Textiles in Sportswear, Sports Goods and Sports Equipment-A Discussion

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Nemailal Tarafder EX-Emeritus Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Hooghly Engineering and Technology College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India Email: *[email protected] DOI: http://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.3524756

Abstract To perform high function and comfort are the essential requirements in modern sportswear. The performance requirement of the sports textiles to-day demand fabrics which have widely varying properties. Sports textiles are basically preferred with light weight and safety characteristics, which have substituted the other available materials. Smart textiles with high level functionalities have proven quality of performance in sports activities. To-day sports wears can sense high impact stresses on players’ joints and also heart rate, temperature and other physiological data during performance activities. Sport tech comprises of technical textiles used in sports and leisure, which are broadly of three categories. The sports textiles include specialist apparel for specific sports each with its own particularity in junctions. Knitted, woven and non-woven type fabrics are used in sports textiles. Researchers are involved to develop functional active fabrics to produce sports textiles.

Keywords: Bio-mechanics, easy care, fibrous materials, market potential, sports footwear, technical textiles

INTRODUCTION drying, vapour permeability, water The sports textiles sector includes apparel proofing to provide relaxation without for specific sports each with its own fatigue are essential for sportswear [1]. particular functions. Regular physical activities have positive impact on major Sportswear can be characterized by the health risk factors, such as high blood following important properties: optimum pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and heat and moisture regulation, good air stress. Sportswear is not just used by permeability, wick ability, dimensional athletes while performing but is becoming stability even after wet, durability, easy a major part of everyday clothing during care, and light weight, soft and pleasant morning walk, jogging, yoga, stretching, touch, and produce cooling effect. Today, exercises and daily fitness activities sports demand high performance because of quality comfort of sports equipment and apparel. Special types of clothing. Fibres of fabrics selection with apparel having specific functions in choice is the most important factor particular sports are included in the sports because it influences performance, textiles category. Sometimes wide efficiency, ensuring protection and variations in properties are required for physical comfort. Active sportswear sports wears with reference to their requires super light weight, low fluid performance requirements. These are resistant, super high tenacity and stretch related to their constituent fibres and ability. Important characteristics features fabrics, for examples, barrier from rain, like thermal retention, UV resistance, snow, cold, heat and strength. These cooling capacity, sweat absorption and fast articles must fulfil the consumers’

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 requirements of drape, comfort, fitness and body joints and fabrics that can have the easy movement. ability to sense heart rate, temperature and many other physiological information. Technical textiles can provide products Apart from these, sports textiles have which are stronger than wood, breathe like versatile uses in shoes, equipment, flying, skin, water proofing performance like sailing, climbing, angling, winter and rubber and are eco-friendly as well as summer sports and in indoor sports wear. highly economical. The sports and leisure The areas of the applications are such as Industries have taken up the products of golf, tennis, mountaineering, skiing, technical textiles as challenge. Modern day cricket and parachute driving, etc. [4]. sports demand high performance equipment and apparel. Replacement of Textile materials are used not only as sports textiles by technical textiles has sportswear, but also as sports equipment been possible due to light weight and and sports foot wear. Examples of sports safety features of the products. These high equipment are like, sails, camping gears, performance and smart textiles are leisure bags, bikes and rackets. Sports foot increasingly adding values to the sports wear are mainly athletic shoes, football and leisure industry by combining boots, gym shoes, tennis shoes, and utilitarian functions with wearing comfort walking shoes. Lot of developments have that leads to achieving high level of taken place in sportswear due to performance [2]. participation of female players in games and sports. Sport tech and sports The use of high performance and smart equipment that enhance protection, textiles has proved their high level comfort and performance are classified functionality and success in their useful into three categories namely sportswear, performance. These high performance sports good and games equipment. materials are used for both in making Synthetic fibres offer the major sportswear as well as making sports requirements in to-days high technology equipment and components. Textiles play sports uniform: warmth, wind resistance, a major role in sports and without textiles moisture wicking, and lightness; comfort sports existence is very difficult. and feel like natural fibres and style and Development in technology has observed variety of colors [5]. the manufacturing of sportswear to ensure special features for better performance in Sportswear or active attire is clothing, their activities and also to provide comfort including footwear, worn for sports or to the players [3]. exercise. Typical garments include Shorts, Track suits, T-shirts, Polo shirts and Sports textiles are one of the branches of Trainers’ shirts. Specialized garments technical textiles. Today, new and include wet suits, and solopetts. It also sophisticated technologies are used in includes some under wear, such as the technical textiles to produce sportswear. In jockstraps, sportswear is often worn as recent years, designs of fabrics have casual fashion clothing. The athletic wear changed to suit the players as per their for some forms of exercise, like cycling, requirements. Examples of such should not create drag or be too bulky. It requirements are like, moisture of the body should be loose so that it does not resist can be taken away, patches from black movements. Some of the desirable jerseys so as to help players to dry their attributes of functional sport and leisure hands for better gripping, high stresses can are: optimum heat and moisture regulation, be sensed by the fabrics during impacts on good air and water vapour permeability,

