DOCSLIB.ORG

Institute of Chemistry University of the Punjab, Lahore

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Institute of Chemistry University of the Punjab, Lahore SYNTHESIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY DYES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMISTRY Session 2010 SUBMITTED BY: RANA AMJAD AYUB BHATTI RESEARCH SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. MUNAWAR ALI MUNAWAR INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORE. DEDICATDEDICATEDEDEDED To My Loving Family Prof. Munawar Ali Munawar Prof. Robert M. Christie Mr. Shehzad ...H.HHHassanassanassan.. Pervaiz, The prayers and guidance of all helped and enabled me to accomplish this project. Declaration I hereby declare that the work described in this thesis was carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Munawar Ali Munawar at the Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore. I also hereby declare that the substance of this thesis has neither been submitted elsewhere for any other degree. I further declare that the thesis embodies the results of my own research work or advanced studies and that it has been composed by my self. Where appropriate, I have made acknowledgement of the work of others. Rana Amjad Ayub Bhatti APPROVAL CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that Mr Rana Amjad Ayub Bhatti s/o M. Ayub Bhatti has conducted research work under my supervision, has fulfilled the condition and is qualified to submit the thesis entitled “Synthesis of Eco-friendly Dyes” in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Munawar Ali Munawar (Supervisor) Professor of Organic Chemistry. Institute of Chemistry, University of The Punjab. Lahore, Pakistan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises to the Al-Mighty “Allah ” who provided us with knowledge, sight to observe and brain to think. Peace and blessings of Allah be upon the Holy Prophet “Hazrat Muhammad” (SAW) who exhorted his followers to seek for knowledge from cradle to grave. I wish to express my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Munawar Ali Munawar (Professor of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of The Punjab), for his valuable guidance and continuous encouragement throughout the course of this work. It was indeed an honour and pleasure working with him. I have no words to thank Prof. Dr. Robert M. Christie , under whose guidance I had the opportunity to do part of my research work at the School of Textiles and Designs, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K. which eventually enabled me to accomplish this research project successfully. It was indeed an honour to work with a leading Colour Chemist like him. His guidance and constant support during the period is highly appreciable. I also acknowledge Prof. Dr. Saeed Ahmed Nagra , Director, Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab and Prof. Dr. Ch. Jamil Anwar , Dean, Faculty of Science, University of the Punjab, for providing outstanding working environment. I would like to express my deep appreciation to Prof. Dr. Misbah-Ul-Ain and Prof. Dr. Makshoof Athar for their sincere and valuable advices and outstanding support through out the time period. I owe my sincere gratitude to Dr. Roger Spark, Dr. Alan Boyd, Dr. Redhuwan, Maggie Robertson and Ann Hardie for their helping hand in my research work at Heriot Watt University Edinburgh. I would also like to thank Higher Education Commission , Pakistan, for providing financial support to carry out this work and my parent organization Pakistan Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (P.C.S.I.R) for allowing and facilitating me to carry out this research project. I cannot forget to thank Wasim Ibrahim, Abdul Waqar Rajput, Wasim Kaimouz (University of Allipo, Syria), and friends of Shish group for making my stay at Galashiels a memorable one. I am also thankful to my research fellows at University of The Punjab for their cooperation and support during the whole period. Special thanks to my parents for their help during my studies and providing me inspiration to accomplish this goal. The acknowledgement would be incomplete if I don’t mention to thank my brother and sisters for their love and prayers for my success. Rana Amjad Ayub Bhatti LIST OF ABREVIATIONS DCM Dicholormethane DMSO Dimethyl sulpoxide CHCl 3 Chloroform NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrum s Singlet bs Broad singlet d Dublet t Triplet q Quartet Ar Aromatic ppm Parts per million ETAD Ecological & Technological association of dyestuff Manufacturing Industry IARC International Association for Research on Cancer TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1. Colour ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Constitution of colour............................................................................... 1 1.2 Theories of Colour and Constitution ........................................................ 2 1.2.1. Classical theories ....................................................................................2 1.2.2 Modern Theories .....................................................................................4 (a) Valence Bond Theory (V.B.T) ................................................................4 (b) Molecular Orbital Theory (M.O.T) ......................................................... 5 1.3 Colorants ................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Classification of Dyes .............................................................................. 9 1.5 Types of Dyes ......................................................................................... 9 1.5.1. Acid dyes: ................................................................................................9 1.5.2. Reactive dyes: ....................................................................................... 10 Advantages of the Reactive Dyes .............................................................................. 10 1.5.3. Metal complex dyes .............................................................................. 11 1.5.4. Direct dyes: ............................................................................................ 12 Disadvantages of Direct Dyes .................................................................................... 13 1.5.5. Basic dyes .......................................................................................................... 