S policy 19.0 Post-Resignation Activity 19.0-19.3 Independent contractor Houston oil services firm Interest in reentering the U.S. government American Council of 4oung Political 7eaders Re-entered the Foreign Service, 19.3 7agos, Nigeria, Regional Consular Officer 19.3-19.5 Oil Education 0isa management program Regional offices Duties and operation State Department, FSI, Mandarin language studies 19.5-19.6 Taipei, TaiwanC FSI, Mandarin language studies 19.6-19.7 2 Taipei, Taiwan, American Institute, Chief Consular Officer 19.7-1990 Management Corruption 0isa cases 0isa fraud Belgrade, 4ugoslavia, Science Counselor 1990-1992 Economy Bosnia referendum Am assador Dimmermann Riots Industry U.S. -
Gundersen, Was Born in 1915, in Revesand, a Small Fishing Village on the Southeast Coast of Norway
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Department JON GUNDERSEN Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: April 17, 2012 Copyright 2013 A ST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in New ork George Washington University% Stanford University% University of Oslo International School US Army, (ietnam )196,-1969. Comments on (ietnam War Work in Norway 0uantico, (irginia 1969-1911 Sky 2arshal 3rogram Operations Foreign Travel Entered the Foreign Service 1913 E6amination State Department7 8iaison Officer, Soviet E6change Group 1913 Soviet outh E6hibit Operations Accompanying Soviet tour groups Oslo, Norway7 Consular Officer 1913-1915 Ambassador Tom Byrne Ambassador William Anders Communist 3arty members (isas Relations with Soviets Relations Soviet submarines Sweden Germany Nansen Environment 1 8ocal staff 8abor movement Anti-US elements Economy State Department7 Watch Officer, Operations Center 1915-191, Jerry Bremer Operations Environment Stanford University7 Soviet studies/Arms Control 191,-1919 Studies Environment Hoover Institute 3rofessor Barton Bernstein Soviet Union future Soviet ethnic and nationality groups State Department7 Foreign Service Institute )FSI.% Russian 1919-19,0 language training 2oscow, Soviet Union7 3ress and 3ublications Officer 19,0-19,1 2urray Feshbach Narodnoe Khozyaistva (3eoples Almanac) Operations Surveillance and entrapment Environment Ethnicity Embassy reporting Dissidents Ambassador 2alcolm Toon Ambassador Jack 2atlock Ambassador Tom Watson -
The Foreign Service Journal, April 1982
The Fashoda Syndrome \ % oreign Service Joui % % 1.25 APRIL 1982 w Defend n Professionalism T.pttJ) 82 AMB. MALCOLM TOON SEN. CHARLES MATHIAS 'Slam a Door’ 'Pass a Law* Feel at home with security... AFSA Group Accident Insurance for Loss of Life, Limb or Sight. “Make yourself at home.” How often is heard that warm invitation to share the comfort and security of a friend's home. And though the surroundings may be unfamiliar, they somehow seem less foreign and more secure because your host is there to help protect you. Home is where the security is! Similarly, AFSA Group Accident Insurance for loss of life, limb or eye¬ sight provides that added security to make many of our members feel at home anywhere they happen to be. This AFSA program provides financial protection against accidental loss of life, limb or eyesight 24 hours a day, the year round, anywhere in the world. You and your family can be covered ACT NOW! Get all the facts about benefits, whether you're traveling by car, taxi, train, rates and exceptions .on AFSA Group boat, bus, subway and even as passengers Accident Protection for loss of life, limb or on most commercial, private and military eyesight—direct by mail! No agent will call. planes you’d normally travel in. Just complete the coupon below and mail Moreover, protection is provided during today. No obligation. So don’t delay on a business, pleasure and just plain day-to-day plan that can mean added security for you activities at home and abroad. and your family! AFSA INSURANCE PROGRAM UNDERWRITTEN BY 1666 Connecticut Ave. -
1961–1963 First Supplement
THE JOHN F. KENNEDY NATIONAL SECURITY FILES USSRUSSR ANDAND EASTERNEASTERN EUROPE:EUROPE: NATIONAL SECURITY FILES, 1961–1963 FIRST SUPPLEMENT A UPA Collection from National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 USSR and Eastern Europe First Supplement Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide compiled by Nicholas P. Cunningham A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. USSR and Eastern Europe. First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. — (National security files) “Microfilmed from the holdings of the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Nicholas P. Cunningham. ISBN 1-55655-876-7 1. United States—Foreign relations—Soviet Union—Sources. 2. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—United States—Sources. 3. United States—Foreign relations—1961–1963— Sources. 4. National security—United States—History—Sources. 5. Soviet Union— Foreign relations—1953–1975—Sources. 6. Europe, Eastern—Foreign relations—1945– 1989. I. Lester, Robert. II. Cunningham, Nicholas P. III. University Publications of America (Firm) IV. Title. V. Series. E183.8.S65 327.73047'0'09'046—dc22 2005044440 CIP Copyright © 2006 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-876-7. -
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series JOHN P. HARROD Inter