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 absence of dampness, rapid drying to sportswear and sports goods. It has up prevent catching cold, dimensionally graded the textile science and technology stable even wet, easy care, durable, etc. to a high level in comparison to other [6]. high-tech industrial sectors. The tremendous growth in the textile market The Indian sports goods industry due to development in technological manufactures a wide range of sports goods advancement for better products and encompassing as much as 318 different increasing demand by the customers have items. Textiles are used as raw materials in driven the market towards the growth in certain sports items though in very small the industrial sectors. Global market quantity. Inflatable balls like football, volume of sportswear varies depending on basket ball, volley ball, beach ball, rugby the type of end-use applications. The ball etc., are made of polyester/viscose or sportswear market occupies an important polyester/cotton fabric as an inner layer place in the total textile scene and this and nylon thread which is usually of 9 ply segment of textile market is growing at a while cotton thread of 5-6 ply are used for high rate, the producers of the sportswear stitching. Protective equipments for cricket and sports goods have been concentrating comprise leg-guards, batting gloves, their efforts on improving their strategic wicket keeping gloves, thigh pads, position, productivity, added value product helmets, caps, and hats, cricket kits bags, assortment, and niche positions in order to etc. Boxing equipment like boxing gloves, expand their market [9]. punch bags, etc is made of PU laminated/PVC coated fabrics, woven The people are paying more attention to polyester fabric, nylon coated with PVC or sports activity and that the market for both sides and canvas [7]. sportswear continuous to expand and those engaged in developing sportswear Textiles in sports 1st edition by Roshan solutions in this field must response to Shishoo, describes in details about current these increasingly demanding sportswear market, market review, key expectations. In twenty century, clothing is trends in sportswear design, material an important issue of active athletes and requirements for the design of for those who practice sports just for performance sportswear, functional fitness in their leisure time. The textile sportswear in Part 1. Innovative fibres and fabrics used in the manufacturing of fabrics in sports, high-performance and sportswear have special properties like high-functional fibres and textiles, smart ultra-breathable character with high heat and intelligent textiles and fibres, coated and moisture management and many other and laminated textiles in sportswear have been dealt in Part 2. Part 3 deals with important characteristics like light weight, sportswear and comfort which includes fast drying and elasticity. The latest sports physiological comfort of sportswear, textiles materials are much more elastic textile. Protective clothing in functional to fulfilling specific needs in sportswear, for protection against impact different sports activities [10]. and personal protection are being discussed in Part 4. For specific It is expected that materials used in applications such as textile composites in making athletic apparel should of high sports products, textiles in sailing and quality so that the apparel is able to textiles in shoes are discussed in Part 5 [8]. withstand higher amount of stress and strain. Five materials have been suggested Textile market has been diversified by the author to choose from the following through fibrous materials in the areas like types: moisture wicking polyester, double