13 1.5.6. Mordant dyes ......................................................................................... 14 1.5.7. Disperse dyes .................................................................................................... 14 1.5.8. Pigment dyes: ....................................................................................... 15 1.5.9. Vat dyes ................................................................................................. 15 1.5.10. Anionic and Ingrain dyes ...................................................................... 16 1.5.11. Sulphur dyes ......................................................................................... 16 1.5.12. Solvent dyes .......................................................................................... 17 1.5.13. Fluorescent dyes ................................................................................... 17 1.5.14. Food dyes .............................................................................................. 18 1.5.15. Natural dyes .......................................................................................... 18 1.6 Azo Dyes ............................................................................................... 19 1.6.1 Chemistry of Azo dyes ......................................................................... 20 1.6.2 Absorption spectra of the Azo compounds ........................................ 21 1.6.3 Effect of humidity on Azo dyes ............................................................ 21 1.6.4 Effect of temperature on Azo Dyes ..................................................... 21 1.6.5 Effect of Solvents on the λmax .............................................................. 21 1.7. Synthesis of Azo Dyes........................................................................... 22 1.7.1. Diazotization .......................................................................................... 22 1.7.2. Azo Coupling ......................................................................................... 24 1.8. Structure of Azo Dyes............................................................................ 26 1.8.1 Monoazo dyes ....................................................................................... 27 1.8.2 Disazo dyes ........................................................................................... 28 1.8.3 Trisazo and Tetraazo dyes .................................................................. 29 1.9 Coumarin Based Dyes........................................................................... 30 1.10. Flavone based Dyes .......................................................................... 37 1.11. Dye’s Toxicity..................................................................................... 39 1.12. Testing of Mutagenicity .......................................................................... 44 Project Aims...................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER-2 EXPERIMENTAL ......................................................................... 47 2. Materials and Methods .............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wool Fiber Dyeing Machine Operator Course Code: TC WOOL 04
    Government of India Ministry of Textiles Textiles Committee Course Name: Wool Fiber Dyeing Machine Operator Course Code: TC WOOL 04 Version: 01 Developed by: Resource Support Agency (RSA), Textiles Committee, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Basic Textile Wet Processing Terms . 01 2. Brief of all Wet Processing Stages . 06 2.1. Grey Fabric Inspection . 07 2.2. Stitching . 07 2.3. Brushing . 07 2.4. Shearing/Cropping . 07 2.5. Singeing . 07 2.6. Desizing . 08 2.7. Scouring . 08 2.8. Bleaching . 09 2.10. Heat Setting . 09 2.11. Dyeing . 09 2.12. Printing . 11 2.13. Finishing . 11 2.14. Quality Assurance Laboratory . 12 2.15. Effluent Treatment Plant . 12 3. Introduction to Wool . 13 3.1. What is Wool? . 13 3.2. Types of Wool . 13 4. Composition of Wool . 15 4.1. Chemical Structure of Wool . 15 4.2. Morphological Structure of Wool . 16 5. Properties of Wool . 18 5.1. Physical properties of wool . 18 5.2. Chemical Properties of Wool . 19 5.3. End-Use Properties of Wool . 20 5.3.1 Uses and Application of Wool Fibres . 21 5.3.2 End Uses of Wool Fibres . 21 6. Wool Manufacturing Process . 22 Course: Wool Fiber Dyeing Machine Operator Developed by: Textiles Committee, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India 6.1. Flow Chart of Wool Processing . 22 6.2. Wool Manufacturing Processes . 22 6.2.1. Shearing . 23 6.2.2. Grading and Sorting . 23 6.2.3. Cleaning and Scouring . 24 6.2.4. Carding . 24 6.2.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2619
    III / DYES / Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2619 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography P. E. Wall, Merck Limited, Poole, Dorset, UK that dyes are easily visualized on a chromatographic Copyright ^ 2000 Academic Press layer by their colour. Often slight differences in hue are more clearly seen on the layer than in solution and hence are easily distinguishable. It is therefore rarely Introduction necessary to employ detection reagents unless the area of interest is dye intermediates which may lack Synthetic dyes comprise a large group of organic, the conjugation needed in their molecular structure to organic salt and organometallic compounds which be coloured in visible light. Of course, there are number in the thousands. Most individual dyes are a large number of dyes which either exhibit Suores- assigned colour index (CI) numbers which helps to cence quenching in short wavelength ultraviolet (UV) identify structure and properties as well as identity light (254 nm) or naturally Suoresce by excitation in where a series of names have been used by the manu- long wavelength UV light (usually 366 nm). Where facturers for the same dye. Pigments are also listed separated dyes on the chromatographic layer do Su- and can be either organic or inorganic in nature. The oresce, the limit of sensitivity of detection is often in value of planar chromatography in the identiRcation the low nanogram or high picogram level. In the of dyes and separation of impurities and their quan- commercial environment, as dye quality can vary tiRcation is the main subject of this article. Synthetic from batch to batch and colour can be matched by dyes will be split into nine groups, the Rrst three being using different dyes, the planar chromatographic the major ones.