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series JOHN P. HARROD Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: March 1, 1999 Copyright 2000 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in hicago, Illinois Grinnell ollege; olgate University; Moscow State University; Georgetown University USIA summer program - Soviet and Eastern European affairs Peace orps Mc arthy campaign Entered Foreign Service - 19,9 - as a Foreign Service inspection officer A100 course .ietnam /ar environment /ashington, D ; USIS 19,9 Moscow e0hi1it - 2Education in the USIA3 Moscow, USSR - USIS 19,9-1970 USIA E0hi1its Program Russian language Security pro1lems Eastern European travel Soviet 2command system3 Pu1lic reaction Sectorial 6Soviet7 differences Provocateurs Relations with em1assy U.S.-Soviet relations 9a1ul, Afghanistan - Information Officer/Trainee 1970-1971 ultural center U.S.-Afghan relations Soviets Environment AID program 1 Afghan fair participation USIA impact ommunists Peace orps Universities English teaching program Am1assador Neumann Afghan relations with neigh1ors Role of women Islam Foreign Service Institute - Polish Language Training 1971-1972 Poznan, Poland - Information/ ultural Affairs Officer 1972-1974 Environment Trade fairs Polish-American ongress Philatelic e0hi1ition Ful1right e0change Security ontacts atholic hurch Balanchine 6New York ity Ballet7 visit Moscow, USSR - USIA - Assistant ultural AttachA/Press AttachA 1975-197C E0hi1its U.S.-Soviet relations Baku .isitors Security American student guards Reporting Aliyev, President of Azer1aijan Amerika Magazine Soviet media Ansel Adams e0hi1it Human rights Am1assador Malcolm Toon Secretary of State .ance visit and proposal President arter Am1assador Toon on television American transmissions interference Soviet bully tactics Privacy Act Press stories U.S. -
The Intervention in Afghanistan · and the Fall of Detente
I I I Nobel Symposium 95 I I The Intervention in I Afghanistan I · and the Fall of Detente I I Lysebu September 17-20, 1995 I --·····-- I Transcribed by Svetlana Savranskaya I Edited by David A. Welch and I Odd Arne Westad i --·····-- i The Norwegian Nobel Institute Oslo 1996 I "" I I I I Nobel Symposium 95 I I The Intervention in I Afghanistan I and the Fall of Detente I I Lysebu September 17-20, 1995 I ..•.. I Transcribed by Svetlana Savranskaya I Edited by David A. Welch and I Odd Arne W estad I ..... I The Norwegian Nobel Institute Oslo 1996 I I I ~ I I INTRODUCTION This is the full transcript ofthe Nobel Symposium held at Lysebu from 17 to 19 September 1995. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the reasons for the collapse of the period of I detente in US-Soviet relations in the late 1970s, and especially the causes and effects of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979. The participants at the symposium were former I political, diplomatic, and military leaders from Russia and the United States, and a small group of American, Russian, and European·,, scholars with special knowledge of this period. I The symposium was the final meeting in a series of conferences on this topic organized by the Center for Foreign Policy Development of the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University. In addition to looking more closely at the deterioration ofUS-Soviet I relations from 1977 to 1980, this project aimed at investigating some of the comparative aspects of processes of decline in great power cooperation. -
Nuclear-Conventional-Firebreaks
NUCLEAR-CONVENTIONAL FIREBREAKS AND THE NUCLEAR TABOO BARRY D. WATTS NUCLEAR-COnVEnTIOnAL FIREBREAKS AnD THE NUCLEAR TABOO BY BARRy D. WATTS 2013 Acknowledgments The idea of exploring systematically why the leaders of various nations have chosen to maintain, or aspire to acquire, nuclear weapons was first suggested to me by Andrew W. Marshall. In several cases, the motivations attributed to national leaders in this report are undoubtedly speculative and open to debate. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the rulers of at least some nations entertain strong reasons for maintaining or acquiring nuclear weapons that have nothing to do with the nuclear competition between the United States and the former Soviet Union, either before or after 1991. Eric Edelman provided valuable suggestions on both substance and sources. At the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Abby Stewart and Nick Setterberg did the majority of the editing. I am especially grateful to Nick for vetting the footnotes. Last but not least, Andrew Krepinevich’s suggestions on the narrative flow and the structure of the paper’s arguments greatly clarified the original draft. © 2013 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. COnTEnTS 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 5 THE AMERICAN SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVES TO GENERAL NUCLEAR WAR 5 Context 7 Atomic Blackmail and Massive Nuclear Retaliation 11 Flexible Response and Assured Destruction 15 The Long Range Research and Development Planning Program 19 Selective Nuclear Options and Presidential Directive/NSC-59 23 The Strategic Defense Initiative 26 The Soviet General Staff, LNOs and Launch on Warning 29 POST-COLD WAR DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA 29 Evolving U.S. -
Force and Accommodation in World Politics/By Stanley E
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spangler, Stanley E. Force and accommodation in world politics/by Stanley E. Spangler . p. cm. "June 1991." Includes bibliographical references and index. l. United States-Foreign relations-Soviet Union. 2. Soviet Union-Foreign relations--United States. 3. United States-Foreign relations-1945- . 4. Soviet Union-Foreign relations-1945- . 5. Pacific settlement of international disputes. I. Title. E183.8 .S65S627 1991 327 .73047--dc 20 91-17932 CIP DISCLAIMER This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts . The views expressed in this publication are those ofthe author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department ofDefense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared forpublic release. For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents US Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 ii To My Mother andFather John Haroldand WinifredSpangler THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii FOREWORD . vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . ix PREFACE . xi INTRODUCTION . xiii Notes . xx Part 1 Factors Inhibiting Accommodative Diplomacy since World War II 1 Bargaining with Threats and Incentives: The Nature of Positive Diplomacy . 3 2 Kerman, Containment, and Carrots . 23 3 Historical Analogies, the Containment Paradigm, and the Role of Inducements . 47 4 Other Impediments to Conciliation: Rhetoric, Politics, and Personality . 67 5 Global Change and Superpower Cooperation . 101 v Chapter Page Part 2 Case Studies 6 Quemoy Crisis of 1958 . 143 7 Berlin Crisis of 1958--59 .