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 knit polyester, mesh polyester, thermal retention. UV resistance, cooling polyester/cotton and knit polyester [11]. capacity, sweat absorption, and fast drying, vapour permeability, water Functional and Interactive Sportswear proofing to provide relaxation without Participation in sports activities has fatigue. Aesthetic features are like increased remarkably owing to improve softness, surface texture, handle, lustre, health and physical fitness. Sportswear is colour variation, transparency and just not used by athletes while performing comfort. Protection from wind, water and but is becoming a major part of everyday adverse weather are very important. clothing during morning walk, jogging, Insulation is required to protect from cold. yoga, stretching exercises and daily fitness To ensure that body vapours passes activities because of quality comfort of outward through all layers of the clothing sports clothing. To improve performance, system can be done through vapour efficiency, ensuring protection and permeability. Stretch is essential for free physical comfort selection of fibres and movement in sports activities. fabrics for manufacturing of active sportswear is very important consideration. Application of Textiles in Sports Some of the important characteristics of Various examples of sportswear are sportswear are related to optimum heat and aerobic clothing, clothing for athletes, moisture regulation, good air permeability, football jersey and clothing, cricket wick ability, dimensional stability, dresses, shorts for games, jackets, hand durability, easy care and light weight, soft gloves, shirts, socks and stockings, and pleasant touch and producing cooling swimming dresses, sweat shirts and tennis effect [1]. wear. The strong rise in female participation in professional and outdoor Sports textiles must have comfort ability, sports has also been an important factor easy to care and easy handling. It should responsible for the development of trends have a very high electrical conductivity to in sportswear. Sport tech comprises of permit the effectual dissipation of technical textiles used in sports and electrical charge. It is preferable to have its leisure, which is broadly grouped into weight as light as possible. For filament three categories, like sportswear, sports fabrics, moisture management is very goods and games equipment [5]. Essential much essential. It must have good parameters for performance improvement perspiration ability. Heat conductivity is in sportswear like sports shirt, athletic needed to make possible for feel cooler wear, sports shoes, exercise wear, sports and warmer as and when required. To keep jerseys, gloves, etc are related to properties a normal level of bacteria on the skin such as moisture management, comfort, offers a high level of comfort and personal elastic behaviour, soil guard and anti- hygiene during athletic activities. It is bacterial character. In sports goods items desirable that sportswear should have like football, volleyball, rugby ball, superior strength and durability. The hockey sticks, golf club, etc are normally priority is for the athletes and leisure available. Under the category of sports wearers to perform better in their equipment, turf, nets, rings, etc provide activities. requisite playing conditions.

For active sportswear the functional There has been a strong growth in the properties require super light weight, low development and use of highly functional fluid resistance, super high tenacity and materials in sportswear and outdoor leisure stretch ability. Other critical features are clothing. The performance requirements of

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 such products demand the balance of fighters. Dots consisting of foamed silicon widely different properties of drape, are discontinuously applied to a fibre thermal insulation, barrier of liquids, anti- substrate and anchored within the micro static, stretch, physiological comfort, etc. porous Gore-Tex membrane. This Research and development in this field of laminated fabric is characterised by above mentioned areas during the last few thermal insulation. Breathe ability, decades, has led to the enhancements of perspiration transport, and absorption and commercial varieties of new products for quick-dry properties. highly functional end uses. Now it is possible to combine the consumer A great development is taking place requirements of aesthetics, design and regarding the intelligent textiles and function in sportswear due to the processes interactive materials with great market involved in fabric preparation and potential in the sportswear sector. These finishing as a result of advancements in materials have the ability to interact with science and technology for the production the human or environmental conditions and application of suitable polymeric and create changes in the material membranes and surface finishes. The properties. The phase change materials and fabrics for active wear are also specially shape memory polymers embedded in the constructed both in terms of the geometry, fabric layers are able to interact with a packing density and structure of the human body and produce the constituent fibres in the yarns and in terms thermoregulatory control by affecting the of the construction of fabrics in order to microclimate between the clothing and the achieve the necessary control of heat and human skins. Apart from the functional moisture at high metabolic rates. properties and aesthetic properties, if intelligence can be embedded or integrated Many smart double knitted or double into the clothing as a third dimension, it woven fabrics have been developed for would lead to the realization of protective sportswear in such a way that their inner and safety clothing as a personalized face, close to human skin, has optimal wearable information structure. moisture wicking and sensory properties, where as the outer face of the fabric has Nonwovens and Technical Textiles in optimal moisture dissipation behaviour. Sports One of the developments of sportswear is The sports textiles sector includes the weather proof technology, in which the specialist apparel for specific sports each properties of the fibres, yarns and fabrics with its own particular functions. The along with the fabric finishes are supposed performance fibres, yarns, fabrics and to create a drier and cooler micro climate. finishes developed for this specialist sector Since the introduction of Gore-Tex in are increasingly transferring to the mass 1976, varieties of light weight breathe able market in high street. Sportswear is highly and functional fabrics have been clothing, including footwear, worn for developed in many parts of the world. sports or exercise. Typical garments These fabrics are extensively used in the include shorts, tracksuits, T-shirts, polo sportswear used in the sportswear as well shirts and trainers. Specialized garments as sports shoes. Another important area in include wet suits and salopetts. It also sportswear development is the emergence includes some underwear, such as the of multi-functional coated or laminated jockstraps, sportswear is also often worn textiles for various applications. Gore-Tex as casual fashion clothing. The best Airlock is a functional textile which is athletic wear for some forms of exercises, developed for special needs of the fire for example cycling, should not create