    [Show full text]
  • Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals and Products
    co p Z UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION Washington IMPORTS OF BENZENOID CHEMICALS AND PRODUCTS 1 9 7 3 United States General Imports of Intermediates, Dyes, Medicinals, Flavor and Perfume Materials, and Other Finished Benzenoid Products Entered in 1973 Under Schedule 4, Part 1, of The Tariff Schedules of the United States TC Publication 688 United States Tariff Commission September 1 9 7 4 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION Catherine Bedell Chairman Joseph 0. Parker Vice Chairman Will E. Leonard, Jr. George M. Moore Italo H. Ablondi Kenneth R. Mason Secretary to the Commission Please address all communications to UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20436 ERRATA SHEET Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals And'Produets, 1973 P. 94-- The 1973 data ascribed to Acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene (ABS) resins actually included 8,216,040 pounds of Methyl- methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) resins. The revised figure for ABS resins alone is 23,823,791 pounds. CONTENTS (Imports under TSUS, Schedule 4, Parts 1B and 1C) Table No. Page 1. Benzenoid intermediates: Summary of U.S. general imports entered under Part 1B, TSUS, by competitive status, 1973___ 6 2. Benzenoid intermediates: U.S. general imports entered under Part 1B, TSUS, by country of origin, 1973 and 1972___ 6 3. Benzenoid intermediates: U.S. general imports entered under Part 1B, TSUS, showing competitive status,. 1973, 8 4. Finished benzenoid products: Summary of U.S. general im- ports entered under Part 1C, TSUS, by competitive status, 1973- 28 S. Finished benzenoid products: U.S. general imports entered under Part 1C, TSUS, by country of origin, 1973 and 1972--- 29 6.
    [Show full text]
  • USE and ASSESSMENT of MARKER DYES USED with HERBICIDES
    SERA TR 96-21-07-03b USE and ASSESSMENT OF MARKER DYES USED WITH HERBICIDES Submitted to: Leslie Rubin, COTR Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Policy and Program Development Environmental Analysis and Documentation United States Department of Agriculture Suite 5A44, Unit 149 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 Task No. 10 USDA Order Nos. 43-3187-7-0408 USDA Contract No. 53-3187-5-12 Submitted by: Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Telephone: (315) 637-9560 Fax: (315) 637-0445 Internet: [email protected] December 21, 1997 USE and ASSESSMENT OF MARKER DYES USED WITH HERBICIDES Prepared by: Michelle Pepling1, Phillip H. Howard1, Patrick R. Durkin2, 1Syracuse Research Corporation 6225 Running Ridge Road North Syracuse, New York 13212-2509 2Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., Building 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Submitted to: Leslie Rubin, COTR Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Policy and Program Development Environmental Analysis and Documentation United States Department of Agriculture Suite 5A44, Unit 149 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 Task No. 10 USDA Order Nos. 43-3187-7-0408 USDA Contract No. 53-3187-5-12 Submitted by: Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Telephone: (315) 637-9560 Fax: (315) 637-0445 Internet: [email protected] December 21, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................ii ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS .............................. iii 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................1 2. CURRENT PRACTICE .................................................2 3. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .........................................3 3.1. DEFINITIONS .................................................3 3.2. CLASSES OF DYES .............................................4 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Dyes & Pigments
