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Mapping of Research Outcome on Remediation of Dyes, Dye Intermediates and Textile Industrial Waste a Research Compendium

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Mapping of Research Outcome on Remediation of Dyes, Dye Intermediates and Textile Industrial Waste a Research Compendium Mapping of Research Outcome on Remediation of Dyes, Dye Intermediates and Textile Industrial Waste A Research Compendium Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science & Technology Government of India Mapping of Research Outcome on Remediation of Dyes, Dye Intermediates and Textile Industrial Waste A Research Compendium SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY VALLABH VIDYANAGAR Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science & Technology Government of India New Delhi Mapping of Research Outcome on Remediation of Dyes, Dye Intermediates and Textile Industrial Waste Compiled By: Datta Madamwar, Onkar Tiwari, Kunal Jain Copyright : © Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar © Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi Edition : First Edition June 2019 Published By : Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science and Technology Government of India New Delhi Available At : Bhikaka Library Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar Printed By : University Press Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar PREFACE It has been more than a couple of decades since Government of India through Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology and other agencies such as DST, MoEFCC, CSIR, UGC etc., providing huge grants to various researchers to develop treatment system for remediation of damaged environment. The trajectory growth of industrialization, urbanization and steep increases in domestic effluent load and other anthropogenic activities have caused heavy environmental stress in India. Anthropogenic activities over the past centuries have released the compounds of xenobiotic origin in various quantities in open environment and are the major cause of ground and surface water pollution. Widespread use and production of dyes, dye intermediates have left legacy of pollution. Hence, it become inevitable to develop technologies for the treatment of industrial effluents in order to reduce the impact of pollution on various sites in the vicinities of industrial estates and biological methods continue to offer and alternative to engineering and chemical methods of treating such pollution. Restoration of damaged ecosystems is given priority in environmental sciences and technology. This compendium intends to cover in consistent way the current methodologies to most innovative and systematic advances in treatment of dyes, dye intermediates manufacturing and textile processing industrial effluents. Initially it provided comprehensive of the current methodologies, applications and challenges to the treatment of industrial effluents discharged by dyes and dye intermediates and textile processing industries, with plethora of new technologies available. Datta Madamwar Onkar Tiwari Kunal Jain Acknowledgement In releasing the compendium on “Mapping of research outcome on remediation of dyes, dye intermediates and textile industrial waste”, authors owe a sense of gratitude to all the individuals who have generously assisted and supported during the course of preparation of compendium. The inspiration for the need of reviewing the current status on remediation technology developed for dye and textile industry wastewater was provided by Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, by providing financial support and motivation for this compendium which was well anchored by Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. We foremost thank all the members of Task Force on ‘Environmental Biotechnology’ of DBT, New Delhi for their appreciative remarks and guidance provided during compiling the compendium. Authors are thankful to Dr. Renu Swarup, Secretary, Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi for her persistent support. We equally acknowledge Prof. Shirish Kulkarni, Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar for his support. We also acknowledge Dr. Mohd. Aslam, Advisor and Group Head of DBT Environmental Biotechnology Programme for his valuable suggestions and support. Authors are indebted to Dr. Tapan Chakrabarti, Former Chairman, Dr. C. R. Babu, current Chairman, Task Force on ‘Environmental Biotechnology’ of DBT, New Delhi for their advice and suggestions provided during the preparation of compendium. Dr. K. S. Charak, Scientist G, Former Adviser and Dr. Mohd. Aslam, Scientist G and Adviser DBT, New Delhi is greatly being acknowledged for their valuable suggestions and support. Authors are gratified and expressed their sincere thanks to Dr. Hemant Purohit and Dr. Atya Kapley from NEERI, Nagpur; Prof. S. P. Govindwar and Prof. Jyoti