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 drag or be too bulky. On the other hand it absorbent material used to the inner part should be loose enough so as not to restrict and the other is an absorbent material used movement. Some of the desirable on the outer layer and the ultimate fabric attributes of functional sportswear and shows an effective construction for leisure wear are stated as follows [6]. improved moisture management. This is because of absorbent material on the These items should have optimum heat outside draws the moisture away from the and moisture ability with good air and skin while the non-absorbent material water vapour permeability. They must keeps the skin dry. There are several have properties like rapid moisture factors which affect moisture transport in a absorption, conveyance capacity and fabric. The most important are fibre type, absence of dampness. Rapid drying to cloth construction or weave, weight or prevent catching cold and low water thickness of the material and presence of absorption of the layer of clothing just chemical treatments. Synthetic fibres have positioned to the skin are also required. some added advantages of quick dry and They have to be dimensionally stable at good retention property. wet and should be durable, easy care, light weight and soft with pleasant touch. Technical Textiles Industry in Sports Active sportswear requires functional Activities properties such as light weight, low fluid Application of textiles for sports and resistance, super high tenacity and stretch leisure are extremely diverse, ranging from ability. Critical features such as thermal sports foot wear to artificial turf to regulation, UV resistance, sweat parachute fabrics. For sport tech synthetic absorption, fast drying and vapour fibres and coating have largely replaced permeability are very important for those traditional cotton fabrics and other natural who want comfort and healthy apparels. fibres. Sports footwear includes Required aesthetic properties are related to appropriate shoes for different sports. sensitivity or aesthetic point of view Textile components form an integral part softness, surface texture, handle, lustre, of sports and sporty look footwear. Other colour and comfort. textile components, though consumed in minor quantities, are non-woven textiles, In modern apparel industry, moisture laces, threads, labels, elastic, etc. Non- management is considered to be the key woven fabrics are used in interlacing [7]. criteria. Through capillary action or wicking behaviour, the moisture is Three different kinds of fabrics, knitted, transported in textiles. The space between woven and non-woven are used for sports two fibres ultimately forms tubes to act as shoes. The fibres used for the fabrics are capillaries to transport liquid away from polyester, viscose, cotton and nylon. the surface. High-tech synthetic fabrics are Sandwiched mesh also known as high-tech made from polyamide or polyester fibres three dimensional fabrics consisting of which are regarded as the most effective micro filaments sandwiched between two moisture management fabrics. These layers of meshes is also used as alternative fabrics are light weight, capable of to foam-laminated fabrics. High transporting moisture and quickly dry. The performance fabrics are used only in some impermeability of the fabrics to rain water varieties of premium range of sports shoes is an important criteria for sportswear. produced by branded companies. This is especially required for any outdoor games. Bi-component materials are Polyester, polypropylene, nylon, and combination of two things, one is the non- cotton are used for sports tech. Nylon is