    Dyes & Pigments with forecasts to 2005 and 2010 New study finds: • The US market for dyes and organic pigments (organic colorants) is expected to increase 2.8 percent per year to $3.1 billion in 2005, with volume over the same period forecast to reach 675 million pounds • Positive growth opportunities are to be found in the rapidly growing market for dyes used in digital printing inks and high-tech imaging • The six leading suppliers -- Ciba Specialty Chemicals, DyStar, Clariant, Sun Chemical, Bayer and BASF -- accounted for nearly two-thirds of the total market in 2000 Freedonia Industry Study #1439 Study Publication Date: June 2001 Price: $3,700 Dyes & Organic Pigments Pages: 237 Dyes & Organic Pigments, a new study from The Freedonia Group, provides you with an in-depth analysis of major trends in the industry and the outlook for product seg- ments and major markets -- critical information to help you with strategic planning. This brochure gives you an indication of the scope, depth and value of Freedonia's new study, Dyes & Organic Pigments. Ordering information is included on the back page of the brochure. Brochure Table of Contents Study Highlights ............................................................................... 2 Table of Contents and List of Tables and Charts ............................. 4 Sample Pages and Sample Tables from: Market Environment .................................................... 6 Products ....................................................................... 7 Markets.......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Ink-Jet Inks with Quinizarin As “Antifraud Marker” for Textile Digital Printing
    East African Scholars Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: East African Scholars J Eng Comput Sci ISSN: 2617-4480 (Print) & ISSN: 2663-0346 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-3 | Issue-9 | November-2020 | DOI: 10.36349/easjecs.2020.v03i09.002 Research Article Preparation of Ink-Jet Inks with Quinizarin as “Antifraud Marker” for Textile Digital Printing E. K. Karanikas*, N. F. Nikolaidis Department of Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124, Thessaloniki, Greece Abstract: Quinizarin, an anthraquinone derivative, was used as “antifraud marker”. It was Article History added in three several amounts (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%) in water-based disperse ink-jet Received: 02.11.2020 inks. Surface tension, viscosity, conductivity and pH of the ink formulations were Accepted: 13.11.2020 monitored over a period of 90 days in order to estimate the ink stability and the Published: 17.11.2020 compatibility of the “antifraud” active agents with the ink constituents. The inks were used Journal homepage: for ink-jet printing to polyester and polyamide samples. Fastness (light, wash and rub) and https://www.easpublisher.com/easjecs also color properties of the samples were measured. Finally, qualitative and quantitative determination of the active agent was made from the printed samples with extraction. Quick Response Code Keywords: Anti-fraud markers, digital printing, disperse dyes, ink-jet inks, Quinizarin. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Dyes, Pigments and Ionic Liquids on the Properties of Elastomer Com- Posites
    The effect of dyes, pigments and ionic liquids onthe properties of elastomer composites Anna Marzec To cite this version: Anna Marzec. The effect of dyes, pigments and ionic liquids on the properties of elastomer com- posites. Polymers. Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I; Uniwersytet lódzki, 2014. English. NNT : 2014LYO10285. tel-01166530v2 HAL Id: tel-01166530 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01166530v2 Submitted on 23 Jun 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Year 2014 PH.D. THESIS COMPLETED IN “COTUTELLE” THE EFFECT OF DYES, PIGMENTS AND IONIC LIQUIDS ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITES presented by MSc. ANNA MARZEC between TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ (POLAND) and UNIVERSITY CLAUDE BERNARD – LYON 1 (FRANCE) For obtaining the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Specialty: Polymers and Composites Materials Defence of the thesis will be held in Lodz, 2 December 2014 Thesis supervisors : Professor MARIAN ZABORSKI (Poland) Doctor GISÈLE BOITEUX (France) JURY ZABORSKI Marian Professor Thesis supervisor BOITEUX Gisèle Doctor Thesis supervisor BEYOU Emmanuel Professor Examiner JESIONOWSKI Teofil Professor Reviewer PIELICHOWSKI Krzysztof Professor Reviewer GAIN Olivier Doctor Thesis co-supervisor Année 2014 Thèse “COTUTELLE” L'EFFET DE COLORANTS, DE PIGMENTS ET LIQUIDES IONIQUES SUR LES PROPRIETES DE COMPOSITES ELASTOMERES présentée par MSc.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0110817 A1 Lupo Et Al