Jadhav from Shivaji University, Kolhapur; Prof. Prince Sharma, Punjab University, Chandigarh; Prof. H. S. Saini, GNDU, Amritsar; Prof. S. R. Dave , Gujarat University, Ahmedabad and Dr. Venkat Mohan, IICT, Hyderabad who have gratuitously agreed and shared their research work, experience, suggestions and feedback required for the compendium. Financial support for DBT through grant number BT/EnvBC/01/2014 dated 11-11-2015 is also gratefully acknowledgement. Datta Madamwar Onkar Tiwari Kunal Jain Contents No. Item Page No. i Preface ii Forward, Secretary, DBT iii Forward Vice-Chancellor, SPU iv Forward, Mohd. Aslam v Acknowledgement 01 Introduction 01 02 Need of this compendium 04 03 Steps involved in textile processing 07 04 Management of wastes, rules and laws for environment 24 protection 05 Methods evolved for removal of dyes 30 06 History of bioremediation 36 07 Report on projects supported by DBT in the area of dye 41 bioremediation 08 Report on projects supported by other national agencies in the 55 area of dye bioremediation 09 National and international case studies 63 10 Relevant Statistics 77 11 Textile clusters of India and their waste management 83 practices 12 Textile waste management practices in other countries 98 13 Patent Analysis 103 14 Work of some Indian researchers 112 15 Suggestions and Recommendations 146 16 References 155 17 Appendices 169 Introduction 01 Introduction 1.1 Opening Remarks 02 1.2 The Problem 03 1.3 Indian Senario 03 1 Introduction 1.1 Opening Remarks From the ages of the foot print of first human being, the planet earth has changed both radically and resourcefully. As it is said ‘Necessecity is the mother of invention’, they have always astonished themself since the first invention of ‘Wheel’. And the discovery of fire has provided the lethal (sic) combination for galaxies of ‘discoveries and inventions’ which have paved the way for modern earth. The nature has endowed human being with such an amazing inquisitiveness, today looking back to the time of billions of years ago even mother earth would find difficult to recognize herself due to the changes we brought within few hundred of years of time. Since the time of modern industrialization during twentieth century and coincided with the early phase of human population rise, it marks a major turning point in human history. The revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth and has completely changed the living style and raised socio-economic standard of human. This unprecedented population rise and urbanization has brought along with it an ever increasing industrial appetite that has resulted in enormous amount of waste generation for which we are unprepared. The early excitement of industrialization has now compelled us to think about developing environmental remediation strategies on priority basis to save the basic essential components of life. The deterioration of pristine environment has directly or indirectly affected human health. This has aggravated the need for understanding the impact of recalcitrant pollutants in an ecosystem. Moreover, the problem has become worse with the pollution of potable water which bears the most and sever impact of all components of habitable ecosystem. Our ancestors were amused with the shades of colour of nature. Ever since primitive people could create, they have been endeavouring to add colour to the world around them. They used natural materials to stain hides, decorate shells and feathers and paint their story on the walls of ancient caves. We can able to date the pigments (black, yellow, reddish, white) made from ochre used by primitive man in cave painting to over 15,000 BC. The historic use of dye was evidently of natural and organic origin. It was of plant extract as the Indigo from Dyer's wood (Tinctoria isatis), the red alizarin from Madder (Rubia tinctorum), also from insects (Persian scarlet), mollusks (Tyrian purple), few fungi and lichens. These natural resources were more native from the regions where they have used for dyeing processes. Until sixteen centaury dyeing procedure were not known globally, but later on techniques developed and skilled by Egyptian was remained in use until without much improvement took place in nineteen centaury. The earliest evidence of dyeing in India comes from Indus civilization (2300 – 1750 BC), when a piece of cotton at Mohen-jo-daro dyed with madder (a vegetable dye) was found. Archaeologist found various pigments, yellow, red, blue, white, green and black in paintings at Ajanta and Bagh caves. Paintings also depict men wearing colour garments which indicate the advancement made by dyeing industries in India. In 1630 Mr. Higginson of Salem from North Carolina noted for local vegetation based dye “here to be divers roots and berries wherewith the Indians dye excellent holiday colours that no rain or washing can alter”. Since the first introduction of synthetic
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