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 used for the premium range of shoes. The wear comfort, positively improvements in Indian sports footwear industry is labour records by the athletes and also to attain oriented and is concentrated in small and specific target as well as in aesthetic cottage industry sector. Sports shoes are appeal with high level of fashion by available in a wide range of variety prices nature. In the functional sports and leisure lower than leather footwear. Varieties of wear, the desirable attributes of the modern shoes which are comfortable to apparels are optimum regulation for heat wear for different purposes in games and and moisture, quick moisture absorption sports field are used in jogging, casual and conveyance capability, good air and wear, leisure wear, etc. water permeability, prevention of a long term feeling of dampness, low water Fabrics for Active Sportswear absorption of the clothing layer facing the The introduction of innovative textile skin, quick drying, pleasant to skin, soft, science and technology for the production non-abrasive and non-changing, of sports and leisure fabrics is dimensionally stable even when wet, continuously upgrading to fulfil the durable, light weight, easy care, smart and requirements for athletics and leisure functional design, etc. activities for the improvement in performance in the sports. The responsible In many active sportswear Toray factors for developing active sportswear Industries Inc is marketing successively a fabrics are polymer science, fibres science, series of waterproof/breathable fabrics methods in production, lamination and Entrant in order to expand exports of finishing systems to obtain sophisticated fabrics. Some main versions of the Entrant fibres, modified structure of yarns and fabrics are as follows: Entrant MD, Entrant fabrics [10]. The modern sports textiles GII-XT, Entrant Dermizax, Entrant HB materials are much more functional in and Entrant DT. The performance of the character to fulfil specific needs in layered fabric in thermo-physiological different sports activities and some of regulation is better than single layer textile these are mentioned as: winter sports, structure. Layered fabrics became common summer sports, outdoor games, indoor for active sportswear. Each layer has games, football, cricket, climbing, cycling, distinct function; the layer next to the skin flying, and sailing sports, athletics and is to wick away the perspiration rapidly to other sports. Many researchers and the outer layer, which absorbs and industries are engaged to develop the dissipates it rapidly to the atmosphere by functional active fabrics. In the earlier evaporation. In doing so, it takes away sports apparel, players had to face many some of the body heat and keeps the body problems when they use them in the cool. Various types of finishing agents activities. These are related to sweating, such as water repellent finish, wicking feeling hot during run, improper stretch enhancer finish, hydrophilic finish, and ability, extra weight of the fabric, lack of newer nano-finish, etc. The use of protection to the skin during fall on the microfibers in the fabrics introduced some ground, fluid resistance, wind and water special properties in the fabric. Various proofing ability etc. types of hollow fibres, micro-porous yarn fabrics are produced to enhance the fabric Many important factors have to be properties such as light weight, high considered for designing clothing of a thermal insulation, soft and quick drying, particular sport. Important features for etc. The invention of elastic was probably developing sports shoes are related to the most important step in the evolution of protection of safety from adverse weather, sportswear. This is important in injury

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 treatments like compression bandages. The and possess outstanding moisture very latest socks are fractionally fitted managing properties, which rapidly wick anti-friction socks. An anti-microbial moisture away from the body. These finish can be added to guard against the garments are also very less in weight and fungus that causes athletes foot. Socks are feature elasticity properties, which now not only have high wicking ability but provides immense comfort and they have also have anti-odour finishes. independence of movement. A high level of comfort is obtained when a normal level PROPERTIE AND FUNCTION OF of bacteria on the skin is maintained and SPORTS TEXTILES also maintainable for personal hygiene, Some of the important products under especially during athletic activities. As the sports textiles are: sports composites, UVA and UVB rays are dangerous for skin artificial turf, parachute fabrics, ballooning in sportswear, these are removed and fabrics, sail cloth, tents, sleeping bags, assures for an improved level of defence sports nets, sports shoes components, compared to majority of natural and man- swimwear, etc. A few trade names of made fibres. It also provides superior sportswear are listed as: Coolmax, strength and durability. Lumiace, Dryarn, Killatn, Dri-release, Naiva, Field sensor, Watermagic, Gore- TYPES OF FIBRES USED IN Tex, Entrant GH, Sypmpatex, isofix-super SPORTSWEAR Sportswool, and Hygra [5]. Synthetic fibres are preferred for very active sports because they do not retain Sports textiles have versatile use. Some moisture and so do not get heavy upon uses of sports textiles are given as: shoes, sweating like cotton. Synthetic sports sports equipment, flying, sailing sports, uniforms also have better dimensional angling, cycling, summer and winter stability. Synthetic fibres offer the three sports, indoor sportswear. Some other major requirements in today’s high areas in the sports where textiles are being technology sports uniforms and these are; used are: golf, tennis, mountaineering, (i) warmth, wind resistance, moisture skiing, cricket and para-olympics. Areas wicking and lightness, (ii) comfort and feel where textiles are increasingly used: of natural fibres and (iii) style and variety swimming costume, artificial turf, sleeping of colours. Today, a wide range of high- bags, ballooning, parachute fabrics, etc. performance fibres are commercially available for technical and industrial Sports textiles must have comfort ability, applications. These types of fibres are used easy to wear, easy handling, and very high in sports protective wear/equipment electrical conductivity. It should be light as developed for impact protection and in best as possible. Filament fabrics are made textile management reinforcement in highly effective in moisture measurement sports products for different applications and this can wick the moisture as known [05]. as sweat away from the body and keeps body dry. Sports textiles should have good Polyester has outstanding dimensional perspiration fastness. The special property stability and offer excellent resistance to like heat conductivity of sports textiles dirt, alkalis, decay, mould and most make possible to feel the user cooler in common organic solvents. It has excellent summer and warmer in winter. Garments heat resistance or thermal stability. It does made for sportswear, keep the normal not absorb moisture. Polypropylene has stability of the body comfort because these the advantage of providing insulation fabrics are ultra-breathe able, fast drying when wet, it can melt at medium heat in