    US 2011 0110817A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0110817 A1 Lupo et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 12, 2011 (54) RARE EARTH REMOVAL OF COLORANTS Publication Classification (51) Int. Cl. (75) Inventors: Joseph A. Lupo, Henderson, NV A6IL 2/12 (2006.01) (US); Joseph R. Pascoe, Las Vegas, COIF 1700 (2006.01) NV (US) A6IL 2/10 (2006.01) A6IL 2/08 (2006.01) (73) Assignee: MOLYCORP MINERALS, LLC, A6IL 2/6 (2006.01) Greenwood Village, CO (US) C09K 3/00 (2006.01) C09B 62/00 (2006.01) C09B 67/44 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 12/942,847 C09C I/62 (2006.01) CSK 3/08 (2006.01) (22) Filed: Nov. 9, 2010 (52) U.S. Cl. ............... 422/21: 423/263; 422/24; 422/22: 422/28: 422/292; 252/182.33; 8/543; 8/618: Related U.S. Application Data 106/403; 524/440 (60) Provisional application No. 61/259,314, filed on Nov. (57) ABSTRACT 9, 2009, provisional application No. 61/386,347, filed The present disclosure is directed to a method and system for on Sep. 24, 2010, provisional application No. 61/386, contacting a colorant-contaminated aqueous Solution with a 365, filed on Sep. 24, 2010, provisional application rare earth-containing composition to form a treated Solution No. 61/386,394, filed on Sep. 24, 2010. substantially depleted of the colorant. Patent Application Publication May 12, 2011 Sheet 1 of 3 US 2011/O110817 A1 COLORANT-CONTAINING AGUEOUS SOLUTION / Y2Y120 V OPTIONAL PRE-TREATMENT / N-me O O O le1 104 112 RARE EARTH-CONTAINING CONTACT OF SOLUTION WITH RARE COMPOSITION EARTH-CONTAINING COMPOSITION - - w 132 - - - - - - - ( REGENERATION OPTIONAL POST-TREATMENT // N / V / t New aaaaaaaaaaaaaa- aaaaaaaaa- ax- e1 108 - - -/ wn) w was w aw in 128 CONTAMINATE- /SEPARATION OF CONTAMINATE-Y// CONTAININGCOMPOSITION RAREEARTH V CONTAININGCOMPOSITION RARE EARTH / - - - - - - N- - - - -1 TREATED SOLUTION F.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Textile Dyeing Using the Green Supercritical Fluid Technology: a Review
    https://doi.org/10.33263/Materials23.373390 ISSN: 2668-5728 https://materials.international Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 0373-0390 2020 Received: 9.06.2020 Accepted: 2.09.2020 Review Published: 10.09.2020 Development of Textile Dyeing Using the Green Supercritical Fluid Technology: A Review Tarek Abou Elmaaty* 1 , Abdallah Mousa 2 , Hatem Gaafar 2 , Ali Hebeish 2 , Heba Sorour 1 1 Department of Textile Printing, Dyeing & Finishing, Faculty of Applied Arts, Damietta University, Damietta 34512, Damietta, Egypt 2 Department of Textile Printing, Dyeing & auxiliaries, National research center, Cairo, Egypt * Correspondence: [email protected]; Scopus ID: 6603460941 Abstract: Recently, a green supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing process with zero waste-water emission is a hot topic. This review gives light on advances in recent years, including solubilities of different dyes in the supercritical solvent as well as most recent reports about the dyeing of synthetic and natural fibers under supercritical carbon dioxide medium. Keywords: supercritical carbon dioxide; solubility; synthetic fibers; natural fibers; dyes. © 2020 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is an eco- disposal in the water streamlet [6,7]. Textile wet friendly solvent known for its potentiality as a processing can outstandingly get an advantage from replacement for aqueous textile wet processing, the utilization of scCO2 as a dyeing medium. scCO2 mainly dyeing [1-4]. A supercritical fluid is a matter has lower mass transfer resistance and higher in a closed system above its critical temperature and diffusion rates than water.