Journal of Mechanical Robotics e-ISSN: 2582-2187 Volume 4 Issue 3 home dryers. It is claimed that sector. Global market volume of polypropylene has the advantage in sportswear varies depending on the type of moisture management due to hydrophobic end-uses. Athletic apparel must be able to nature and has very good thermal withstand higher amount of stress and characteristics. Nylon fibre characteristic strain. Special apparel products to be used includes light weight, high strength, and in the sports apparel fields are getting softness with good durability. Nylon is a importance as end products for their good choice when combined with PU specific functions in the respective field of coatings. Cotton garments provide good sports. During designing the sportswear combination of softness and comfort [1]. fabrics, the aspects which are considered are protection and safety of the wearers Killat N23 and Hygra 20 are some of the from adverse weather, comfort, exercise to special fibres used in sportswear. Killat enhance performance of athlete and Nfrom Kanebo Ltd is a Nylon hollow aesthetic apparel and high fashion ability. filament. This yarn is made from bi- Sportswear manufacturers have intensified component filament, which is soluble with competition in pursuit of function. polyester copolymer as core material and Considering the importance, scope and nylon as the skin material. Dacron is 4- significance of this sector, it is considered channel polyester having high expedient to face the change of new performance four channel fibres development, global competition, existing engineered in the yarn to remove moisture visible gap and technological parameters. and to help rapid evaporation of perspiration. The ultimate fabric made REFERENCES from it is superior fabric for the purpose of 1. S Geetha Margret Soundri, S Kavitha wicking effect, drying time, absorption of (March 2018), “Textiles in Sports”, moisture and transportation of moisture International Journal of Science, also. Lycra 25, composed of 85% long- Technology & Management, Volume chain polymer of polyurethane having 4, Issue 1, March 2015. wide range of end uses, like swim wear, 2. Chugan, P. K. (2012). Diversification active sportswear, floor gymnastics due to into Technical Textiles: A Forward comfort and fitness. Roica is a polyester Momentum for Indian Textiles type spandex made by dry spinning and Industry. Nirma University Journal of Business and Management Studies, Leofeel is a soft nylon-66 yarn developed 6(1), 19-34. by Asahi Chemical. The combination of 3. “Sports Textiles Requirements- Roica and Leofeel in mixed knitted tricot Application of Sports Textiles”, fabric gives a soft touch and excellent Fibre2Fashion. stretch. It is mainly used in swimwear. 4. “Sports Textiles/Sport Tech/Properties of Sports Textiles/Application/Uses of CONCLUSION Sports Textiles”, Textile Learner. Textiles have very diverse applications in 5. Chemarc Girraj Kumar Goyal, NB sports and leisure. Due to increasing Timble, “Application of Textiles in interest and participation in the sports and Sports”, Department of Textiles D. K. leisure activities, consumption of textiles T.E. Ichalkaranji. in such goods and equipment has shown a 6. “Textiles in Sports & Leisure”, Indian steady increase Sports and leisure industry Textile Journal, Available from are highly enriched with the increasing www.indiantextilejournal.com. value addition of the products. Many 7. “An Emergence of Sport-Tech in fibres, yarns, fabrics and finishes Technical Textile Industry”, Technical developed to meet the needs of the sports Textile.Net, A Fibre2Fashion Venture.

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