    [Show full text]
  • Teknik Ekstraksi Pewarna Batik
    PEWARNA DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PEWARNA Oleh: SAKUNDA ANGGARINI, STP, MP, MSc NUR LAILATUL RAHMAH, S.Si., M.Si. WARNA Persepsi yang dihasilkan dari deteksi cahaya setelah cahaya tersebut berinteraksi dengan objek. (Lawless and Heymann, 1998). Warna sering menjadi indikator kualitas dari suatu produk atau bahan (Downham and Collins, 2000). BAHAN PEWARNA Suatu bahan berwarna yang memiliki afinitas kimia terhadap benda/bahan yang diwarnainya AFINITAS : kecenderungan suatu unsur atau senyawa untuk membentuk ikatan kimia dengan unsur atau senyawa lain. TUJUAN PENGGUNAAN PEWARNA Mempertegas warna yang telah ada pada produk, tetapi kurang nampak seperti yang diharapkan konsumen. Memperoleh warna seragam pada komoditi yang warna ilmiahnya tidak seragam. Memperbaiki kenampakan dari makanan yang warnanya memudar akibat proses panas atau yang warnanya diperkirakan menjadi pudar akibat penyimpanan. TUJUAN PENGGUNAAN PEWARNA Memperoleh kenampakan yang lebih menarik dari bahan aslinya, misalnya pewarna agar-agar. Untuk identifikasi produk, misalnya margarin berwarna kuning. BEBERAPA HAL YG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN DALAM PENGGUNAAN PEWARNA Kelarutan pH Bentuk fisik Bahan tambahan lain JENIS –JENIS PEWARNA • BERDASARKAN SUMBER PEROLEHANNYA : 1. Zat Pewarna Alam (Pewarna Alami) a. Berasal dari ekstrak tumbuhan, hewan dan mineral b. Bersifat aman, khususnya bagi tubuh c. Termasuk zat yang tidak perlu mendapatkan sertifikasi d. Dapat memberikan flavor, menjadi zat antimikrobia & antioksidan e. Cenderung mahal 2. Zat Warna Buatan (Pewarna sintetik)
    [Show full text]
  • Chromic Phenomena the Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry
    Chromic Phenomena The Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry Peter Bamfield Consultant ISBN 0-8404-474-4 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review as permitted under the terms of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publi- cation may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning repro- duction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Typeset in Great Britain by Wyvern 21 Ltd, Bristol Printed by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall, UK Preface The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the many applications that colour chemistry, in its widest sense, has found in the last couple of decades. Not only have there been developments in the traditional areas of colorants for textiles, paints and inks but also in an exciting variety of newer technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) (11) 4,232,552 Hof Et Al
    United States Patent (19) (11) 4,232,552 Hof et al. 45 Nov. 11, 1980 54 TEMPERATURE INDICATING 3,631,720 1/1972 Weinstein ............................... 73/356 COMPOSITIONS OF MATTER 3,665,770 5/1972 Sagi et al. ... ... 73/358 3,688,582 9/1972 Gradisher .... ... 73/358 (75) Inventors: Craig R. Hof, Hopatcong; Roy A. 3,700,603 10/1972 Rembaum ... ... 73/356 Ulin, Wyckoff, both of N.J. 3,704,985 12/1972 Pickett et al. .......................... 73/358 3,828,612 8/1974 Eriksson et al. ... 73/358 73) Assignee: Akzona Incorporated, Asheville, 3,929,021 12/1975 Pecorella ............................... 73/358 N.C. 3,946,612 3/1976 Sagi et al. .............................. 73/358 3,956,153 5/1976 Chadha ..., ... 116/207 (21) Appl. No.: 946,935 3,960,753 6/1976 Cerrabee ................................ 73/356 1a. 3,980,581 9/1976 Godsey et al. ... 252/408 22 Filed: Sep. 28, 1978 4,042,336 8/1977 Larsson .................................. 73/356 4,128,007 12/1978 Uun ........................................ 73/356 Related U.S. Application Data 4,138,357 2/1979 Icaraski .................................. 73/356 (63) Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 895,422, Apr. 13, : A: E. et al. - a 23/230 R 1978, abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of 4, 151748a wWy 5/1979 Baumindquist ... 16/2773/356 Ser. No. 844,334, Oct. 21, 1977, abandoned, which is a 4,154,106 5/1979 Inoue et al. continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 796,492, May 12, 1977, 4,154,107wity 5/1979 Giezennoue et et al. all ............................ 73/356 abandoned.
    [Show full text]